GASEOUS STATE

for General Chemistry 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 1/ Week 8

NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2 1 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2

 FOREWORD

The topics of our Self-Learning Kit serve as the

foundation for understanding the behavior of gases,
particularly gas pressure, and the factors that affect on it.
It is vital for us to understand the behavior and
characteristic of gases to prepare ourselves as we
proceed to the next level of related topics in the future. In
this lesson, we shall discuss some phenomena related to
gases, particularly gas pressure. In this learning kit, you will
be able to know the different factors that affect and the
different units used to measure gas pressure. Sample
exercises and post-evaluations are given to ensure better
outcomes and make learning fun and exciting. This
learning kit is intended for you to appreciate and
embrace new scientific concepts and ideas in the field of
Chemistry.

2 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K : define pressure and give the common units
S : explain the different factors that affect gas as well as the
different laws that it governs.
A : appreciate the importance of gas in understanding the
natural world

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- Define pressure and give the common units of pressure
(STEM_GC11G-Ihi-43)
- Calculate the percent yield and theoretical yield of the
reaction. (STEM_GC11MRIg-h-39)
- Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the
amounts (volume, number of moles, or mass) of gaseous
reactant and products (STEM_GC11DLli-48)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST

A. Identification. Identify the factor or condition of gas that

corresponds to the depicted pictures below. Write your answers
in your notebook.

- Temperature - Pressure
- Volume - Number of particles

1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________

3 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
B. Jumbled Words. The following are sets of conditions that
define a gas, identify by rearranging the letters based on the
given descriptions.
1. VUMEOL – space occupied by a gas
2. SUREPRES – the result of the collision of gas particles to the
walls of the container
3. PERATEMTURE – degree of hotness or coldness of the system
4. OLEMS – a collection of particles

C. Exercise. Based on the given formulas, rearrange to determine

the unknown.
1. P1V1 = P2V2 rearrange to find V2
2. P1 = P2 rearrange to find T1
T1 T2
3. n1 = n2 rearrange to find V2
V1 V2
4. T1 = T2 rearrange to find T2
V1 V2
5. P1V1 = P2V2 rearrange to find V1

II.WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

Gas Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force applied divided by the area
over which it is applied. The idea of a force is a push that tends to
move something in a given direction. In general terms, pressure
conveys Pressure, P, is, in fact, the force, F, that acts on a given
area, A (see figure 1). Based on the Kinetic Molecular Theory of
gases; in which all gas particles are in random constant motion.
Once they are in motion, they undergo collision either to
themselves or with the walls of their container. We all know that
gases exert pressure on any surface with which they are in contact.
For example, the gas in the inflated balloon exerts pressure on the
inside surface of the balloon.

4 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
 Figure 1. A representation and formula for pressure.

The SI unit of pressure is the newton per square meter (N/m2)

called the pascal (Pa). A pascal is very small so it is often reported
in thousands of pascals or kilopascals (kPa). The atmospheric
pressure is measured by a device called a barometer (see figure
3). When air pressure increases, the mercury in the tube rises;
likewise, when the pressure decreases, so does the height of the
mercury column.

Figure 3. An example of a barometer, the air molecules pushes the mercury inside to raised up.

The discovery of the barometer paved the birth of the units

for pressure. The atmosphere surrounding the earth exerts a
pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere (atm) at sea level, which
is equal to the pressure that supports a column of mercury that is
760 mm (76cm) high. This is also equal to 760 mmHg, 760 torr, and
101,325 Pa. Table, 1 shows the different units of gas pressure.

Table 1. Useful unit conversion of gas pressure.

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 14.70 psi = 101,325 Pa

1 torr = 1 mmHg

5 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
 Aside from pressure (P), gas can also affect its behavior o to
different factors that include temperature (P), volume (V), and the
number of particles (n). There are many gas laws have been
proposed, only Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussacs’ Law, and
Avogadro’s Law.

Boyle’s Law
- describes the relationship of pressure and volume at constant
temperature and the number of particles. According to Robert
Boyle (the first person who observed and proposed the
phenomenon), the pressure (or external pressure) of the gas is
inversely proportional to its volume. It can be shown using the
equation;
P1V1 = P2V2 where: P1 = initial pressure
P2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Based on the equation, as the pressure of the gas, increases
the volume of gas decreased. On the contrary, as the external
pressure decreases the volume of the gas increases.

