18 ero) What can you say about the equation y= 0.5x+ 5? Coes You should recognise it asthe equation ofa straight Hine. ake garsyouleinent ‘To draw the line you need to find some points. Start with a table understand these key words: of values. gradient -is|-10| -5 [o | 5 | 10 [ 15 | 20 || coefficient direct proportion 225 [0 | i251 | Neil |ersn| to | 125i] Nis ‘Now you can plot these points on a graph and draw a straight line through them. But what would you use a linear graph for? Here are some practical examples. Popilation fa coustry’ Soi 4 6 30 9 100200300400 300 4 Yeas 1 Distance em) > 2000 40 smear Lm |_| 5 g 2 Fo idoos2i |g XB ar | iE 1 1 @ 024 6 8 10 * 0 10 20 30 40 50” ‘Time (seconds) ‘Width (cm) ] From these, you can see that the variables do not have to be x and y. You can use any letters. In this unit you will learn more about interpreting, drawing and using all sorts of graphs. 18 Graphs ‘€28.1 Gradient of a graph 18.4 Gradient of a graph Look at these two straight-line graphs. 1 Both lines are sloping, but one is steeper than the other. wa ‘The steepness of a graph is described by its gradient. To find the gradient of the line, you can draw a right-angled triangle. Use part ofthe line itselfas the hypotenuse, and position the triangle so that its other two sides are on the coordinate grid lines. A Find the difference between the x-coordinates and the y-coordinates of |) the endpoints of the line segment you have used, t ase ‘The gradient is ene. ee ‘The gradient ofline 1 is 3. The gradient of line 2 is negative “The gradient ofline 2 is # i because it goes down from left to right. Plot the points and draw the line. 2 Bast U4 Draw a triangle. The gradient is -2 4 Calculate the gradients of line a and line b. 2 Work out the gradients of lines a, b and c.3 Work out the gradients of lines a, b and c. 4 Work out the gradients of lines p, q and r. 5 a Show that the gradient of line d is 2.5. b Find the gradients of lines e and f. 6 Work out the gradients of lines a, b and c. 7 Astraight line goes through the points (—4, 2), (2,5) and (4, 6). a Draw the line on a grid. b Find the gradient of the line. 8 Find the gradient of the straight line through each set of points. (atte pans on «aot a (3,-4),(6,2) and (4-2) (3,6),(~6,-3) and (-3, 0) eee ee € (-1,-6),(-4,6) and (-3,2) (5,3), (2,3) and (4,3) @ 4g Find the gradient of the straight line through each set of points. a (0,0), (2,12) and (-5,-30) (10,0), (5,20) and (0, 40) © (10,0), (9,12) and (12,24) d_ (—10, 10), (0, 11) and (5, 11.5) 38 Graph38.2 The graph of y= mmx + 18.2 The graph of y= mx+c The graph shows three straight lines. ‘The gradient of each line is 4. ‘The equations of the lines are: y dx y=dxe3 yodn-2 T - TT ‘The equations are in the form y= mx + c where mand care numbers. Lr ‘The coefficient of xis m. It is the gradient of the line. Worked example 18.2 The gradient is 5 ‘The coefficient of xis 5. The gradient is -3 The coefficient of x is ~3. 4a Draw the straight line with the equation y= 1.5x. b On the same grid, draw the line with equation, © On the same grid, draw the line with equation y d Find the gradient of each line. Sxt2.5. 5x3. 2. Find the gradients of the lines with these equations. a y=2x+5 9b y=-2x+5 ¢ y=3x45 3. Below are the equations of four straight lines. Ary=4x+10 Bry Write down the letters of a. two parallel lines b alline that passes through (0, 10) € two lines that pass through (0,-4) da line with a negative gradient. @& 4 The equation of a straight line is y= 6x - 4. a Find the equation of a line, parallel to this, that passes through the origin (0, 0) b Find the equation of a line, parallel to this, that passes through the point (0, 8). BQ 5 Find the gradients of the lines with these equations. a y=5x+2. 