TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE

Transformation of sentence
Affirmative to negative:
Affirmative Negative
1. Only/Alone (e¨w³i †¶‡Î) None but
Only Allah can help us. None but Allah can help us.
The girl alone lives in this house. None but the girl lives in this house.
2.Only/ Alone (e¯‘i †¶‡Î) Nothing but
Only the moon was visible. The moon was nothing but
visible.
3.Only (eq‡mi / msL¨vi †¶‡Î) Not more than/ Not less than
The boy is only twelve. The boy is not more than twelve.
4. * Must/ can/ have to/ has to/ am to/ is can not but +V Gi present form
to/ are to A_ev can not help +V-ing
We must go there. We can not but go there.
We have to discuss the matter with our We can not help discussing the
VC. matter with our VC.
could not but +V Gi present form
A_ev could not help + V-ing
* Could/ had to/ was to/ were to I could not but laugh
I could laugh I could not help going there
I had to go there
5. Every+ All+ A +...... There is no...... but
Every mother loves her child. There is no mother but loves her
A_ev Every+ All + A....... child.
There is no.... who/which +
A patriot loves his country Negative sentence
There is no patriot who does not
A_ev Every+ All + A....... love his country.
No/Nobody/No one +...... +
All must die opposite verb
No one can escape death.
6.Every / All + Be verb+.... + Adjective No..... + opposite adjective
Everyone is liable to error No one is free from error.
All men are mortal No man is immortal.
7.As soon as No sooner had ............than
As soon as the teacher entered the No sooner had the teacher entered
classroom, the students stood up. the classroom than the students
stood up.
8.Always never Gi mv‡_ Affirmative kãwUi
Lieutenant Colonel Dr. Gazi is always wecixZ kã
punctual. Lieutenant Colonel Dr. Gazi is
Always speak the truth never late.
Never tell a lie
9.Too.........to( Simple sentence) so......that( Complex sentence)
He is too weak to walk. He is so weak that he can not
walk.
10.AS........as(Positive degree) Not less........than( Comparative
He is as clever as Nondolal. degree)
He is not less clever than
Nondolal.
11.A few/ A little Not many (msL¨v evPK) / Not much
The boy had eaten a few bananas. (cwigvY evPK)
The girl drank a little cup of tea. The boy had not eaten many
bananas.
The girl did not drink much cup
of tea.
12.Besides ( Simple sentence) / Not only........but
Both ....and also( Compound)
Besides eating rice they drank tea too. They not only ate rice but also
drank tea.
13.Superlative (ïaygvÎ the +Adj Gi super Positive degree
form) No other girl is as good as she in
 She is the best girl in the class. the class
14. Superlative Degree ( one of the Very few...as/ so... as( Positive
_vK‡j) Degree)
It was one of the most memorable Very few journeys in my life were
journeys in my life. as memorable as it.
15. Superlative Degree ( one of the bv No other.... as/ So....as( Positive
_vK‡j) Degree)
Poverty is the greatest problem in our No other problem is as great as
country. poverty.
* as+ Adjective Gi positive form + as * Not less + Adjective Gi positive
He is as brave as Sher- E- Bangla. form + than
He is not less brave than Sher-E-
Bangla
16. wKQy wKQy kã Av‡Q, hv‡`i
wecixZ kã w`‡q Negative Ki‡Z nq|
(Af¨vmMZ Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î) He is not an irregular student.
He is a regular student.
 wPiš—b mZ¨ ev Af¨vmMZ Kg© n‡j
Nothing but e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Health is nothing but wealth.
Health is wealth. Milk is nothing but white.
Milk is white.
17. Very much Negative sentence+ at all
He likes me very much He does not dislike me at all.
18. ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ ev †k‡l Only Gi c‡i N/P No other……….. but/ than
_vK‡j He reads no other but English.
He reads only English. No other boy but Jerry was feed
Jerry was the only boy feed for for chopping food.
chopping food.
19. Miscellaneous(wewea wbq‡gi †¶‡Î) ‡KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e
Every rose has a thorn. There is no rose without a
thorn.A_ev
There is no rose which has no
Where there is smoke, there is fire. thorn.
(Rule 5)
There can be no smoke without
 fire.

wb‡Pi wecixZ kã g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e :