Charles’ Law
- describes the relationship between temperature and
volume at constant pressure and the number of particles.
According to Jacques Charles (the first person who observed and
proposed the phenomenon), the temperature is directly
proportional to the volume. It can be shown mathematically by
the equation;
T1 = T2 where: T1 = initial temperature
V1 V2 T2 = final temperature
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Based on the equation, as the temperature of the gas
increases its volume increases. On the contrary, as the
temperature of the gas decreases its volume decreases.

6 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
Gay-Lussac’s Law
- describes the relationship between temperature and
pressure at constant volume and the number of particles.
According to Joseph Luis Gay-Lussac (the first person who
observed and proposed the phenomenon), the pressure of the
gas is directly proportional to its temperature. It can be shown
mathematically by the equation;
P1 = P2 where: P1 = initial pressure
T1 T2 P2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Based on the equation, as the temperature of the gas
increases its pressure increases (internal pressure). On the contrary,
as the temperature of the gas decreases its pressure decreases.

Avogadro’s Law
- describes the relationship of a number of particles to its
volume at constant temperature and pressure. According to
Amadeo Avogadro (the first person who observed and proposed
the phenomenon), the volume of the gas depends upon the
amount of gas. In other words, it is directly proportional. It can be
shown mathematically by the equation;
n1 = n2 where: n1 = initial pressure
V1 V2 n2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Based on the equation, as more gas is introduced or placed
inside the container, the greater its pressure (internal pressure). On
the contrary, as more gas is removed, its pressure decreases.
Based on experimental data at STP (standard Temperature and
Pressure, 273.15K and 1 atm) conditions, ideal gases (assume to
have no intermolecular forces of attraction and do not occupy
volume) occupy L.

7 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
Ideal Gas Law
The relationship between the moles of the gas present and its
volume is described by Avogadro’s law. If the temperature,
pressure, and volumes of two gases are the same, then the two
gases contain the same number of molecules, regardless of their
identity. Avogadro’s law is valid for all gases, no matter what they
are. The actual temperature and pressure at which we compare
two or more gases do not matter. It is convenient, however, to
select one temperature and one pressure as standard, and
chemists have chosen 1 atm as the standard pressure and 0°C (273
K) as the standard temperature. These conditions are called
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
A mole of gas occupying 22.4 L at STP is known as an Ideal
Gas. Ideal gases are assumed to have negligible intermolecular
forces and volume occupied by each gas particle. If the
intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by each gas are
accounted for, they are called Real Gas (at STP these gases
occupy a volume lower than 22.4). However, systems with either
very low pressures or high temperatures enable real gases to be
estimated as “ideal.” Avogadro’s law allows us to write a gas law
that is valid not only for any pressure, volume, and temperature
but also for any quantity of gas. This law is called the ideal gas law,
and follows the formula:

PV = nRT

Where:
P = pressure of the gas in atmospheres (atm)
V = volume of the gas in liters (L)
n = amount of the gas in moles (mol)
T = temperature of the gas in kelvins (K)
R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K)

8 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
Practice Problems

Boyles’ Law
Ex. What pressure is required to compress 196.0 liters of air at 1.00
atmosphere into a cylinder whose volume is 26.0 liters?
Given: P1 = 1.00 atm, V1 = 196.0 L, V2 = 26.0 L
Required: P2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Boyles’ Law, and will be
rearranged to get P2 to form:
P2 = P1V1 = 1.00 atm x 196.0 L = 7.54 atm
V2 26.0 L
Charles’ Law
Ex. A container containing 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100 K and
then allowed to expand to 20.0 L. What must the new temperature
be in order to maintain the same pressure (as required by Charles'
Law)?
Given: T1 = 100 K, V1 = 5.0 L, V2 = 20.0 mol
Required: T2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Charles’ Law, and will be
rearranged to get T2 to form:
T2 = T1V2 = 100 K x 20.0 L = 400 K
V1 5.00 L
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Ex. Calculate the initial pressure of the gas inside the container if
the final pressure increases to 3 atm and at the same time increase
its temperature from 300 K to 400 K.
Given: T1 = 300 K, T2 = 400 K, P2 = 3.0 mol
9 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
Required: P1
Solution:
Using the equation based on Gay-Lussac’s Law, and will be
rearranged to get P1 to form:
P1 = T1P2 = 300 K x 3.0 atm = 2.25 atm
T2 400 K
Avogadro’s Law
Ex. A balloon containing 1.47 moles of gas has a volume of 0.783
L. If 3.55 moles of gas are added to the balloon without changing
the temperature and pressure, that will be the new volume of the
balloon?
Given: n1 = 1.47 moles, V1 = 0.783 L, n2 = 1.47 mol + 3.55 mol
Required: V2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Avogadro’s Law, and will be
rearranged to get V2 to form:
V2 = V1n2 = 0.783 L x 5.02 mol = 2.67 L
n1 1.47 L

