12

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Modules 2 and 3:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions orblank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!
 What I Need to Know
In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as
the media and our interactions with friends, family, and members of the community.
Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be
utterly false. These kinds of information often have a negative impact on our lives.

Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any
inquiry. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing. This module will
help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions. You will
be able to master the nature and methods of philosophizing and distinguishing between
fact and opinion which helps develop your critical and analytical skills in both your
reading and listening. It contains activities that will help you reflects on a concrete
experience in a philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy
and evaluate opinion. The module is self – instructional and allows you to learn in your
own space, at your own pace. At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on
your daily experiences from a holistic point of view and acquires critical and analytical
thinking skills so that you can apply this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs
of your daily life and should be able to demonstrate a capacity for a critical and analytical
reflection from the perspective of a holistic and profound vision of life. In order to achieve
the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have completed all the module for you to
fully understand the activities and discussions.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

2.1 Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

2.2 Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.2)
2.3 Evaluate truth and opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing (PPT11/12-Id-2.3)

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

K - Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth.
S - Write your own editorial on a certain issue
A - Value the importance of knowing the difference between facts and opinions.
 What I Know
Direction: Read each item carefully and use your yellow paper to write your
answers.

1.It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

a. Truth c. Claim
b. Knowledge d. Opinion

2.These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

a. Facts c. Fallacies
b. Claims d. Opinions

3. This is a series of statements that provide reasons to convince a person that a

claim or opinion is truthful.
a. Arguments c. Fallacies
b. Beliefs d. Knowledge

4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

a. Conclusion c. Explanations
b. Opinions d. Fallacies

5. Are statements which need to be examined to determine whether they are true or
False?
a. Opinions c. Claims
b. Explanations d. Arguments

6.These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.

a. Explanations c. Conclusion
b. Opinions d. Fallacies

7.This is a judgment based on certain facts.

a. Claims c. Knowledge
b. Conclusion d. Explanations

8. These are statements that assume a claim is true and provide reasons to
support them.
a. Fallacies c. Arguments
b. Beliefs d. Explanations
9. Statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.
a. Beliefs c. Claims b. Arguments d. Opinions

10. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.
a. Claims c. Knowledge b. Beliefs d. Opinions

11. A fallacy that uses emotions such as pity or sympathy.

a. appeal to emotion c. appeal to force
b. appeal to popular d. ad hominem

12. Which fallacy assumes that what is true of a part is true for the whole.
a. begging the question c. fallacy of composition b. fallacy of
division d. begging the question

13. What is the characteristic of appeal to the popular fallacy?

a. attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.
b. the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
c. assuming that the thing or idea to be proven is true.
d. the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

14. A type of bias which focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
a. hindsight c. confirmation bias
b. framing d. conflict of interest

15. Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

a. “These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!”
b. “How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!”
c. “As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my
opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices.”
d. “I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in
retirement homes. We, as Filipinos, should take care of our family
members.”
 What’s In
In the previous lesson, you learned about Holistic and Partial
Thinking in Philosophy. Moreover, you were also able to see the value of
Philosophizing in achieving a broad understanding of your life. In this
lesson, you will learn about the various ways of evaluating our own
opinions. Moreover, you will also learn to distinguish between facts and
opinions, and reflect on concrete experiences in a philosophical way, in
order to come up with sound decisions.

Have you encountered the following concepts below? Copy the

diagram below, and write your answers in your yellow paper.

Fact

OPINION
 What’s New
Directions: Read the statements below and imagine that you are part of the
conversation. How will you react to the statements given? Write your answers in your
activity yellow paper.

