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    Module 2 GENERAL PHYSICS 2 2 ND Semester - Module 3 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS - PDF

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    Module 2 GENERAL PHYSICS 2 2 ND Semester - Module 3 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS - PDF

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    Module 2 GENERAL PHYSICS 2 2 ND Semester - Module 3 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS - PDF

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    Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsul ZiBIC Luts Pacereiy GENERAL PHYSICS 2 2-1 Semester - Module 3 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS Se yhas — lente eam olfatinad-anon NOVEM! CTT olesaligaa NameofLearner; TOM Grade & Section: oe] Dea Name of School: ohfecedcanpecon ¢ a FG General Physics 2 - Grade 12 (STEM) ‘Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Module 3: Capacitance and Dielectrics First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Module Writer: Jeovanny A. Marticion Editor: Zyhrine P. Mayormita Reviewers: Leo Martinno ©. Alejo, Zyhrine P. Mayormita Layout Artist: Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I. Poculan ~ Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LEMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno ©. Alejo - Project Development Officer Il, LRMS. Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor Joselito S. Tizon ~ Principal, Zamboange del Norte NHS Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education ~ Region IX- Dipolog City Schools Division Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, DipologCity Zamboanga del Norte, 7100 Telefax: (065) 212-6986 and (065)212-5818 E-mailAddress: [email protected] What I Need to Know This module will help you learn about capacitors and dielectrics. At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Deduce the effects of simple capacitors (e.g., parallel-plate, spherical, cylindrical) on the capacitance, charge, and potential difference when the size, potential difference, or charge is changed (STEM_GP12EM- Uld-23) Calculate the equivalent capacitance of a network of capacitors connected in series/parallel (STEM_GP12EM-Ild-24) Determine the total charge, the charge on, and the potential difference across each capacitor in the network given the capacitors connected in series/parallel (STEM_GP12EM-IIld-25) Determine the potential energy stored inside the capacitor given the geometry and the potential difference across the capacitor (STEM_GP12EM-Illd-26) Describe the effects of inserting dielectric materials on the capacitance, charge, and electric field of a capacitor (STEM_GP12EM- Mld-29) Solve problems involving capacitors and dielectrics in contexts such as, but not limited to, charged plates, batteries, and camera flash lamps. (STEM_GP12EM-IIld-30) Devices used for communication, photography, and high-energy accelerators rely on one of the most important electric devices in modern times, capacitors. It is a device composed of conductors separated by an insulator or a vacuum. A potential difference is produced between the conductors (equal magnitude with opposite signs). Aside from the potential difference, an electric field is also formed between the conductors. stored ‘The energy stored by capacitors is similar to the mechanical energy in any physical body. The energy stored is delivered to a circuit when it discharges. The presence of an insulator produces polarization which helps in charge distribution within the material. It also increases the capacitance of a device, wy What’s New Activity 1. How Defibrillator Works. Direction: Below is a comic strip that shows analogous examples of how a defibrillator works. Take a look at these visual strips and answer the questions after analyzing the strips. @) Bie\e) isan UH; Very SSUOTEN NRSC uit saying oF eae low current t high (everyone is quiet current ai ec fibration (1) In your own words, what is the main function of a defibrillator? (2) What scenario or situation was the defibrillator compared to? Give evidence. (3) What do we need if we want our defibrillator to work effectively? (4) What similar experience do you have which could also be compared to a defibrillator? size. What Is It Capacitance Capacitors are devices formed from two conductors separated by an insulator. Examples of insulators are plastic, liquid gel, paper, mica, ceramic, or even air. These materials are called dielectrics. Both conductors have an equal magnitude of charges with opposite signs. Thus, the net charge of the device is zero. Their ability to store energy makes it useful when it produces potential differences across the plates. They act like rechargeable batteries. The insulating component of capacitors blocks the flow of direct