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

A. Identification. Identify the law that is applicable to the given

conditions.
1. Pressure and Volume
2. Temperature and Pressure
3. Mass and Volume
4. Volume and Pressure

10 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
B. Estimation. The figure on the right is a gas
container containing a certain amount of gas
with a movable piston. Predict the values if is
higher or lower by using the sign greater than
(>) or less than (<) based on the given sets of
conditions.
1. The value of P1 ___ P2, if the temperature of
the gas is increased at a constant number of particles and
volume.
2. The value of n2 ___ n1, if the volume of the gas is increased at
constant temperature and pressure.
3. The value of V2 ___ V1, if the temperature of the gas is increased
at a constant number of particles and pressure.
4. The value of P1 ___ P2, if the volume is increased at a constant
number of particles and temperature.

C. Problem Solving. Solve the following problem and show your

solution.
1. A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid, metal container at
20.0 °C is placed inside an oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C.
The pressure inside the container at 20.0 °C was at 3.00 atm.
What is the pressure of the nitrogen after its temperature is
increased to 50.0 °C?
2. A 5.00 L of gas is collected at 100. K and then allowed to
expand to 20.0 L. What must the new temperature be in order
to maintain the same pressure (as required by Charles' Law)?
3. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He,
at room temperature. More helium was added to the cylinder
and the volume was adjusted so that the gas pressure
remained the same. How many grams of helium was added
to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70
L? (The temperature was held constant.)

11 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
 4. A sample of gas at 25.0 °C has a volume of 11.0 L and exerts a
pressure of 660.0 mmHg. How many moles of gas are in the
sample?

REFERENCES

Boyle’s Law. (2016, October 19). Retrieved May 6, 2021, from

Byjus.com website: https://byjus.com/chemistry/boyles-law/
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. WCB McGraw-Hill.Kapur, Radhika.
(2018).
Charles and Gay-Lussac’s Law. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2021,
from Nasa.gov website: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-
12/airplane/glussac.html
Ideal Gas Laws. (2010). In Concise Physical Chemistry (pp. 1–17).
Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Libretexts. (2013, October 2). Gas Laws: Overview. Retrieved May
6, 2021, from Libretexts.org website:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theor
etical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of
_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/G
as_Laws%3A_Overview
Petrucci, R. H., Herring, F. G., Bissonnette, C., & Madura, J. D. (2017).
General chemistry: principles and modern applications.
Pearson.
Unit 1: Gases. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2021, from Utexas.edu
website: http://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/gases/#gas-laws/gas-
simulator.html

12 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

Writer
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO JUSTIN PAUL ASERNIO C. KINAMOT
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY ARJIE T. PALUMPA
MERCY G. DAGOY LESTER C. PABALINAS
ROWENA R. DINOKOT

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality
to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and
evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in
any form without division.

13 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2
SYNOPSIS
ANSWER KEY
This Self-Learning Kit discusses
the principles of gas as a state. The
topics included gas pressure,
factors that affect the state of gas,
different gas laws, and brief
introduction of an ideal gas law.
You are expected to learn
and develop the knowledge about
the lesson and apply it in real-life
situations.

Pre-activities/Pre-test
A. 1. Temperature 3. No. of particles
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 2. Volume
B. 1. VOLUME 3. TEMPERATURE
2. PRESSURE
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY, is a licensed 4. MOLES professional
C. 1. V2 = P1V1 4. T2 = T1V2
teacher. He is a graduateP2
of SillimanV1
University
with the degree2. T1 = Pof
1T2
Bachelor5. V1of
= P2Science
V2 in
Chemistry. He is currently
P2 teachingP1at Balugo
National High 3.School
V2 = n2as
V1 a Senior High teacher, at
n1
the same time the Teacher-in-Charge in Senior
High Department. He earned units in Master in
Evaluation/Post-test
Education, Major in General
A. 1. Boyle’s Law Science.
3. Avogadro’s Law
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law 4. Boyle’s Law
B. 1. T1 < T2 3. V2 >V1
2. n2 > n1 4. P1 > P2
C. 1. 3.31 atm 3. 0.7 g of He was added
2. 400 K 4. 0.391 mol

14 NegOr_Q1_GenChem1-12_SLK Week8_v2