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
real unreal right wrong
friend foe solvent insolvent
moral immoral obedient disobedient
mortal immortal willing unwilling
good bad agree disagree
absent present grateful ungrateful
hard easy sincere insincere
responsible irresponsible rich poor
regular irregular remember forget
possible impossible comfortable uncomfortable
honest dishonest love hate
happy sad happy unhappy
literate illiterate healthy unhealthy
doubtful sure ordinary extraordinary
wise unwise honour dishonour
active inactive obedient disobedient
pleasant unpleasant honesty dishonesty

Assertive to Interrogative
Assertive Interrogative
1. Never Ever
I shall never forget it. Shall I ever forget it?
2. Nothing Anything
I had nothing to do. Had I anything to do?
3. Everybody/Everyone/All Who + Negative Information
Everybody loves him. Who does not love him?
4. Nobody/No one/None Who + Affirmative Information
Nobody likes a war criminal. Who likes a war criminal?
5. No where Any where/Where
No where will you find such an honest Where will you find such an
 man. honest man?
6. Affirmative Sentence Negative Question
He passed the SSC exam. Didn’t he pass the SSC exam?
7. Negative Sentence Affirmative Question
He does not write a poem. Does he write a poem?

Exclamatory to Assertive:
Exclamatory Assertive
1. What a/an + last + first ! Very/Great
What a miserable life he leads! He leads a very miserable life.
N.B: Assertive sentence-G very Gi N.B: Exclamatory sentence-G
c~‡e© a _vK‡j Exclamatory Kivi mgq What Gi ci a /an _vK‡j Assertive
What a/an e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| very Gi Kivi mgq Sub+ a/an+ very+
c~‡e© a bv _vK‡j Exclamatory Kivi mgq mswkó kã
How e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e |
How beautiful the girl is! The girl is very beautiful.
2. If/Had/Would that (unreal past) .....Subject + wish+ V.........
If I were a King! I wish I were a King.
Had I been a king I wish I had been a king.
Would that I could go to university again! I wish I could go to university
again.
3. Hurrah!............. It is a matter of joy that......
Hurrah! I have won. It is a matter of joy that I have won.
4. Alas! It is a matter of sorrow that....
Alas! I am undone. It is a matter of sorrow that I am
undone.
5. How + last + first Very/Great
How charming the scenery is! The scenery is very charming.

Assertive to Exclamatory

Serial Assertive Exclamatory

1. Very/Great What a/an + last + first !
He leads a very miserable life. What a miserable life he leads!
Amina’s life was very difficult. How difficult Amina’s life was!
N.B: Exclamatory sentenc-G What Gi ci N.B: very Gi c~‡e© a _vK‡j
a /an _vK‡j Assertive Kivi mgq Sub+ Exclamatory Kivi mgq What a/an
a/an+ very+ mswkó kã, very Gi c~‡e© a e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| very Gi c~‡e© a
bv _vK‡j Exclamatory Kivi mgq How bv _vK‡j Assertive Kivi mgq How
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e | e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e |
It is a good news What a good news!
2. .....+ wish+.... If/Had/Would that (unreal past)
I wish I were a King. If I were a King!
I wish I had been a magician Had I been a magician!
We wish we could be champion. Would that we could be
champion!
3. It is a matter of joy that Hurrah!.............
It is a matter of joy that I have won. Hurrah! I have won.
4. It is a matter of sorrow that Alas!
It is a matter of sorrow that I am undone. Alas! I am undone.

Simple/ Complex/ Compound

MVbvbymv‡i Sentence wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
(1) Simple sentence (mij evK¨): Simle sentence -G GKwU gvÎ finite verb I GKwU gvÎ subject
_v‡K †hgb :He is a good boy.
(2) Compound sentence (wgkª/†hŠwMK evK¨): `ywU Simle sentence mvaviYZ Conjunction
†hgb and/but/or Øviv hy³ _v‡K| `ywU finite verb Aek¨B _vK‡e| and/but Gi ci GKB subject
`yB evi e¨envi bv Ki‡jI P‡j|* and/but Øviv `ywU word †K †hvM Ki‡j n‡ebv [He is poor but
happy(Simple)] , `ywU Simle sentence †K †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e[He is poor but is
happy(Compound)]|
(3) Complex sentence (RwUj evK¨): Complex sentence-G GKvwaK Simle sentence †h †Kvb
clause ‡hgb: Since, when, as, though, although, after, before, that, how Øviv hy³ _vK‡e| ‡hgb:
If you come here, I shall accompany you.
1. Structure :

Simple : V-ing phrase +` , ’+ sub + verb + Related word (2q Ask)

Compound : Sub + verb + V-ing ( Gi evKx Ask ) + and + sentence Gi 2q Ask
Complex : Since/As/When + sub + mswkó kã + ` , ‘ + cyb: sub + verb + mswkó kã
 (Related word )
Example :
(a) Simple : Seeing the police , the thief ran away.
Compound : The thief saw the police and he ran away.
Complex : When the thief saw the police , he ran away.