0b y=5+2x ¢ y=-Sxt+2 d y=5-2x BQ 6 Below are the equations of five lines. AD 2x+3 B: 3-2x C:y=2x-3 D: Which lines are parallel? -3-2x E:y=-2x+2 8 Graphs18.3 Drawing graphs ‘This is the equation of a straight-line graph. ‘The gradient of the straight line is 2 ‘You can write the equation in different ways. Change the order. yo3- 2x Add 2x to both sides. ytox=3 Change the order. x+y Subtract 3 from both sides. 2x+y-3=0 ‘These are all different ways to write the equation of the line. 18.3 Drawing graphs a 2y+4=3e ‘Add 3x to both sides. 2y = 3x4 Subtract 4 from both sides. ym gx-2 Divide both sides by 2. This is the equation of a straight line. It is in the form y= mx +c b The gradient is 1.5. mis the gradient. c 7 ala ‘Make a table of values. : Three points are enough. f- aa T5x=2 CEE 4 Write these equations in the form y= mx+¢. axty=10 b 2xty=10 ¢ x+2y=10 d 2x+4y=10 2 Agraph has the equation 2x~ y=5. a Show that this is the equation of a straight line. b Find the gradient of the line. © Drawa graph of the line. soon (€38.3 Drawing graphs 3 Agraph has the equation x+ 2y+ 4=0. Show that this is the equation of a straight line Find the gradient of the line. Draw a graph of the line. Show that the equation of this line is 2x + 3y= 24. Find the gradient of the line. @B 5 a Write each of these equations in the form y= mx +c i x-y+6= ii 2x-3y+6=0 Draw the graph of each line. © Find the gradient of each line. 2 oa oce 6 Match each equation to the correct line. a x+2y=8 b x-2y=8 © y+2x=8 d 2y-x=8 Write x + 4y= 40 in the form y= mx+c Which line has the equation x+ 4y= 40? ¢ Find the equations of the other two lines. oe @ 8 a Rewrite these equations in the form y= mx+ c. i 20x=2y+15 ii x= 207+ 60 b Find the gradient of each line in part a, © Draw the graph of each line. 9 The equation of line A is x= 20y. i a a Find the gradient of line A. Coe b Find the coordinates of point P. cet : p ¢ Find the equation of line B. Pe dines hear BQ 40 a Draw a graph of each of these lines. Use the same set of axes. Your graphs must show where each line crosses the axes. Choose the same scale on each axis. i 5x+2y=100 fi 2x+5y=100 b Find the gradient of each line. c Where do the lines cross? 18 Graphs18.4 Simultaneous equations Here is pair ofequations. y=O5x+4 y=25x-3 In Unit 13 you learnt how to use algebra to solve these simultaneously. You can write: 05x44 =2.5x-3 Subtract 0.5xfrom both sides: 4= 2x-3 Add 3 to both sides: 722 Divide both sides by 2: x=35 Find yby substitution: y= 0Sx+4=05%35+4=5.75 You can also use a graph to solve equations like these, a I Start with a table of values 4 Choose at least three values for x. ~y ial b The lines cross at approximately (3.5, 5.8). The approximate solution is x= 3.5 and y= 5.8. The solution may not be exact because it is based on a graph. Caza 1. The graph shows the lines with equations y= 2x—2, yax-dandy+x=4. Use the graph to solve these pairs of equations simultaneously. a y=2x-2andy=x-4 b y=2x-2andy+x=4 © y=x-4andy+x=438.4 Simultaneous equations 2. Use this graph to solve these pairs of equations simultaneously. a y=2x+landy=4x-2 b y=2x+landy=—hx+6 © y= }x-2and y= fxt6 3 a Draw the lines with these equations. Draw all of them on the same grid, i y=x-3 i y=7-x ii yahx+l b Use the graphs to solve these pairs of equations simultaneously. i y=x-3andy=7-x ii y=x—3and shxtl 4 Use this graph to find approximate solutions of the f following pairs of simultaneous equations. a y=0.5x—5and y=-1.5x+30 b y=0.5x-5 and y= -0.67x+ 20 © y= -0.67x +20 and y= -1.5x-+ 30 The solutions are approximate because you are reading them from a graph. J Look at these two simultaneous equations. Draw graphs to find approximate solutions. Look at these two simultaneous equations. Draw graphs to find approximate solutions y x+3y+3=0-simultaneously. 