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BMS Session

The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) used in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors battery parameters like state of charge, state of health, and temperature to ensure safe and efficient operation. It also balances battery cells to improve lifespan and performance. Key functions of a BMS include voltage, current, and temperature measurement as well as cell balancing.

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raghav
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49 views5 pages

BMS Session

The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) used in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors battery parameters like state of charge, state of health, and temperature to ensure safe and efficient operation. It also balances battery cells to improve lifespan and performance. Key functions of a BMS include voltage, current, and temperature measurement as well as cell balancing.

Uploaded by

raghav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BMS

EV market to acquire a larger share as more and more electric scooters, cars, buses,
and cargo trucks will be driven on the roads.

As a result, power designers will face the challenge of delivering systems


that can be adapted to a wide variety of batteries and vehicles with vastly diverse
performance requirements.

Just like the human brain, which controls the whole functioning of our
body, a battery management system (BMS) is the brain behind the EV battery
pack.

Rechargeable batteries are used to deliver power to the auxiliary systems and
motors in electric vehicle applications.

Among all rechargeable batteries, Lithium-Ion Batteries will give high


efficiency for electric mobility because Li-Ion batteries have a low self-discharge
rate, wide operating range, maximum energy density, and high life cycle.

To improve the quality of battery and safe operation, a Battery Management


System (BMS) is employed and it plays a vital role in the application of Electric
Mobility.

Here is the Why do we require Battery Management System (BMS) in


Electric vehicles?
To prevent battery failure and mitigate potential hazardous situations, there is a
need for a supervising system that ensures that batteries function properly in the
final application. This supervising system is referred to as a Battery Management
System (BMS).

Functions of Battery Management System in EV

The primary function of a BMS is to fulfill safety requirements. But there’s


more to it. Objectives related to the more efficient usage of battery cells and
prolongation of their lifetime are also being increasingly integrated into the design
of BMS. While there is no unique definition of a BMS, it should be designed with
a minimal set of requirements Such as-
1.It must measure individual cell voltages .

2.The BMS must measure temperatures at different points as close as


possible to the battery .

3.It must measure currents flowing through it.

4. The BMS should communicate information to control units and undertake


action to ensure the battery will be operated within safety limits.

5. The BMS should balance battery cells passively or actively.

6. And, the BMS should provide thermal management.

Battery State Parameters

For the management of the batteries during electric vehicle operation, to achieve
the best performance and prolong battery life, it is necessary to monitor various
states inside the battery depending on the battery management system (BMS) in
real-time.
These states include state of health (SoH),state-of-charge (SoC), state-of-
function (SoF), charge acceptance (CA), etc.

State of Charge (SoC)

All vehicles have a fuel indicator, in the same way, EVs also have a battery
state of charge (SoC) indicator. BMS helps in indicating and showing the driver
the actual state of charge in the battery.

The SoC of a cell is a percentage value that expresses the remaining charge
Q of a battery.

State of Health Definition (SoH)

With advancing battery degradation, the internal resistance of the battery


increases while the capacity of the cell fades. This leads to drastic changes in cell
behavior and might make a cell unsuitable to be used for its primary application,
such as in an EV.

Therefore, it is necessary to track the cell degradation, using the parameter


state of health (SoH). The battery SoH characterized by the slow-changing
parameters, such as capacity fading and resistance increasing, varies with cycles
and hence it needs to be monitored in a long timescale.

State of function definition (SoF)

In simple words, SoF can be defined as a parameter that describes how a


battery’s performance meets the application’s demands during use.

The SoF can either be a percentage value, a concrete value in, for example,
kW, or even a binary value representing whether the battery is or is not able to
fulfill the demand of the application.

A more generalized definition of SoF can be as the fraction of the ΔP


(difference of available power to demanded power) to the ΔPmax (difference of
maximum power battery pack can supply to demanded power), that is, it is a
percentage value that describes how much the current battery state (SoC, SoH,
temperature, etc.) differs from the optimal battery state.
Charge acceptance (CA)

It indicates the maximum charging current the battery can accept at present
conditions (SoC, SoH, temperature) and for a given charging voltage and is
therefore highly relevant for regenerative braking.

However, both SoC and SoH cannot be directly measured by the sensors,
they are only monitored and reflected based on the measured parameters such as
voltage, current, temperature, and internal resistance.

A variety of methods have been developed for both SoC and SoH
estimation. Considering the practical applications, the methods can be roughly
categorized into online and offline ones.

The online methods can be used for the real-time state estimation of the
battery. However, the offline methods are not suitable during battery operations
due to strict experimental schemes or high computational costs.

Classification of Soc, SoH Estimation Methods

Beyond the basic functionality of a BMS for hybrid electric vehicles


(HEVs)/ battery electric vehicles (BEVs) of measuring cell voltages, cell
temperatures, and the current flowing through the battery pack, automotive BMS
must provide methods for charge equalization of imbalances between the
individual cells of a multi-cell battery system to increase both the cell lifetime and
the usable energy in each discharge cycle.

Classification Systems for Balancing Methods

There are different classification systems for balancing methods.

Static Methods

Static methods: Methods that are either carried out before the pack is in
operation or are not controllable by the BMS once the pack is in operation.

Dynamic methods

Dynamic methods: Balancing methods that are controllable by the BMS,


further divided into active and passive methods.

The active cell balancing technique uses inductive charge shuttling or


capacitive charge shuttling to transfer the charge between the cells.

The passive cell balancing technique uses the idea of discharging the cells
through a bypass route.

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