(b) Simple : Closing the door , I went back to work.

Compound : I closed the door and I went back to work.
Complex : When I closed the door , I went back to work.

(c) Simple : Forgetting him , I went out.

Compound : I had forgotten and I went out.
Complex : As I had forgotten him , I went out.

(d) Simple : Killing the bird , the old man brought bad luck to the crew.
Compound : The old man killed the bird and he brought bad luck to the crew.
Complex : Since the old man killed the bird , he brought bad luck to the crew.

(e) Simple : Forgetting him, I went out.

Compound : I had forgotten him and I went out.
Complex : As I had forgotten him , I went out.

Nota Bene(N.B) ( we‡kl `ªóe¨ ) : Complex sentence Gi cÖ_g clause wU‡Z am / is / are /
was / were _vK‡j G‡`i cwie‡Z© being Ges have / has / had _vK‡j having ewm‡q simple
Ki‡Z nq sentence Gi Avi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv | h_v :-
(f) Simple : The meeting being over , we went back home.
Compound : The meeting was over and we went back home .
Complex : When the meeting was over , we went back home .

(g) Simple : The weather being very cold , there were no birds or animals in the snow covered
country .
Compound : The weather was very cold and there were no birds or animals in the snow
covered country.
Complex : Since the weather was very cold , there were no birds or animals in the snow
covered country .

(h) Simple : Having finished my lessons , I went to bad .

Compound : I had finished my lessons and I went to bed .
Complex : When I had finished my lessons , I went to bad .

2. Structure :
Simple : Because of + poss. adj. + Noun + ` , ” + 2nd clause
weKí wbqg: Because of + poss. Adj. + being / having + Adj. / Noun + `,’ + 2nd clause
Compound : Sub + Verb + mswkó kã + ` , ” + 2nd clause
Complex : Since / As +Sub + Verb + mswkó kã + ` , ” + 2nd clause

Example :
(a) Simple : Because of my illness , I could not attend the school .
Compound : I was ill and so , I could not attend the school .
Complex : Since I was ill , I could not attend the school .

(b) Simple : Because of his being weak , the old man could not attend the court .
Compound : The old man was weak and so , he could not attend the court .
Complex : Since The old man was weak , he could not attend the court .

(c) Simple : Because of his having integrity, Salim was loved by all.
Compound : Salim had integrity and so, he was loved by all.
Complex : As Salim had integrity, he was loved by all.

(d) Simple : Because of his very small size, he could not work hard.
Compound : He was small and so, he could not work hard .
Complex : Since he was small, he could not work hard.

N.B: Am/is/are _vK‡j simple sentence-G being Ges have/has/had _vK‡j having e‡m.

3. Structure :
Simple : In spite of + sub. poss. form + verb + ing/being/having + mswkó kã
+ 2q Ask
Compound : Sub + verb + mswkó kã + but + 2q Ask
Complex : Although + sub + mswkó kã + 2q Ask
Example :
(a) Simple : In spite of his trying heart and soul , he could not succeed.
Compound : He tried heart and soul but he could not succeed.
Complex : Although he tried heart and soul , he could not succeed.

(b) Simple : In spite of his being poor, he is honest.

Compound : He is poor but he is honest.
Complex : Although he is poor , he is honest.

(c) Simple : In spite of his having vast riches, the man wants more.
Compound : The man has vast riches but he wants more.
Complex : Although the man has vast riches, he wants more.

(d) Simple : In spite of his working hard, could not succeed.

Compound : He worked hard but he could not succeed.
Complex : Although he worked hard, he could not succeed.

(e) Simple : In spite of his running fast, he could not get the train .
Compound : He run fast but he could not get the train.
Complex : Though he run fast, he could not get the train.