18 Graoh aes @ Write the equation 3x + 2y= 12 in the form y= mx+ c. b Write the equation x + 3y+3=0 in the form y= mx +c € Use this graph to solve the equations 3x + 2y= 12 and yegr-2 yadats18.5 Direct proportion 18.5 Direct proportion ‘When two variables are in direct proportion, the graph of the relation is a straight line through the origin. It is easy to find the equation of the line. Then the equation can be used to find missing values algebraically. a C= 2851 ‘Multiply the number of litres by 2.85 to find the cost, in dollars. b IfL=othenC=o The origin is ©, 0). 00 tute C = 500 it © §00= 2.851 L= 32 = 175.44 Substitute C = 500 into the formula and rearange to You can buy 175.44 litres. 1 Metal wire costs $6.20 per metre. a. Drawa graph to show the cost of up to 10 metres. b Work out the gradient of the graph, © Write down a formula for the cost in dollars (C) of M metres. Use the formula to find: i the cost of 12.5 metres ii how many metres you can buy for $200. 2 A photocopier can copy 16 pages per minute. a Write down a formula for the number of pages (p) that can be photocopied in m minutes. b Drawa graph to show the number of pages that can be photocopied in up to 5 minutes. © Work out the gradient of the graph. d_ Use the formula to find: i how many pages can be copied in 74 minutes ii_ the time to photocopy 312 pages. 3 A packet of 500 sheets of paper has mass 2.5kg. a Find the mass, in grams, of one sheet of paper. b Write down a formula for the mass (m), in grams, of n sheets of paper. ¢ Draw a graph to show the mass, in grams, of up to 500 sheets of paper. Mia weighs some sheets of paper. The mass is 0.385kg. How many sheets are there? BQ 4 Greg buys 83 litres of fuel. It costs him $346.11. a Work out the cost of one litre of fuel. b Draw a graph to show the cost of up to 100 litres of fuel. © Write down the gradient of the graph. d_ How many litres can Greg buy for $500? 18 Graphs18.6 Pro al graphs 18.6 Practical graphs When you solve a real-life problem, you may need to use a function where the graph is a straight line. In this topic, you will investigate some real-life problems, Worked example a V=20-15¢ When t= 0, V = 20. V decreases by 15 every time t increases by 1. by El Plot a few values to draw the graph. Use Vand t instead of yand x. t —| Negative values are not needed. 1 The gradient is -15. Value [thous fel ehsia etal I 6 wt | Time (years) Ll After 6 years The value of twhen V= 11 .5. This means that the value falls by $1500 dollars each year. In the worked example, the gradient is — [Exercise 28.6 ] 4 A tree is 6 metres high. It grows 0.5 metres each year. a Write down a formula to show the height (y), in metres, as a function of time (x), in years. b Drawa graph of the formula. © Use the graph to find: i the height of the tree after 5 years ii. the number of years until the tree is 10 metres high. 2 A candle is 30 centimetres long. It burns down 2 centimetres every hour. a Write down a formula to show the height (t), in centimetres, as a function of time (1), in hours. b Draw a graph to show the height of the candle. © Use the graph to find: i the height of the candle after 4 hours ithe time until the candle is half its ori inal height. 3 The cost of a taxi is $5 for each kilometre. a Write down a formula for the cost (c), in dollars, in terms of the distance (d), in kilometres. b Drawa graph to show the cost. € Use the graph to find: i the cost of a journey of 6.5 kilometres ii the distance travelled for $55. 