NORTH NEGROS COLLEGE

VALUES EDUCATION
Lecture Notes
By: Mr. Leonardo B. Esperancilla Jr., MBA

COURSE TITLE: Values Education

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: Values Education with Work Ethics, Habits & Quality Consciousness
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to present to the students the challenge and
importance of Filipino values with respect to personal development and national success. It
introduces the significance of having a positive personal value, a sound appreciation of oneself.
It also includes principles and practical ideas that promote personality development. Special
attention will be given on the emphasis on Christian values.
COURSE OBJECTIVES: By the end of this semester, students will be able to:
1. Develop a sound understanding and appreciation of our
Filipino Values.
2. Discover the positiveness of one’s attitude.
3. Apply these values as an integral part of being a Filipino.
4. Develop a relevant values system that is necessary for
success.

COURSE BACKGROUND

The goal of the Values Education Program (VEP) is to provide and promote values
education at all levels of the educational system for the development of the human person
committed to the building of “a just and humane society” and an independent and democratic
nation.

Values education is the process by which values, attitudes and habits are formed as the
learner interacts with the environment under the guidance of a teacher. Studying values will
necessarily influence behavior. Behavior can be influenced when a value is experienced and a
commitment made to it in belief and attitude.

The 1935 Philippine Constitution contains the first official policy statement on values
education. Article XIV, Sec. 8, states: All educational institutions shall aim to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience and vocational efficiency, and teach the duties of
citizenship.

The 1973 Constitution, Article XIV, Sec. 4, made the following additions: All educational
institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of citizenship and develop
moral character, personal discipline and scientific, technological and vocational efficiency.

The present 1987 Constitution starts with a preamble clearly affirming religious, spiritual
and moral values: We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God in order
to build a just and humane society and establish a government that will embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law
and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equity and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution.

The following articles likewise emphasize moral and spiritual values:

Article II, Sec. 13:

The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and
protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the
youth: patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.

Article II, Sec. 17:

The state shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and
sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total
human liberation and development.

Article II, Sec 2:

All educational institutions shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of
humanity, respect of human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical
development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and
spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative
thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.

Three Schools of Thought Three emerging schools of thought underlie values development.

1. Learning theorists or behaviorists view moral behavior as the result of three sorts of
mechanisms: reinforcement and rewards, punishment or threat of it, and modeling or
imitation. This is related to Skinner's patterns of behavior modification through reinforcement.
The works of Sears, Bandura, and Eysenck provide examples of this theory.
2. The cognitive developmentalists view values development as an "active, dynamic and
constructive process... where the individual is able to act according to moral principles because
he understands and agrees with them." The works of Piaget, Kholberg, Turiel and Gessell
provide examples of this view.

3. The psychoanalysts view values development as conforming to cultural standards

through the internalization of emotional experiences and the simultaneous formulation of
conscience. Freud and Erickson's works provide examples of this thought.

Filipino values embody the Filipino culture and reveal its underlying philosophy.
Coherence in a value system is a presumed healthy sign, both at the individual and social levels.
In this essay, we employ an expository and reflective analysis of Filipino values, starting with
those ambivalent in the application. It is the task of philosophy to review values as part of
critically examining the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives. To improve and
develop society, philosophers must be able to promote mindfulness of both positive and
negative value implications. By offering holistic and alternative views of Filipino values,
philosophers can positively influence the maturation of Filipino culture and philosophy. The
Filipino family, being the most primal and most stable institution in the Philippine society, must
be included in projects promoting a more coherent value system.

Values are principles, morals, standards, and ideals that we consider dear and precious
in our life. What are valued stands for something important, to be treasured? Our value system
is shaped by our culture or way of life, as people’s values collectively shape the culture, if not
immediately, in the future.

Many Filipino values are universal human values that took on a distinctively Filipino
flavor, meaning, or application, best expressed in a native language. In general, all peoples eat,
talk and sing, but Filipinos feast on Filipino delicacies, speak various languages and sing in most
gatherings.

FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM, CULTURE & SOCIETY

The Filipino values system has evolved and is shaped by realities confronting Philippine
society and culture.

Objectives:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution of the Filipino values system by

examining critically the realities confronting Philippine society and culture.
 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the philosophy and models of the Filipino values
system.
3. Reflect on Filipino values that facilitate or inhibit the development and transformation
of Philippine Society.