4. Structure :
Simple : Sub + too + adj./adv. + to+ verb + mswkó kã
Compound : Sub + very /extremely + adj./adv. + and so+ sub+ can’t /couldn’t + g~j verb +
mswkó kã
Complex : Sub + verb + so+ adj./adv. + can’t /couldn’t + verb + mswkó kã
(a) Simple : He is too poor to buy a car .
Compound : He is very poor and so, he can’t buy a car .
Complex : He is so poor that he can’t buy a car .
(b) Simple : The man is too weak to walk.
Compound : The man is very weak and so, he can’t walk.
Complex : The man is so weak that he can’t walk.
(c) Simple : The problem was too hard for them to solve.
Compound : The problem was extremely hard and so,
they couldn’t solve it.
Complex : The problem was so hard for them that they couldn’t solve it.

5. Structure :
Simple : Without + V. + ing + mswkó kã +`,`+ sub+ mswkó kã
Compound : R.W (adj./adv.) or+ sub +Auxi.V + not + g~j verb + mswkó kã
Complex : If + sub +do not+ g~j verb + mswkó kã+`,`+ 2nd clause .

Example :
(a) Simple : Without working hard , you will not prosper in life .
Compound : Work hard or you will not prosper in life .
Complex : If you do not work hard , you will not prosper in life .

(b) Simple : Without reading attentively , you will not pass the exam .
Compound : Read attentively or you will not pass the exam .
Complex : If you do not read attentively , you will not pass the exam .

(c) Simple : Without moving , you will die .

Compound : Move or you will die .
Complex : If you do not move , you will die .

(d) Simple : Without playing well , you will not win the game .
Compound : Play well or you will not win the game .
Complex : If you do not play well , you will not win the game .

(e) Simple : Without writing much , you can not write well .
Compound : Write much or you can not write well .
Complex : If you do not write much , you can not write well .

6. Structure :
Simple : By + v.+ ing + mswkó kã + `,`+2nd clause .
Compound : g~j verb + mswkó kã + and +2nd clause .
Complex : If + sub + mswkó kã + +2nd clause .
Example :
(a) Simple : By eating balanced diet, you can keep a sound body.
Compound : Eat balanced diet and you can keep a sound body.
Complex : If you eat balanced diet, you can keep a sound body.
(b) Simple : By working hard , you will shine in life.
Compound : Work hard and you will shine in life.
Complex : If you work hard, you will shine in life.
(c) Simple : By running fast , you can win the prize.
Compound : Run fast and you can win the prize.
Complex : If you run fast, you can win the prize.

7. Structure :
Simple : N.P.( Noun / Pronoun )+ being/having + mswkó kã + ,+ 2nd clause .
Compound : N.P.+ be / have verb + mswkó kã + and so + 2nd clause .
Complex : When/Since + sub + be/have verb+ mswkó kã + , +and so + 2nd clause .
Example :
(a) Simple : The sea water being very salty, they could not drink it .
Compound : The sea water was very salty and so , they could not drink it .
Complex : Since the sea water was very salty, they could not drink it .

(b) Simple : The sun having set , we returned home .

Compound : The sun had set and we returned home .
Complex : When the sun had set , we returned home .

8. Structure :
Simple : NP + verb + .......+ to + verb + mswkó kã
Compound : NP + want to + verb + ....+ and so , + NP + verb + mswkó kã
Complex : NP + verb + .......+ so that + NP + can / could / may / might + verb + mswkó kã
(a) Simple : I went there to see him .
Compound : I wanted to see him and so , I went there .
Complex : I went there so that I might see him .
(b) Simple : The authoress wanted quite isolation to do some troublesome writings.
Compound : The authoress wanted to do some troublesome writings and so , he wanted
quite isolation.
Complex : The authoress wanted quite isolation so that he could do some troublesome
writings.

9. Structure :
Simple : NP + v – ing + mswkó kã +……
OR
NP + Verb + mswkó kã + V-ing + …….
Compound : NP + Verb + mswkó kã + and + sub + verb +………
Complex : NP + Verb + mswkó kã + who / which / that + verb + …..
Example :
( a ) Simple : The writer lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage .
Compound : The writer lived in a cabin and it belonged to the orphanage .
Complex : The writer lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage .

( b ) Simple : I saw a bird flying in the sky.

Compound : I saw a bird and it was flying in the sky.
Complex : I saw a bird that was flying in the sky.

10. Structure :
Simple : On + v-ing + mswkó kã + sub + verb + mswkó kã
Compound : Sub + verb + mswkó kã + and , at once + sub + verb + mswkó kã
Complex : As soon as + sub + verb + mswkó kã + , + sub + verb + mswkó kã
Example :
(a) Simple : On seeing the fob chair , Della seemed it to be Jeem`s.
Compound : Della saw the fob chair ,at once , she seemed it to be Jeem`s .
Complex : As soon as Della saw the fob chair , she seemed it to be Jeem`s .