current. ‘The presence of the electric field found between the plates is directly proportional to the charge Q present in the conductors. Therefore, the potential difference, Van, is also directly proportional to charge Q. The more charges present, the intensity of the electric field between plates increases, and potential difference increases. However, the ratio between charge and potential difference remains the same. This ratio represents the constant for any capacitor known as the capacitance: where c c Q Cis the capacitance expressed in 7 or Farad (F) V_ Qi the charge expressed in Coulombs (C); and V is the potential difference between conductors expressed in voltage (V) Capacitors are represented by the symbol: se These devices are mainly used in communication such as radio transmitters and receivers. These are also used in regulating the outputs of flash units in our cameras. Figure 1. Practical uses of capacitors Image source: https tinkersphere.com/ wircless- modules forraspberry-piand-arduino/ 4851 tink transmitter recciver "module pair 433mha-or 31Smhafor-arduina-raspbemy-p-b-b him ‘The most commonly studied capacitors is eh composed of two parallel conducting plates. These +L. are separated by a distance which is very small in contrast with their true dimensions. The region in to between them has a uniform field and charges are *@ |-+}/—> -|2 uniformly distributed. This is known as parallel + 4 ]-— plate capacitors. $he _ ‘The electric field in this case can be expressed as: + - where Q is the charge and 1. 8 the electric constant as E =2=—< presented in Module 1 which is 2 equal to 8.854.x 10° + or also known as permittivity of space s Vo ‘The potential difference (recall this lesson from Module 2: Electric Potential) between plates a and b is expressed as: 1Q,. 1Qd Vop = Ed = ad =o Manipulating formula divide both sides by Vap divide both sides by d ‘The formula for the capacitance of parallel plate capacitors where A is area in terms of m?, d is the distance in terms of meter (m), €0 is permittivity of space in ce terms of > Nm Example 1: ‘The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are separated at 1.0 mm apart. What is the capacitance in air if the plate is 10 cm?? What is the charge in each plate if a potential difference of 100 V is applied? A | What is/are given? [A= 10 cm% d= 1.0 mm; V= 100V B | What is asked? (a) C=? (b) Q=? € | Are the units No, distance should be converted from mm to m. consistent with the | Thus, 1.0 mm = 1.0 x 10% mand formula? 2,(imy Pn tm toons (EL ast t0 E | What strategy must |We use the capacitance formula for parallel be employed? plate capacitors. Then, we use the capacitance formula to derive charge Q. F | Solution 2 = @c= 0% 8.85 x 10-22 im (oxiv an) 9 x 10-2 F (b)C = 3 where Q=CV = (8.9 x 10-** F)(100 V) = 8.9 x 107°C G |Whatis the | Therefore, the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor conclusion? | is 8.9.x 10" F and the charge of the plate with 100 V is 89x 10°C Capacitors in Series and Parallel Connection Suppose the capacitors were arranged as shown in Figure 2 below. Two capacitors were connected between points a and b where a constant potential difference is maintained. In this connection, both capacitors must have the same magnitude of charge Q. The net charge between the right plate of C1 and the left plate of C2 must be zero. The same net charge must be observed with the remaining plates. Thus, the capacitors are in series connection where the magnitude of charge for each plate is the same. a Db Figure 2. Capacitors in Series Connection Vac = Vi = 2 Vey =Vp = 2 The potential difference for each 2 capacitor 2,@ ( ay 1) Combining the potential difference Yan -V=Vi 4 Veo t=O Cr C2, Divide both sides by Q . vou algebraically, ¢ = Hence, the equivalent capacitance of + the capacitors in series connection. a'G ‘The reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance of a series combination is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of individual capacitors. We may also extend this to any number of capacitors arranged in series connection. Suppose the capacitors were arranged as shown in Figure 3 below. ‘Two capacitors were connected in parallel with points a and b where a constant potential difference is maintained. The right plates are connected together forming equipotential surfaces and the remaining plates formed another. In a parallel arrangement, the potential difference for each capacitor is the same. a Co c Yaw & Q: = GV and Q; = ‘The magnitude of charge for each capacitor Q= Ute Thus, the total charge is the sum of individual charges of the capacitor Q=VG+e) The common factor is V since the value of potential difference are the same for both capacitors ge +) Dies both sides by V ‘ake note: C = : C= 6,4 The equivalent capacitance of a parallel combination is the sum of _ individual capacitance C= G44" We may also extend this to any number of capacitors arranged in parallel connections. Example Suppose you have two capacitors 6.0 »F and 3.0 )F connected in series and parallel with points a and b whose potential difference is 18 V, what is the equivalent capacitance, charge, and potential difference for each capacitor. A [What is/are given? | Ci = 6.0 nly Ga= 3.0 uP Van = 18 V B | What is asked? Cag=?