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    Module 05 - Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior. (REV2) - 22MAR21

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    aziz yandar wiradhika
    Kicks occur when formation fluid enters the wellbore due to an imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and the pressure of the formation. A blowout is an uncontrolled flow of a kick. Kicks can happen when the hydrostatic pressure falls below formation pressure, such as from using too light of a mud, a pressure zone, or fluid loss. Signs of a kick include increased returns, pit gain, and flow from the well. If a kick occurs, the well must be shut in and pressures monitored for migration. Gas behavior after a kick depends on pressure and whether the gas expands or remains static. Hydrates can form and cause blockages if gas and water are present under pressure and temperature conditions suitable

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    Module 05 - Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior. (REV2) - 22MAR21

    Uploaded by

    aziz yandar wiradhika
    20 views24 pages
    Kicks occur when formation fluid enters the wellbore due to an imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and the pressure of the formation. A blowout is an uncontrolled flow of a kick. Kicks can happen when the hydrostatic pressure falls below formation pressure, such as from using too light of a mud, a pressure zone, or fluid loss. Signs of a kick include increased returns, pit gain, and flow from the well. If a kick occurs, the well must be shut in and pressures monitored for migration. Gas behavior after a kick depends on pressure and whether the gas expands or remains static. Hydrates can form and cause blockages if gas and water are present under pressure and temperature conditions suitable

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    Module 05 - Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior.(REV2) - 22MAR21

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    Kicks occur when formation fluid enters the wellbore due to an imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and the pressure of the formation. A blowout is an uncontrolled flow of a kick. Kicks can happen when the hydrostatic pressure falls below formation pressure, such as from using too light of a mud, a pressure zone, or fluid loss. Signs of a kick include increased returns, pit gain, and flow from the well. If a kick occurs, the well must be shut in and pressures monitored for migration. Gas behavior after a kick depends on pressure and whether the gas expands or remains static. Hydrates can form and cause blockages if gas and water are present under pressure and temperature conditions suitable

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views24 pages

    Module 05 - Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior. (REV2) - 22MAR21

    Uploaded by

    aziz yandar wiradhika
    Kicks occur when formation fluid enters the wellbore due to an imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and the pressure of the formation. A blowout is an uncontrolled flow of a kick. Kicks can happen when the hydrostatic pressure falls below formation pressure, such as from using too light of a mud, a pressure zone, or fluid loss. Signs of a kick include increased returns, pit gain, and flow from the well. If a kick occurs, the well must be shut in and pressures monitored for migration. Gas behavior after a kick depends on pressure and whether the gas expands or remains static. Hydrates can form and cause blockages if gas and water are present under pressure and temperature conditions suitable

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Well Servicing Workover

    Module 5
    Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior
    Kick & Blow Out

    Kick is defined as an unschedule or unwanted entry of formation


    fluid into the well bore.
    NOT considered as kick :
     Fluid produced during under balanced drilling.
     Fluid produced during a Drill Stem Test (DST)

    Blow Out is defined as an uncontrolled flow of kick. The blow out


    may take place at the surface or under ground between two
    separate permeable formation
    Hydrostatic Vs Formation Pressure

    Hydrostatic
    Pressure

    Two Opposite Forces

    Formation
    Pressure

    Hydrostatic Pressure = Formation Pressure


    0.052 x Mud Weigth x TVD = Formation Pressure
    Q: How can kicks happen?
    A: Kicks accurs when “Underbalance”
    Hydrostatic Pressure Falls

    Formation
    Pressure

    OR

    Hydrostatic
    Pressure

    Formation Pressure Rises


    0.052 x Mud Weight x TVD = Formation Pressure

    Insufficient Drilling Fluid Weight. Abnormal Pressure Zones


     Pumping Light Mud.  Under Compaction
     Drilling Fluid Cut by Gas or Water.  Faulting
     Swabbing  Artesian Effects
     Settling of weighted material.  Gas Cap Effect
     Charged Sands
     Salt dome
    Drop in Mud Level
     Failure to Keep Hole Full (Human Error)
     Surging
     Lost Circulation
     Casing Float Failure
    Abnormal Pressure more detail
    Abnormal Pressure Formation

    Some of the causes for abnormal pressure:

    1. Under compaction Shale Formation


    2. Faulting
    3. Artesian Effects
    4. Gas Cap
    5. Charge Sands
    6. Salt Dome
    a. Under compaction Shale Formation (is cause for most of the abnormal pressure zones ( Oil and gas fields)
    worldwide.
    A B
    NOTE : This well (if nogas cap was
    Encountered) should have a
    FP of 4680 psi (9,000 x 0.52 psi/ft)
    Requiring a mud to balance of 10 ppg

    Formation
    10.9 ppg
    Pressure
    0.52 psi/ft 10.9 ppg

    10 ppg
    5200 psi
    10 ppg

    (5200 – 100 psi Gas Hyd)


    5200 psi = PF of 5100 psi

    In this example, the formation pressure from Well ‘A’ will communicate through the porous gas sand (Gas Cap) to Well ‘B’
    This formation pressure will only be reduced by the Hydrostatic Pressure of the gas in the 1,000 ft of gas sands between the two wells
    This means a higher than original FP will be encountered when Well ‘B’ drills into the gas cap, requiring an increase in mud weight from
    Originally 10 ppg to 10.9 ppg..
    e. Charged Sand
    Kick Indicator & Warning Sign
    Kick Indicator
    Shut-In the well immediatedly, No flow check
    o Return flow rate 
    o Pit Gain 
    o Flow from well when pump off

    Kick Warning Sign


    Tells you the well may be going UNDERBALANCED or safety
    margin is getting less
     Drilling Breaks (ROP )
     Torque & Drag 
     SPM , Pressure 
     Change in cutting size
     Chloride content 
     Temperatur in mud 
     Density 
     Gas cut mud / Connection Gas 
    Flow Check & Shut-In Procedure
    Shut-in procedure while drilling :
    1. Alert the crew
    2. Pick up off the bottom and space out tool joint above rotary table
    3. Stop the rotary
    4. Shut off pumps
    5. Observe the well for flow
    6. Close the well with regard to each shut-in arrangment
    Flow check procedure while tripping :
    1. Alert the crew
    2. Set slips so the last tool joint is at normal working level above rotary table
    3. Install FOSV in open position
    4. Observe the well (make flow check prior to pulling BHA through BOPs)
    If the well is flowing, shut-in procedures should begin immediately
    Gas Characteristic and Behavior

    o Gas is the lowest density  will M I G R A T E


    o While migration can be expanded or NOT expanded
    o Pressure – Volume relationship (Boyle’s Law)

    PV
    = Constant
    T
    Continued...

    Gas-Cut Mud: The situation when gas from formation or well bore
    mixed with mud causes a reduction of mud hydrostatic pressure in
    well

    Exercise 7.1.
    A well is shut in. What is the casing pressure in
    this static u-tube?
    Well Information :
    • Drill Pipe pressure read 0 psi
    • Well depth : 12,000 ft TVD / 12,225 MD ft
    • Drill String of 8.3 ppg water
    • Annulus full of 6.0 ppg gas/water mixture

    Answer :
    Casing pressure reading = Reduction BHP
    = 0.052 x (8.3 – 6.0) x 12,000 = 1,435.2 psi
    No gas expansion

    5200psi – (0.052x10x7500ft)=1300psi surface pressure

    5200psi + (0.052x10x2500ft)=6500psi bottom hole pressure


    Uncontroled gas expansion
    Controled gas expansion
    Percolation / Migration Rate
    (While Shut-In)
    The speed of migration will depend on:
    o Mud Properties
    o Weight And Viscosity
    o Hole Angle
    Exercise 7.2.
    Well was shut-in due to kick and Shut in pressures had been recorded.
    During the next 30 minutes of monitoring it is recorded that pressure on
    both SIDPP and SICP has increased by 250 psi. If the present mud
    weight = 10 ppg and well depth is 8,500’TVD,
    Calculate the rate of Influx migration in feet per hour.

    Increase press per hour


    Rate of Influx migration (ft/hr) =
    MW x 0.052

    Answer :
    Increase in pressure per hour = 250 x 2 = 500 psi
    500
    Rate of Influx migration (ft/hr) = = 962.5 ft/hr
    10 x 0.052
    HYDRATES

    Hydrates:
     Presence of free water
     Presence of light gas molecules
     Relatively high pressure
     Relatively low temperature
    o Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas
    above it, the plug may blow up
    o In the subsea environment,
    hydrates can plug kill and choke
    lines or prevent the functioning of
    BOP with deep cold water
    Removing Hydrates
     Reduce pressure
     Raise temperature
     Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).

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