Outline:
1. Cultural Ice Berg Model by Edward T. Hall
2. Sociological Imagination by C. Wright Mills
3. The Nature of Values and Values System
4. Filipino Values in the Fourfold sense
5. Filipino Core Values Using the Sikolohiyan Filipino Perspective.
6. Two Models of Filipino Values System
7. Reflections, Challenges, and Implications on Filipino Values

CULTURAL ICE BERG MODEL

Understanding Filipino values are part of our culture. We are the by-product of our
history and culture at the same time. With the advent of highly technological development, we
as a nation are being exposed to the culture and values systems of other nations, society, and
the world as a whole. With this, we can observe and realize the distinctiveness of our values
system and culture.

In 1976, Edward T. Hall developed the iceberg analogy of culture. If the culture of society was
the iceberg, Hall reasoned, then there are some aspects visible, above the water, but there is a
larger portion hidden beneath the surface.

According to Hall, Culture is likened into an Iceberg.

What does that mean? The external, or conscious, part of culture is what we can see and is the
tip of the iceberg and includes behaviors and some beliefs. The internal, or subconscious, part
of culture is below the surface of a society and includes some beliefs and the values and
thought patterns that underlie behavior.

What can we do? Hall suggests that the only way to learn the internal culture of others is to
actively participate in their culture.

When one first enters a new culture, only the most overt behaviors are apparent. As one
spends more time in that new culture, the underlying beliefs, values, and thought patterns that
dictate that behavior will be uncovered.

What this model teaches us is that we cannot judge a new culture based only on what we see
when we first enter it. We must take the time to get to know individuals from that culture and
interact with them. Only by doing so can we uncover the values and beliefs that underlie the
behavior of that society.

VISIBLE CULTURE
PINOY JEEPNY

PART 1

KNOW YOUR FILIPINO SELF

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the students with the present scenario or
status of our values system as a nation and as a people, having unique cultural and historical
influences that have a bearing on what we are now. We are the children of our culture. We
live and breathe our Filipino values and traditions despite our westernized education. This
chapter will also encourage every individual Filipino in every walk of life to discover the essence
of his Filipino values by knowing oneself.
 HOW TO BE A POSITIVE FILIPINO

The Philippines is a country that is blessed with a tropical climate, very rich natural resources,
scenic and historical attractions, and friendly, hospitable people. It is a country of talented
craftsmen and resourceful artisans. But why is it that the Philippines is no good place to live in
for many Filipinos? Why is it that some Filipinos talk ill about the Philippines and consider their
own country as of last on their priority list?

The problem is not economic, neither is it political. The problem is behavioral; one of attitude
and values. Since a people’s values are a major determinant of national psychology, and since
psychological factors are the major determinants of a people’s economic behavior, let us
analyze the root cause of why the Filipino cannot live with himself economically.

No people could be more self-deprecating (to express disapproval) than the Filipino. When he
is embarrassed or confronted with something unpleasant, his first reaction oftentimes is to
laugh off the situation in order to save face. When things go wrong, when there is inefficiency,
the Filipino would have a good laugh over them rather than analyze their root cause. Through
the years, the Filipino has learned to live with gross inefficiencies, graft and corruption, abuse
and misuse of power, poverty and disturbing national realities. For centuries, what was
presented to him was the negative side of his Filipino values. Filipino values are bipolar; it has a
negative polarity as well as a positive polarity. What was implanted in the Filipino mind was the
negativeness of the Filipino values. Dr. Ricardo S. Soler, a noted psychiatrist, pointed out that
the principal cause of present economic conditions may be attributed to the negativism in the
Filipino national personality. This negativism, in turn, creates a crisis of national identity and a
crisis of national self-confidence. He pointed out that even a simple conversation; the Filipino
intentionally turns away from a positive idea toward the negative. He is uncomfortable with his
own merit. He cannot quite accept his own sense of worth.
Human behavior depends on an image. If Filipinos have negative image of themselves and their
values, unconsciously, many of them alter their behavior to conform to this belief. “Your belief
affects the way you behave”. But just as Filipinos have been conditioned negatively in the past,
they can also be conditioned positively. It is possible yet to influence Filipino behavior or even
start national movement through positive conditioning. The Filipino must learn to manage
properly his values. He must focus on the other polarity of his values: the positive one. The
Filipino can alter the negative image he has of himself. He must cast away his negativism.
Positivization of Filipino values is the process of converting negative values to positive one.

How to be a Positive Person

1. Have the Right Behavior

Behavior is every action by a person that can be seen or heard. Behavior must be defined in a
way that is both observable and measurable so that everyone working with the child has a good
understanding of what the behavior looks like and sounds like (Alberto & Troutman, 2003).