38 Graphs18.6 Practical gr 4 There are six cars in a car park. Every minute another two cars enter the car park, No cars leave. a Write down a formula to show the number of cars (y) in the car park after t minutes. b Draw a graph to show the number of cars in the car park, © Use the graph to find: i the number of cars after 5 minutes ii. the time before there are 24 cars in the car park. d The car park only has spaces for 24 cars. Show this on the graph, 5, Anders has $20 credit on a mobile phone. Each text costs $0.50. a Write down a formul for the credit (0, in dollars, after sending ¢ texts. b Draw a graph to show the credit. € Anders sends 11 texts. How much credit is left? 6 The population of an animal in a wildlife reserve is 8000. The population decreases by 500 each year. a Write a formula to show the population (P) as a function of the number of years (¥). b Drawa graph to show how the population changes over time. © Use your graph to find the population after four years. oH d_ How long will it be until the population is halved? 7 This graph shows the predicted population of a country. a What is the population now? b Find the estimated population in 30 years’ time. ¢ Work out the gradient of the graph. d Find a formula for Pas a function of t. 8 Sasha puts $2000 in a bank. The bank pays her $50 every year. Se a Work out a formula for the amount she has in dollars (A) after tyears.|_.} b Draw graph to show how her money increases, ca ¢ How much does she have after five years? d_ How long is it until she has $26002 You should now know that: You should be able to: % An equation of the form y= mx-+ egives astraight. > Construct tables of values and plot graphs of tine graph, linear functions, where yis given implicitly in 4 The value of mis the gradient of the line. It can be terms of x, rearranging the equation into the form positive or negative. yamere % You can use graphs to solve simultaneous equations. * Know the significance of min y= mx cand find the gradient ofa straight-line graph. % Real-life problems can give rise to straight-line - See ae pasha + Find the approximate solution ofa pair of : simultaneous equations by finding the point of 4 You can draw a straight-line graph accurately by intersection of talaga using a table of values. ee + Construct functions arising from real-life problems; draw and interpret their graphs. % Manipulate algebraic expressions and equations. Draw accurate mathematical graphs. * Recognise connections with similar situations and outcomes. 80 18 Graphs@ End-of-unit review End-of-unit review 4. Work out the gradient of each line on the graph. 2 Find the gradient of a straight line between: a (0,0)and (10,2) b (0,6) and(6,-6) € (5,2) and (-3,-2) 3. Find the gradients of the lines with these equations. a y=4x-5 b y=4-5x © 243x=y dx+y=20 4 Write each formula in the form y= mx +c. a kxt+y=4 b x+4y © 2yt4=x d 3(x-y)=2 5 These are the equations of three straight lines. Find the gradient of each one. a dx+y=9 b x=2y44 c dyafx-2 6 These are the equations of five straight lines. Ary+2x=5 Bry+5=2x C:2y=7-4x D:2x+2y=5 B:2x-y Which lines are parallel? 7. Use the graph to find solutions to each pair of simultaneous equations. a x+2y=Sand3x+y=13 b y+20=3xand x+2y=5 © 3x+y=13and y+20= 3x 8 a Draw graphs of the straight lines with these equations. Draw both lines on the same grid. i ya3x+7 ih 2y+x=2 b Use your graph to find approximate solutions to these simultaneous equations. y=3x+7and2y+x=2 9 The cost of hiring a car is $40 plus a charge of $30 per day. a How much will it cost to hire a car for two days? b Finda formula to show the cost (0), in dollars, of hiring a car for d days. ¢ Drawa graph to show the cost of hiring a car. dA driver pays $220 to hire a car. Use the graph to find the number of days she had the car. 40 The exchange rate between Hong Kong dollars (HK$) and Pakistani rupees (PR) is HK$1 = 12.2PR. a Draw a graph to show the exchange rate. Put HK$ on the horizontal axis. Go up to 100 HK$. b Use the graph to convert 500 PR to HKS. € Usea calculation to get a more accurate answer to part b. 28 Graphs