“A Lover’s Quarrel”

Friend 1: Did you hear about what happened between Karla and her boyfriend?
Friend 2: What happened?
Friend 1: They got in a huge fight last night. Karla called me up. She was crying
and she said that Mike hit her.
Friend 3: Wait, what? That’s not right. Mike came by my place last night and he
was pretty shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left
hand. He said Karla just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another
girl. Friend 1: No! Karla said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to
defend herself.
You: __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Read the passage from “Plato’s Allegory of the Cave”

“Some prisoners are chained inside a cave, facing the back wall. Behind
them is a fire, with people passing in front of it. The prisoners cannot turn their
heads, and have always been chained this way. All they can see and hear are
shadows passing back and forth and the echoes bouncing off the wall in front of
them. One day, a prisoner is freed, and dragged outside the cave. He is blinded by
the light, confused, and resists being led outside. But, eventually his eyes adjusts,
so that he is able to see clearly the things around him, and even the sun
itself.
 He came to realize that the things he thought were real were merely shadows
of real things, and that life outside of the cave is far better than his previous life
in chains. He pities those still inside. He ventures back into the cave to share
his discovery with the others—only to be ridiculed because he can hardly see
(his eyes have trouble at first re-adjusting to the darkness). He tried to free the
other prisoners but they violently resisted (the other prisoners refuse to be freed
and led outside, and they even tried to kill him)”.

(https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory)

1. What does this story mean?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How does this passage from Plato help you turn your attention toward
the right thing (i.e., truth, beauty, justice and goodness)?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What is It
Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do
Philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that Philosophy is distinguished
by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is
not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.
Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart
of any inquiry.
 Truth, in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, is the property of
sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, propositions that are said, in ordinary
discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to
mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is
also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of “truth to self”, or authenticity.

What is truth and why is important?

Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the
product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. It is through
knowing that we are able to determine what is true.

Let’s explore your knowledge by completing the following statements:

I know that…
I know why…
I know how…
These statements correspond to what is based on reality. This simply means
that we know what is observable or evident in the real world. For example, “I know
that fishes live in water” because fishes do live in water. Propositions or statements
which are observed to be real or truthful are considered facts.
There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known
to be true. For example, “I know that my school is the best school in the city”. This
statement cannot be taken as true since it is simply not immediately evident. This
statement is a claim, and further examination is required to establish whether it is
true or false. Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts.

How do we know if something is true?

There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the
importance of belief as basis for determining truth. But philosophers who pondered
upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about
themselves and the world.
Example, stating the very obvious things we know about ourselves.
I am alive.
I have a body.
I can breathe.
 Do you believe that these statements apply to you? “But of course!” you will say.
But as philosophers, we do not assume that every statement is true. In philosophy,
systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means that every
statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed. Doubt has a
very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth.
Now let’s apply systematic doubt and revise the statements to make
them easier to scrutinize and analyze by rewriting the statements into questions.
Am I alive?
Do I have a body?
Can I breathe?
Now, how will you figure out the answers to these questions? The obvious
answer would be to examine yourself to determine if indeed you are alive, that you
have a body, and you can breathe. Do you have a pulse? Can you feel your
heartbeat? Do you have hands, arms, legs, feet, and head? Try to take a deep
breath, then exhale. Were you able to do it? If you answered “yes” to all these
questions, then you can conclude with certainty that the previous statements about
yourself is true. You can now say:
I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breathe!

A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense
and if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common
belief is another way of determining what is true, although this approach has certain
limitations.
Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs should be tested in order to
determine the truth. Determining the truth also requires that a person can prove a
statement through action.
 Distinguishing Opinion from Truth

The ideas that we encounter in everyday life can be considered as truth or

opinion. But what distinguishes one from the other? Let us take a look at the
following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion.

1. It takes 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza and did not
share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in
handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an
example of brutality that characterizes our police force.

Which statements are more factual? If you answered statements 1, 3, and 5,

then you are correct. Using the philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the
category of facts since they contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable.
On the other hand, statements 2,4, and 6 can be considered as opinions.
These statements go beyond providing facts. It also provides conclusions or
perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are also the bases for making
arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

Fact is something that is true and can be

verified as such. You can find facts in legal
records, scientific findings, encyclopedias,
atlases, etc. in other words, facts are the truth
and are accepted as such.

https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
 Opinion is a statement that holds the element
of belief; it tells how someone feels. In other
words it is what someone believes or thinks,
and is not necessarily the truth

https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion

 Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts.

 Conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
 Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts.
 Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why the statement is true.
 Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader
or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
 Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
 Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a
way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

Key Differences Between Fact and Opinion

The difference between fact and opinion on the following grounds:

1. The fact is described as the statement that can be verified or proven to be true.
Opinion is an expression of judgment or belief about something.
2. Fact relies on observation or research while opinion is based on assumption.
3. The fact is an objective reality whereas opinion is a subjective statement.
4. Facts can be verified with the help of evidence or statistics. On the contrary, an
opinion is not supported by any evidence.
5. Facts explain what actually happened. Unlike an opinion, which represents a
perception about something.
6. One important feature of a fact is that it is universal and does not differ from person
to person. As against this, every human being has a different opinion on a
particular subject and so, it varies from one person to another.
 Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts
and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of
arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called
fallacies. Some of the fallacies maybe intentional. As the person making is
desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.
The following are examples of fallacies.
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Ad hominem attacking the person “of course he believes that the
presenting the argument government is flawed, he is a rebel
instead of the argument and a Communist!”
itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force “if this peace agreement will not be
or an undesirable event signed by the government, then we
to advance an argument. will have no recourse but to go to
war.”
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as “All these charges are baseless;
pity or sympathy this is just plain harassment – can’t
you see how this is affecting my
family?”
Appeal to the the idea is presented as “Every boy your age already has a
popular acceptable because a lot girlfriend, you should go find one!”
of people accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable “Marriage should be between a
because it has been true man and a woman. It has been so
for a long time. for a long time in this country; it
should remain so today and in the
future.”
Begging the assuming the thing or “I have the right to free speech,
question idea to be proven is true; therefore you cannot stop me from
also known as circular talking.”
argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and- “Ever since you bought that
effect” relationship sweater, everything has been
between unrelated going wrong in your life. You
events should get rid of it.”
Fallacy of assuming that what is “These cases of robbery in this
composition true of a part is true for district have convinced me that the
the whole city has become a den of thieves
and criminals.”
Fallacy of division assuming that what is “You come from a family of doctors
true for the whole is true and intellectuals! Surely you can
for its parts. do better in this course!”
 When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the
person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

The following are some of the common biases.

Bias Characteristics Example

Correspondence tendency to judge a “These soldiers who fought in the war
bias or attribution person’s personality are all bloodthirsty murderers!”
effect by his or her actions,
without regard for the
external factors or
influence.
Confirmation bias tendency to look for “How can I accept his view that there
and readily accept is no God? I’m a Christian!”
information which fits
one’s own beliefs or
views and to reject
ideas or views that go
against it.
Framing focusing on a certain “Preliminary evidence has still not
aspect of a problem pointed out the actual cause of the
while ignoring other plane crash, but investigators are
aspects. currently focusing on the possibility of
pilot error.”
Hindsight the tendency to see “Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island
past events as was a foolhardy venture, made by an
predictable, or to overconfident , careless man who
ascribe a pattern to underestimated the valor of the native
historical events Filipinos.”
Conflict of Interest a person or group is “As the daughter of the accused, I
connected to or has a believe I have the right to express my
vested interest in the opinion on the issue of his alleged
issue being discussed. corrupt practices.”