It is very essential to understand human behavior in today's world as the existence of the
organization depends on the employees/individuals. Without understanding human behavior, it
is very difficult to work in an organization. In order to understand human behavior, let us see
how the perception of human being has changed from time to time.
All organizations are composed of individuals, with different personality, attitudes, values,
perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand behavior is that
individuals are different. No two individuals are similar. In the early studies, theories of
organization and management treated people as though they were the same; scientific
management was based on the similarities among workers, not the differences. In contrast,
modern theories of human behavior are based upon the differences among people and how
those differences can affect the organization. Individual differences are many for example some
employees are motivated to work and some are not. This can be due to several reasons, and
can be known by further reading the unit. Before we proceed to understand human behavior, it
is better to know what the term `behavior' means.

Behavior can be defined as a response/s which is observed directly/indirectly. Direct

observation is possible by studying the responses of people to a work environment. Indirect
observations are decision making processes and attitudes, in terms of results or how people
describe them verbally.

Understanding past behavior is important for developing effective human skills, and it also
provides a framework for predicting behavior. It also gives an idea to managers as to how
behavior is similar in certain circumstances and changing in changing environmental conditions.
Another skill which an effective manager or leader needs is the ability to direct, change and
control behavior. Managers have to understand that there are-going to be individual
differences among the employees, as no individual is similar to other. Each individual is unique
by themselves. Then one has to understand that each individual has to be taken care of as a
whole person by taking care of. his needs as well as training and making him up to date in terms
of work. Ultimately human beings have to be treated with respect only then you can expect
effective performance. With the following descriptions you will be able to understand the
concept better. Dan's analyses the nature of people in terms of four assumptions.

A. Individual Differences - Behavior is the result of interaction between individual

characteristics and the characteristics of the environment in which the behavior occurs.
Each person has a unique combination of characteristics. Some of these characteristics
are present from birth; others develop over time. These can be called as inherited and
learned characteristics

B. A Whole Person - When an employee works in an organization, the organization takes

care of that person by making him effective, as a worker and as a person.

C. Caused Behavior (Motivation) - People's behavior is need based. By fulfilling these

needs he is motivated positively and there occurs effective performance. So, the
management in the organization has to take care of these needs in order to have an
 effective performance. The management can show them how certain actions will
increase their need fulfilment and if not; how it decreases their need fulfilment.

D. Value of the Person (Human Dignity) - People have to be treated with respect and as
individuals and they cannot be treated like machines as how scientific management use
to treat them. By recognizing them and treating them with uniqueness the value of the
person gets increased. By this we can understand how the concept of treating human
beings from machines to human capitals have evolved.

Principles of Self Appreciation

Self-appreciation is not a commonly used term. Most
people confuse self-appreciation with self-esteem and
self-confidence. But self-appreciation is actually very
unlike the other two.
Self-appreciation is not the same as self-esteem.
Self-appreciation is the process of appreciating yourself.
Appreciating yourself is about being grateful for yourself.
 1. Self-worth - is the personal value of a person.
Your value is intrinsic. It is not determined by what
you have but rather it is determine by who you are.
Self-worth and self-value are two related terms that
are often used interchangeably. Having a sense of
self-worth means that you value yourself, and
having a sense of self-value means that you are
worthy. The differences between the two are
minimal enough that both terms can be used to
describe the same general concept.
Self-worth is defined by Merriam-Webster as: “a feeling
that you are a good person who deserves to be treated
with respect”.
On the other hand, self-value is “more behavioral than
emotional, more about how you act toward what you
value, including yourself, than how you feel about
yourself compared to others”

2. Self Esteem - is the deep-down feeling of a person towards

himself. Have a good opinion of one self. It is also our personal
assessment of our own self. It is essentially a measure of self-
worth and importance. When this self-assessment is positive,
we see ourselves as valuable and worthwhile and we develop a
strong self-esteem. When it is negative, we feel worthless,
incompetent and unfortunate and our self-esteem remains
weak. Self-esteem is an important part of the personality that
has been shaped from the very early years of our lives.
Self-esteem is the opinion you have of yourself. It is the sum
total of one’s self-confidence, self-worth and self-respect. The
fundamental nature of self-esteem is based on understanding,
accepting and liking oneself. Strong self-esteem implies that
one feels good about one’s belief, thoughts, feelings and
desires.
Have you ever noticed that when you are feeling good about
yourself, other people become very nice? The world is a
reflection of our self. When we hate ourselves, we hate
everybody else. When we love being who we are, the rest of
the world will just follow.
Effects of Self Esteem
1. Motivated and confident
2. Productive and appreciative
3. Cooperative
4. Committed and contented
 5. Willing to Explore
6. Goal-oriented
How to improve Self-esteem?
1. Believing in yourself
2. Nurture one’s self
3. Letting go of your past hurts and forgiving
others
4. Loving and accepting yourself unconditionally
5. Planning and setting attainable goals in life
6. Visualizing yourself achieving and succeeding
in life
7. Internalizing positive affirmation that help you
believe in yourself
 .