} Q and V for each capacitor C | Are the units No, C; and C2 must be converted to F consistent with the | Thus, C: = 6.0 x 10° F and Cz2= 3 x 10°F formula? E | What strategy must |We use the formula for series and parallel be employed? combination of capacitors Solution Por series combination of C; and C2, we solve first for the equivalent capacitance. 1 1 1 1 1 GG > bxi0-F * 3x 10-F a =) = (5x 10°F)* Coq = 2x 10°-SF Then, we solve for the charge for given the potential difference and computed equivalent capacitance. The computed value of charge will be the charge for each capacitor C; and C3. Recall that charges for each capacitor in a series combination are the same Q1 = Cog¥ = (2.x 10-F)(18 V) = 3.6 x 10°C Solve for the potential difference in each capacitor C1 and C2 using the given magnitude of capacitance and the charge: Q 36x10 5C Q 36x10 °C =e Sei OY n= =p C 6x10°F (3x 10-°F 12V Y For parallel combination of C: and Co, we solve first for the equivalent capacitance. Coq = Cy + Cy = 6x 10°F +3210 =9x 10°F The potential difference for C: and C2 is equal to 18 V. Since parallel capacitors have the same magnitude of potential difference. V,=V) = 18V Solve for the charge for each capacitor Ci and Ca Qi = GV = (6 x 10-$F)(18 V) = 1.08 x 10-*C Q, = OV = (3x 10°SF)(18V) = 5.4 x 10-4C What isthe | Therefore, in a series connection Cl and C2 has an conclusion? | equivalent capacitance of 2.x 10-6F, a potential difference of 6 V and 12 V, respectively and a unfirom charge of 3.6x 10°C. In a parallel connection, C1 and C2 has an equivalent capacitance of 9x 10°F, a potential difference of 18 V and magnitude of charge 1.08 x 10~*Cand 5.4 x 10-C , respectively. The Energy of a Charged Capacitor ‘A capacitor can be similar to a spring. Suppose a charge was removed from the positive plate and released towards the negative plate. Then, the charge lost potential energy equivalent to V. This is also equal to the work done (W = AQV) on a charge due to electric field present between the plates (recall the concepts of electric potential energy from the previous Module 2: Electric Potential). However, the sum of the potential energy is not just QV since potential is directly proportional to the remaining charges in the plate. Hence, transferring these charges to the other plate would decrease the potential. Discharging the plate by transferring all charges to the other plate, the decrease of potential energy is the average potential of the process. This is expressed as: u=sov =50 Since Q = CV, then and V = 8, then This expression is similar to the potential energy stored in a stretched spring U= kx? where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement. The z constant k is analogous to 1/C in the potential energy of the capacitor. The work done in stretching the spring is similar to the work done in supplying energy to the capacitor. This shows a direct relationship between stored energy within the capacitor and the electric field between its plates. We could understand this by finding the energy density or the energy per volume. _ energy _30V" "volume Ad Since C = €)4, then 2a 1 1, Ay2 — te9av? energy _76V? _360gV _ &) Av? (4) Ey AV? _ Eq V? ~ Ad) volume Ad Ad Ad 2d 2Ad? 2d? Recall that E =*, then 1 == 2 uazeok where €y is the permittivity of space, C is the capacitance and E is the electric field. Example 3: Fibrillation is a condition where the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively leading to heart attacks. Electric shock can be used to correct this behavior. Appropriate shocks can be administered using a 10uF capacitor which was charged with a potential difference of 6000V. (a) How much energy is released in the current pulse? (b) How much charge passes through the patient's body? A | What is/are given? | Ci = 10 F; Va» = 6000 V B | What is asked? U=?:Q=? € | Are the units No, C; must be converted to F consistent with the | Thus, C; = 10.0 x 106 F formula? D | How will you visualize the problem? E | What strategy must | We use the formula for potential energy and be employed? charge. F | Solution (a) U = SCV? = (10 x 10-$F)(6000V)? = 510 x 10-$F(3.6 x 10-7V2) = 180] (B) Q= cv = (10x 10~*F)(6000 V) = 0.06 C G|What is __ the | Therefore, the energy stored with 6000 V on a conclusion capacitor is 180 J while the charge it produced is 0.06 ©. Dielectric Constant Suppose a slab of an insulator was inserted between plates of a capacitor. Although