Cultural bias analyzing an event or “I do not agree with this Western

issue based on one’s practice of placing aged parents in
cultural standards. retirement homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family members.”
 Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth

The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing

philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or
express oneself in a philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense,
or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical

question is critical thinking.
Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to
questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding philosophy
and refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons
through to argumentation.
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an
evidence- based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths
are supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through
experiments, logical reasoning, or observation.
How will you determine the truth from opinion?
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from
the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views
and ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective
and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.
A critical mind aided by Philosophy can help us from our own personal point
of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we are faced with a
problem.
 Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable,
which we can use to form our own views regarding certain matters.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-
assessment that further consists of:
 Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
 Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions

 Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems

 Willingness to say, “I don’t know.”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

 Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs
 Adjusts opinion

 Looks for proof

 Examines the problem

 Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations Using the

Methods of Philosophizing

A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing

conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as:
Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical.
When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact
and opinion. How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the
importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is said that there are
instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of
knowing in order to have a better understanding of themselves and of the world.
The discussion on truth is a part of Philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or
more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an
agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of
determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of
determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis
and construction of arguments. It serves as a path to freedom from half-truths and
deception.

TYPES OF REASONING

http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg

Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and
the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea
comes first before the specific or particular idea.

Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come
first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the opposite
of deductive reasoning because a particular idea comes first before the general idea.
 What’s More
Task 1:
Copy an article from any available newspaper or magazine. Identify the facts
and opinions presented in the article by underlining the facts and encircling the
opinions. Determine how you will verify the facts and opinions stated. Write your
answers in your yellow paper.

Task 2:

Write an Editorial
Newspaper editorials reflect and express the newspaper’s opinion on an
issue. Editorials are opinion stories, but in order for an editorial to be effective, it
must be backed up not only by opinion but also by facts and evidence. Moreover,
the editorial article must also include relevant data.
Instructions:
1. Write a 3-4 paragraph editorial about the Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic.
2. Write it in a short bond paper.
3. You may use the following guide questions for your editorial:
 Decide what your position is on the issue.
 Give your opinion as to why you have selected this position on the issue.
 State the facts, evidence and data (if available) to back up your position.
 State the opposing position.
 Provide the facts that support the opposing position/opinion.

 Dispute, challenge and question the opposing opinions, backed up with facts.

How will you capture and appeal to your readers?

Rubrics:
Content- 15
Organization/ Structure- 10
Total: 25
 What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the statements below. Write your answer in your yellow paper.

I learned that Truth is _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I feel that Truth is important because _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I commit to uphold the truth by __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Task 3:
Directions: Observe and study the comic strip below, and answer the questions
that follow. Write your answers in your yellow paper.

https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1513293938691384&type=3

1. Look at the comic strip. Do you agree with the reasoning of the person inside the
car? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. If you are the biker, how would you react to the remarks of the person inside the
car?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Task 4:
Directions: Read the statements below and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answers in your yellow paper.
1. The sun is the center of the solar system.
2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
3. God made the world in seven days.
4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5. China’s continued presence in the Spratly’s is a violation of international law.
6. A person must always consider the interests of his or her family before his
or her happiness.
7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an
oppressive government.
8. The President has done very little to uphold democracy and look after the
interests of the Filipino people.

Questions:
1. Which of the following statements are TRUE?
2. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why or why
not?
3. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required
more thought to determine their truthfulness?
4. Which of these statements may be true for others but may not be true in
your judgement?
5. Which of these statements do you personally believe to be true but may be
disputed by other people?
 Assessment
A. Identify the concepts described in each number. Choose your answers from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your yellow paper.

Bias Knowledge Deductive Opinion Argument

Conclusion Begging the Philosophical Truth Appeal to the
question method popular

1. It is the study of how to do philosophy.

2. A fallacy in which the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept it.
3. It is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a
way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
4. It is a judgment based on certain facts.
5. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
6. It lies at the heart of any inquiry
7. A fallacy assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
“circular argument”.
8. A series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener
that a claim or opinion is truthful.
9. A type of reasoning where the general idea comes first before the specific or
particular idea.
10. It is a statement that holds the element of belief; it tells how someone feels

B.
Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the statement below. Describe how you will
determine its truthfulness. Write your answer in your yellow paper.
1. I am a good student.