Philippians 4:13 - I can do all things through Christ who

strengthens me.

3. Mindset –thinking pattern of a person. To change

your attitude, you must change the way you think. A
mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as
intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
There are two different types of mindset:
  People with a fixed mindset believe that
these qualities are inborn, fixed, and
unchangeable.
 Those with a growth mindset, on the other
hand, believe that these abilities can be
developed and strengthened by way of
commitment and hard work.

Your mindset plays a critical role in how you cope with life's challenges. In school, a growth
mindset can contribute to greater achievement and increased effort. When facing a problem
such as trying to find a new job, people with growth mindsets show greater resilience. They are
more likely to persevere in the face of setbacks while those with fixed mindsets are more liable
to give up.

Sow a thought, reap an action

Sow an action, reap a habit
Sow a habit, reap a character
Sow a character, reap a destiny
4. Self Image – Is mental picture of a person he has of himself in his own mind. It is also known
as your self-portrait. One absolute essential ingredient for success is that of a positive self-
image. As you might imagine, self-image is related to what you see when you look in a mirror—
however, it goes much deeper than that. Self-image refers to how we see ourselves on a more
global level, both internally and externally.

“Self-image is how you perceive yourself. It is a number of self-impressions that have built up
over time… These self-images can be very positive, giving a person confidence in their thoughts
and actions, or negative, making a person doubtful of their capabilities and ideas.”

What is your self-image?

Your self-image is your mental picture of yourself comprised of six important

ingredients:

a. What you believe about your talents and abilities.

b. What you believe about your worth as a person.
c. How you expect others to accept you.
d. What you believe you can become.
e. What you expect your world to be like.
f. What you believe about how you came into existence.

Your mental picture of your self determines the measure of confidence you bring to using your
potential and working toward your goals.

It’s Your Attitude

Discovering the keys for all success

 SUCCESS
ATTITUDE

MIND

What is Attitude?

- Is a state of mind influence by feelings, thought and action tendencies.

- It is a habit of thought, so if you want to change your attitude you must
change the way you think.
YOUR ATTITUDE IS WHO YOU ARE!!!
The effects of your attitude on you

• Your basic attitude affects your belief in your potential for success

• Your attitude determines how you perceive a challenge.

• Your attitude determines your confidence.

• Your attitude affects how you see opportunities.

Benefits of a Positive Attitude

 Increased enthusiasm

 Freedom from the limitations of fear

 Increased creativity
  Boundless opportunities

 Maximized potentials

 Attracts positive people

 Efficiency in utilizing time and energy

How to Grow as a Person

A person must grow to the full capacity of his humanity. He must develop relationship
with others. He must feel secure, confident and have must have a style of living which is
personalized and less objectified, that is, treat others as persons and not as things.

Spiritual Physical

Mental Emotional

To grow up as a person, one must know himself well enough. This is Self-discovery – the
process of unveiling oneself by discovering unknown areas of our life. The following questions
will help a person discover himself: Who am I? it is a question of identity, Why am I here? Is a
question of existence, and Where am I going? is a question of destiny. He must learn to
discover himself with all his human potentials and limitations.
 The Two Views of Self

self-
real
imag
self
e

The real self is the kind of person one really is, as God sees him. As what is written is
Genesis 1: 27 – “God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him;
male and female he created them.”
Ephesians 2:10 – “For we are God’s Workmanship, Created in Christ Jesus to do good works
which God prepared in advance for us to do.”

The Self-image is the “me” as one sees himself base on the information’s he know about
himself. These two selves are not the same. So the self-image and real self must overlap to
each other. Self-image overlaps the other. One knows himself as he really is. Yet it would be
better if the knowledge of self should grow, and this with the help of other people.

Self
Image Real

The overlapping should grow as one comes to help him discover more of himself. This growth
would be a continuing experience. One should take extra effort to know more about onself.
Understanding of self is a vital aspect of life since the more one knows about himself, the more
likely he will be able to make right choices and decisions. Through self-understanding, the
power and insights that come from within onself are released to mobilize his talents and
potentials. One knows himself better than anyone else. He can develop his potentialities and
his perception of his own feeling, attitude and ideas. His behavior can best be understood from
his own point of view and his perception of himself determines how he will behave.
As long as a person understands and accepts himself, he will continue to grow and
develop his potentialities. When he does not understand and accept himself, much of his
energies will be used to defend rather than explore and actualize himself.