this could not conduct electric current, this could also respond to the electric field. The electrons in the molecules of most substances are not uniformly distributed. These molecules are called polar molecules. ‘These molecules have one end as positively charged and the other end as negatively charged. Without an electric field, these polar molecules are randomly arranged. If an electric field is present, the molecules align opposite to the field. In the case of nonpolar molecules, an electric field can disturb their arrangement since they have symmetric charge distributions. The figure below shows the electrons of polar and nonpolar molecules when an electric field is present or not. 10 Nonpolar Polar molecules molecules © Figure 2. Polar and nonpolar molecules with and without electric field snage Source haps / aura google.com set UxTWiig 1148242910198 B60. AtiAANSECBA QAI I2808D eRKOSrOMnKsOSK Raw EDZonO We can also demonstrate this phenomenon using a_ sensitive electrometer. The figure below shows a dielectric inserted between plates. Readings of its potential difference are shown by the electrometers. When we remove the dielectric, the potential difference returns to its original value. This shows that the charges in the plates did not change. The measure of how effective the substance in reducing the electric field is called dielectric constant. This is represented by symbol K. For the capacitor, it should reduce the electric field and its potential difference. This implies increasing the capacitance since potential difference and capacitance is inversely proportional (c= 0 Figure 3. The electrometer reads the potential difference before and after the dielectric is inserted between the plates. sage ecrce: pe //mr grin con enrchgeefne of esc ura etre awit yede AVE TL SHA RUOTPORMCOGDEA? ‘onpeiabaahcasannes stonimpretorneroarechi ‘The dielectric can also be expressed as the ratio of the final capacitance C to its initial capacitance CO. ul It could also be the ratio of initial potential VO difference to its final potential difference V. K On the other hand, This implies that E becomes smaller when the dielectric is present. The decreasing electric field is due to the smaller surface charge density. The induced charge appears on each surface of the dielectric. The induced surface charges are due to the distribution of charges within the dielectric, a property called polarization. Table 1 below shows the dielectric constant K at 20°C. Table 1. Dielectric constant K at 20° ‘Material K ‘Material K Material K Vacuum 1 Teflon 21 Benzene 2.28) Glass 5-10 Germanium 16 Air(Latm) | 1.00059 Mica 3-6 Strontium titanate 310 Air (100 atm) 1.0548 Mylar 6.70 Water 80.4 Plexiglass 5 Neoprene | 3.40 Glycerin 42.5 | Polyethylene | 3.18 Source: sears, F_, Zemansky, M. and Young, H. College Physics 7 Edition In deriving the expression for the induced charge, capacitance and potential energy stored in capacitors with dielectric: E= QQ Cinauced Solving for the induced charge £0 £0 Ee = 0 - Qinducod Rearranging the formula Qinaucea = Q — Fey Qinducea = Q — Feo Eo . . _f Qinducea = @— FEE From the previous section, E = 2 2 Recalll that £ = $ Qinauces = Q- 0 ° @ = Set Algebraic solution inaueed = OTT ~9_% Get the common factor Onawoue = 9-2 1 Thus, the expression for the induced Oinaucee = O(1- charge on a capacitor with dielectric Example 5: Solving for capacitance Permittivity of dielectric In terms of the permittivity of dielectric, we can express the electric field. The capacitance with dielectric. Since C = 95 Recalll that ¢ = Keo Thus, the expression for capacitance in terms of permittivity of dielectric, area, and distance of separation. Solving for potential energy In terms of potential energy stored in capacitors, we recall the formula in terms of permittivity of space and electric field. We can express the energy stored with the dielectric constant. Recall that € = Key Thus, the expression of potential energy stored in capacitor in terms of electric field and permittivity. The parallel plates have an area of 2000 cm? and are separated at 1.00 cm apart. The original potential difference between them is 3000 V and it decreased to 1000 V when a sheet of dielectric was inserted. What is the (a) Original capacitance (b) The magnitude of the charge on each plate (c) Capacitance C after dielectric is inserted (a) Dielectric constant K (e) Permittivity of dielectric () The magnitude of induced charge (g) Original electric field (h) Electric field after dielectric is inserted A | What is/are given? A 000 cm; d = 1.0 cm; Vo = 3000 V; V = 1000 V B | What is asked? (a)Co = ? (b) O=? (c) C=? (a) K (e)e =? (f) induced charge (g) Eo =? (h) E= | Are the units consistent with the formula? No, area should be converted from em? to m? aoovenx (2) = 2onoenx

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