(b) Simple : On returning home , Karim went to play in the field .

Compound : Karim returned home and , at once , he went to play in the field .
Complex : As soon as Karim returned home , he went to play in the field .` OR’
No sooner had Karim returned home , he went to play in the field .

(c) Simple : At the time of the teacher`s entering into the classroom , the students stood up .
Compound : The teacher entered into the classroom and , at once , the students stood up .
Complex : As soon as the teacher entered into the classroom , the students stood up .

(d) Simple : At the time of my reaching the school , the bell rang .
Compound : I reched the school , and at once the bell rang .
Complex : As soon as I reached the school , the bell rang .

11. Structre :
Simple : At the time of + poss.adj + v-ing + mswkó kã + `, ‘ + full sentence
Compound : Sub + verb + mswkó kã + and , at that time + full sentence
Complex : When + sub + verb + mswkó kã + ` , ’ + principal clause
Example :
(a) Simple : At the time of his coming here , it had been raining .
Compound : He came here and , at that time , it had been raining .
Complex : When he came here and , at that time , it had been raining .

(b) Simple : At the time of my reading , he came here .

Compound : I was reading and , at that time , he came here .
Complex : When I was reading , he came here .

(c) Simple : At the time of their playing , it began to rain .

Compound : They were playing and , at that time , it began to rain .
Complex : When they were playing it began to rain .

(d) Simple : At the age of four , he left the village .

Compound : He was four , and at that time , he left the village .
Complex : When he was four , he left the village .

12. Simple sentence wU hw` sub + verb + pronominal obj. + present participle _v‡K Zvn‡j
sub + verb + that when + object wUi subjective form Abyhvqx be verb
present participle mn evKx Ask e¨envi K‡i complex Avi and , at that time e¨envi K‡i
compound Kiv hvq|
Example :
(a) Simple : I saw him reading .
Compound : I saw him and , at that time , he was reading .
Complex : I saw that he was reading .

13. Simple : Sub + verb + adj. + noun

Compound : Sub + verb + noun + and + sub + be verb + Adj. wU
Complex : Sub + verb + noun + Related pronoun + be verb + Adj. wU
Example :-
Simple: I saw a lame man .
Compound : I saw a man and he was lame.
Complex : I saw a man who was lame.
*** Z‡e hw` Adjective wU subject ‡K modify K‡i Zvn‡j complex -G wbqgwU wbæi“c :
It + sub Abyhvqx be verb + sub + sub Gi Relative pronoun + verb + Adj.
Example : -
 (a) Simple : Health is wealth .
Compound : It is health and it is also wealth .
Complex : It is health which is wealth .

(b) Simple : He is a good boy.

Compound : He is a boy and he is good .
Complex : He is a boy who is good .

*** Not only ……. But also hy³ compound sentence ‡K simple Kivi wbqgwU wbæi“c :
Structure :
cÖ_‡g Beside e‡m + not only hy³ ev‡K¨i g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq + but also Gi
c~e© ch©š— e‡m + , e‡m + g~j subject + but also hy³ As‡ki verb e‡m | hw` bv _v‡K
Zvn‡j cÖ_g As‡ki verb Avb‡Z n‡e + evKx Ask e‡m |
Example :
Compound : Our teacher not only teach us but also guide us .
Simple : Beside teaching us , our teacher guide us .

Compound : We give him not only food but also shelter.

Simple : Beside giving food , we gave him shelter.

Simple/ Complex/ Compound

In Short
No
Simple Complex Compound

1 Present participle (V1+ ING) Seeing As/When/Since And

the tiger, he ran away. As he saw the tiger, he ran away. He saw the tiger and ran away.
2 Inspite of/despite/Notwithstanding Though/Although But/yet
(his/my/our/ their/ her/ your)+ Though I ran fast, Imissed the bus. I ran fast but missed the bus.
(V1+ING)
Inspite of my running fast, I missed
the bus.