Viewing Onself Through the Johari Window

 Another way of viewing onself is through the Johari window. This is a
graphic model of interpersonal relations established by J. Luft and M. Ingham.
Essentially, they have identified communication as the central mechanism in
building a relationship. There are four categories of information which
provide the conceptual framework of the Johari Window and serve to highlight the significance
of information processing in building relationships. The four informational categories are as
follows:

JOHARI WINDOW

ARENA BLIND SPOT

MASK UNKNOWN

Arena - Information I know about myself in the same way that others know me such as
my eyes, what I do, what I like and what I don’t like and what I have done. These are no
secrets. In an arena, nothing is hidden.

Blind Spot – Other people know about you which you do not know. The Blind Spot is the
area that points out the fact that the individual is likely to be ignorant of a number of significant
pieces of data in his relationships. The larger the Blind Spot is the more ignorant and less
effective the individual is likely to be in constructing his relationships.

Mask – this are information you know about yourself but other
people do not know. You hide these from others. We hide them in a mask.
This is also called the facade or false front area of the relationship.

Unknown – Things I don’t know about myself and others do not know also
about me. This is the unknown area of a relationship and it constitutes that portion of the
greater unknown which is potentially knowable and which is amenable to being influenced by
what goes on within the relationship with others. This is the part of oneself which is not being
utilized. According to some psychologists, most men died using only ten percent (10%) of their
talents and potentials. Ninety percent remains in the unknown area.
 Base on this Johari Window if we are to exert effort for self-discovery and in the
relationship with others, we must enlarge the arena area and reduce the blind spots and masks.
This can be done by opening oneself to feedbacks. We reduce the Mask area by avoiding
pretentious attitude. In this case, one must be himself. Be open yet genuine.

In diminishing the area of the Unknown, one must give room for self-discovery by unveiling
undiscovered dimension of oneself. Sometimes we are fun of discovering many
things but we failed to discover who we are. Other people were discovered by
other individuals but don’t wait until other people discover your talents and
potentials but open your eyes and see who you are. You have skills and capacity
of doing things possible. Use your positive attitude and start discovering who
you are.
YOU ARE A CHAMPION!!!

Attitude that attracts Success

Strength and Weaknesses of Filipino People
STRENGTHS

1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao : Opening yourself to others and feel one with others with dignity and
respect deal with them as fellow human beings.
- sense of fairness and justice
- concern for others
- ability to empathize with others
- helpfulness and generosity
- practice of hospitality
- sensitive to other feelings and trust

2. Family Orientation : a genuine and deep love for family.

- commitment and responsibility
- honor and respect
- generosity and sacrifice
- sense of trust and security

3. Joy and Humor : Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its up and
down, pleasant disposition, a sense of humor and propensity for happiness that contribute not
only to the Filipino charm but also to the Filipino Spirit. We laugh at those we love and hate. We
tend to make joke about our good and even bad fortune, to smile even in the most trying of
times.
- emotional balance and optimism
- healthy disrespect for power and office.

4. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity

5. Hard Work and Industry : capacity for hard work given to raise one's standard living of a
decent life for one's family.

6. Faith and Religiosity : Faith in God - accepting reality to comprehend as a human created by
God. "Pampalakas-loob"

7. Ability to Survive
WEAKNESS

1. Extreme Personalism
- always trying to to give personal interpretation to actions
- thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-compliment)

2. Extreme Family Centeredness

- strong family protection good or bad condition

3. Lack of Discipline : relaxed attitude but poor time management

- impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward
- love to take short-cuts or 'palusot' system
- carelessness

4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative : strong reliance to others fate

- yeah proud Pinoy. It's all because of the race (nationality/blood) not by persons attitude, hard-
work, dream and perseverance etc.
- very complacent (relax) but their rarely is a sense of urgency (It's OK we have 1 day left to
finished, just relax)
- too patient without any plan or action (matiisin) "Bahala na System" - No matter what, At least
we tried.
- doubt and debate first than study, discuss until planning and action

5. Colonial Mentality : Patriotism vs Active awareness

- luck of love and appreciation on what they have
- open outside but side-open or close inside

6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome : self-serving attitude that generates feeling of envy and

competitiveness towards others (status vs prestige).
- personal ambition but insensitive to common good
- crab mentality
- lack of appreciation resulting unhealthy competition

7. Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection

- Sometimes superficial and flighty