3 By + V1+ Ing If + Positive Condition Imperative +And

By reading well, you will pass. If you read well, you will pass. Read well and you will pass.
4 Without + VI-ING / NOUN If + Negative Condition/Unless + S Imperative + Or
Without running fast, you will miss If you do not run fast, you will miss Run fast or you will miss the train.
the train. the train.
5 To + V1(purpose) That/So that +S+ Can/Could/May/ S + wants/want/wanted +to
We went to market to buy a car. might+ V1 +And so+
We went to market so that we could We Wanted to by a car
 buy a car. and so we went to market.
6 Too---to So….That + S + Can/Could/May/ very---- and
I am too weak to talk. might +not+ V1 I am so weak that I can not talk.
The load is too heavy for me to I am so weak that I can not talk. The The load is so heavy that I can
carry. load is so heavy that I can carry it. carry it.
7 Besides + V1+ING While not only -- but also
Besides being a good boy he is a While he is a good boy, he is a good He is not only a good boy but
good player. player. player.
8 S + present participle S+ who/which/that + Main verb And
The boy standing at the door was The boy who stood was my The boy stood at the door and
my student. student. was my student.
9 Adj + S S+ who/which/that + be verb + adj And
The meritorious boy was given the The boy who was meritorious was The boy was meritorious and was
prize. given the prize. given the prize.
10 owing to/because off/ for + noun / As/because/since And
due to As I was ill, I was absent. I was ill and I was absent.
Owing to my illness was absent.
11 At the time of +his /my/ our/ their/ When (different subject) And
her/your + (v1+ ING) When I was reading, he called I was reading and he called me.
At the time of my reading, he called
me.
me.
12 S + having/being When (different subject) And
The sun having set, we returned The sun had set, we returned The sun had set, and we returned
home. home. home.
13 on the + Noun As soon as/When (different subject) And immediately
On the arrival of the mails, the As soon as the mails arrive the The mail will arrive and immed-
steamer will leave. steamer will leave. iately the steamer will leave.
14 At the age of +---- When And
As the age of seven I visited When was seven I visited Singapore. I was seven, and then I visited
Singapore. Singapore.
15 In + summer/winter etc. When And
In summer he came here. When it was summer, he came here. It was summer and then he came
here.
16 During when And
He visited China during vacation. When it was vacation, he visited It was vacation and then he
China. visited China.
17 Immediately on + V1+ ING As soon as And at once/ Immediately
Immediately on hearing the news, As soon as he heard the news, he ran He heard the news and at once
he ran away. away. he ran away.
18 Besides +not+ V1+/ING While Neither — nor
 Besides not returning the goods, he While he did not return the goods, He neither returned the goods
did not pay the bill. he did not pay the bill. nor paid the bill.
19 In the event of If Either — or
In the event of Shirin's not coming, If Shirin does not come, she will send Either Shirin will come or she will
she will send a letter. a letter. send a letter.
20 Immediately on + V1+ ing No sooner And at once
Immediately on seeing the teacher No sooner had he seen the teacher He had seen the teacher and at
he went into the room. than he went into the room. once went into the room.

************

Transformation of Degree
 Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ Degree e¨envi Kiv nq gyjZ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨|
 Zzjbv wZb fv‡e Kiv hvq|
 1.ÒgZÓ w`‡q t c„w_exi Lye Kg fvlvq Bs‡iwRi gZ G‡Zv fvj|
2. Ò‡P‡qÓ w`‡q t Bs‡iwR nj c„w_exi A‡bK fvlvi †P‡q AwaKZi fvj|
3.Ò †kÖôZ¡Ó w`‡q(m‡e©v”P) t Bs‡র wR c„w_exi †kÖô fvlv¸‡jvi GKwU|
 Bs‡iwR evK¨¸‡jv jÿ Kit
1. Very few languages in the world are as good as English
2. English is better than many other languages of the world.
3. English is one of the best language of the world
 Zzjbvi fve Abyhvqx Degree wZb cÖKvit
1. Positive Degree ÒgZÓ as----- as/ so.... as
2. Comparative Degree Ò‡P‡qÓ than/ than any other/ than all other/ than most
other
3. Superlative Degree Ò†kÖôZ the / one of the
¡Ó
 Zzjbvi Kivi Rb¨ jv‡Mt-
Degree/Zzjbv
hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq hvi Zzjbv Kiv nq Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ jv‡M
(Np1) (Np2) (Adjective)

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

 One-syllable adjectives.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the
comparative form and –est for the superlative.
One-Syllable Positive Comparative Form Superlative Form
tall taller tallest
Old older oldest
long longer longest
cheap cheaper cheapest
 deep deeper deepest
great greater greatest
light lighter lightest
low lower lowest
rich richer richest
short shorter shortest
soft softer softest
small smaller smallest
strong stronger strongest
young younger youngest
 Mary is taller than Max.
 Mary is the tallest of all the students.
 Max is older than John.
 Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
 My hair is longer than your hair.
 Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
 If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and
–st for the superlative form.
One-Syllable positive with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest
able abler ablest
blue bluer bluest
brave (সাহসী) braver bravest
close closer closest
fine finer finest
late later latest
noble nobler noblest
white whiter whitest
 Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
 Mary's house is the largest of all the houses on the block.
 Max is wiser than his brother.
 Max is the wisest person I know.
 If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it,
double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant
and add –est for the superlative form.
One-Syllable Positive Ending with a Single Comparative Form Superlative Form
Consonant with a Single Vowel before It
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest
fit fitter fittest
red redder reddest
sad sadder saddest
 My dog is bigger than your dog.
 My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
 Max is thinner than John.
 Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
 My mother is fatter than your mother.
 Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.
 Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative
with most.
 Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
peaceful more peaceful most peaceful
pleasant more pleasant most pleasant
careful more careful most careful
thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful
 This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
 Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
 Max is more careful than Mike.
 Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
 Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
 Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the
comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Superlative
Form Form
happy happier happiest
angry angrier angriest
busy busier busiest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
heavy heavier heaviest
hungry hungrier hungriest
lazy lazier laziest
lovely lovelier loveliest
ugly uglier ugliest
wealthy wealthier wealthiest
 John is happier today than he was yesterday.
 John is the happiest boy in the world.
 Max is angrier than Mary.
 Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
 Mary is busier than Max.
 Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.
Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the
comparative and superlative forms.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending Comparative Form Superlative Form
with -er, -le, or -ow
narrow narrower narrowest
gentle gentler gentlest
 The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
 This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
 Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
 Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
 Adjectives with three or more syllables.
For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and
the superlative with most.
Adjective with Three or More Comparative Form Superlative Form
Syllables
generous more generous most generous
important more important most important
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
active more active most active
attentive more attentive most attentive
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
 dutiful more dutiful most dutiful
diligent more diligent most diligent
important more important most important
learned more learned most learned
useful more useful most useful
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
 John is more generous than Jack.
 John is the most generous of all the people I know.
 Health is more important than money.
 Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
 Women are more intelligent than men.
 Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.
 Exceptions.
Irregular adjectives.
Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
good better best
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
little less least
many more most
fore former foremost
up upper uppermost
out outer outmost/ upmost
 Italian food is better than American food.
 My dog is the best dog in the world.
 My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
 Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
 Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er
and -est and with more and most.
Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
clever cleverer cleverest
clever more clever most clever
gentle gentler gentlest
gentle more gentle most gentle
friendly friendlier friendliest
friendly more friendly most friendly
quiet quieter quietest
quiet more quiet most quiet
simple simpler simplest
simple more simple most simple
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest. or
Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs. or
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.

Transformation of Degree
 No other (Positive) Than any/all other  ax verb + the
Positive:- No other+ NP1+ ax verb+ as+ positive form+ as+ NP2.
Comparative:- NP2+ ax verb+ comparative form+ than any other s/ than all other p+ NP1.
Superlative:- NP2+ ax verb + the+ superlative form + NP1.
As;
 Positive form = No other girl in the class is as intelligent as Sifat.
 Comparative form = Sifat is more intelligent than any other girl in the class.
Superlative form = Sifat is the most intelligent girl in the class.
 Positive form = No other metal is as costly as gold.
Comparative form = Gold is costlier than all other metals/ any other metal.
Superlative form = Gold is the costliest metal.
For Practice:-
1. No other boy in the class is as good as he.
2. No other boy in the orphanage is as good as Jerry.
3. Foysal is more active than any other boy.
4. He is the most careful boy in the group.
5. This math is simpler than that math.
6. John is more generous than Jack.
7. Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
8. Rose is lovelier than any other flower.

 Few/ Very few (Positive) than most other  ax verb +one of +

the
Positive: - Very few + NP1+ ax verb+ as+ positive form+ as+ NP2.
Comparative: - NP2+ ax verb+ comparative form+ than most other + NP1(p).
Superlative: - NP2+ ax verb +one of the+ superlative form + NP1.
As;
 Positive form = Very few girls in the class are as intelligent as Sifat.
Comparative form = Sifat is more intelligent than most other girls in the class.
Superlative form = Sifat is the most intelligent girl in the class.
 Positive form = Very few metals are as useful as iron.
Comparative form = Iron is more useful than most other metals.
Superlative form = Iron is one of the most costly metal.
For Practice: -
1. Very few subjects are as easy as English.
2. Few metals are as costly as gold.
3. Very few boys are as good as Akash.
4. Very few animals are as ferocious as the tiger.
5. Very few restaurants are as expensive as Hotel Sonargong.
6. Gold is one of the most precious metals.
7. This is one of the greatest pictures in the world.
 as ---- as (Positive) not more+ comparative word+ than

Positive: - Very few + NP1+ ax verb+ as+ positive form+ as+ NP2.
Comparative: - NP2+ ax verb+ *not + comparative form+ than + NP1 As;
(*নাবোধক হলে বসবে না আর হা বোধক হলে not বসবে)
 Positive form = He is as tall as palm tree
Comparative form = A palm tree is not taller than he.
 Positive form = Your brother is not as fair as your sister.
Comparative form = Your sister is fairer than your brother.
For Practice:-
1. A bird cannot fly as fast as a plane.
2. Eagles eyes are not so bright as her eyes.
3. You are as expert as a computer.
4. Ratul is taller than Sumon.
5. She is as beautiful as you.
Exercise
1. No other poet was as great as Kazi Nazrul Islam.
2. No other magnet in space is as gigantic as the black holes.

3. No other problem is so dreadful as corruption.

4. No other problem is so dreadful as corruption.
5. No other artist was as conscious as Hamidur Rahman.
6. No other country of the world is so as blessed with the beauty of nature as
Bangladesh.
7. No other thing is as important as the identification of one’s personality.
8. Shakina Begum is happier than any other women in her locality.
9. Reading books is more important than any other habit.
10. The cloud in the sky is whiter than any other thing.
11. She is unhappier than any other girl.
12. Health is the greatest wealth of a person.
13. Jerry is the best boy I have ever seen.
14. Actually, at that time he was the wisest of all.
15. It is the most significant event in the history of Bangladesh.
16. June and July are the best period for tree plantat ion.
17. English is the most fearful subject of them.
18. Man is the most intelligent creation.
19. They are the most courageous sons of our nation.
20. But self-criticism is the best way to measure one’s self.
21. Books are our best friends.
22. It was one of the most memorable journeys in my life.
23. Truthfulness is one of the greatest virtues in a man’s life.
24. Price hike is one of the biggest problems for them.
25. Newspaper is one of the most important dements of our life.
26. It is evident that industry is one of the greatest virtues.
27. Bangladesh cricket team is one of the strongest cricket teams of the world.
28. Child labor is one of the biggest curses of the 21st century.
29. It is one of the biggest mangrove forests in the world.
30. It is one of the most beautiful bridges in England.
31. It is one of the most beautiful places in India.
32. Interview is one of the best ways to judge a suitable candidate.
33. The Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
34. It is one of the best qualities of a man.
35. Rabindranath is one of the greatest poets in the world.
36. Price hike is one of the biggest problems for them.
37. It is one of the most important elements of all living beings.
38. Science is one of the best sources of leading a comfortable life in modern world.
39. He was one of the greatest poets in the world.
40. She is one of the most dutiful housewives in Karroo’s family.
41. It is one of the most popular pastimes nowadays.
42. Food is one of the most favorite things of him.
43. He was one of the most devoted sons.
44. Foyot’s is one of the most famous restaurants in Paris.
45. She is one of the cleverest girls in the class.
46. It is one of the most enjoyable festivals in Brazil.
47. It is one of the beautiful architectural monuments of the century.
48. He is one of the most famous scientists in the present world.
49. Very few persons are so/as famous discovers as Columbus.
50. Very few countries in the world are as/so populous as it.
51. Very few women were as needy as Ayesha Begum.
52. Very few insects are as busy as a bee.
53. Very few husbands were as sincere as Jim.
54. The magi were wiser than most other persons in the world.
55. Acquiring a language is more successful than learning.
56. His ‘Difference Engine 2’ was bigger and better than ‘Difference Engine 1.’
57. It is cheaper than telephone calls.
58. But Hamlet is more popular than Macbeth.
59. Slavery is not as inhuman as it.
60. Those grapes were more delicious than others.
61. Rokeya is not so happy as her brother.
62. The document facsimile is more popular than photographic system.
63. Today nothing is as serious as air pollution.
64. In the society, women should work as much as man.
65. Migratory birds run faster than dove.