11 — 19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Jee Ele osse lees Year 1/AS P Pearson11 — 19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS ered Gee seamen Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, lan Bettison, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, ere e Te om OTA NC Ske nA PNA Sd OB weveContents @ contents Overarching themes: Extra online content a 12 13 14 15 16 24 22 23 24 25 26 3a 32 33 34 35 3.6 a7 4a 42 43 44 45 Algebraic expressions Index laws Expanding brackets Factorising Negative and fractional indices Surds Rationalising denominators Mixed exercise 1 Quadratics Solving quadratic equi Completing the square Functions Quadratic graphs The discriminant Modelling with quadratics Mixed exercise 2 Equations and inequalities Linear simultaneous equations Quadratic simultaneous equations Simultaneous equations on graphs Linear inequalities Quadratic inequalities Inequalities on graphs Regions Mixed exercise 3 Graphs and transformations Cubic graphs Quartic graphs Reciprocal graphs Points of intersection Translating graphs vi wanne 12 B 15 18, 19 22 25 ar 30 32 35 38 39 a 42. 46 48 51 53 56 59 60 64 66 68 ra 46 Stretching graphs 4.7 Transforming functions Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 5 Straight line graphs 51 y=mxte 5.2 Equations of straight lines 5.3 _ Parallel and perpendicular lines 5.4 Lengthand area 5.5 Modelling with straight lines Mixed exercise 5 6 Circles 6.1 Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors 62 Equotion of a circle 6.3 Intersections of straight lines and circles 6.4 Use tangent and chord properties 65 Circles and triangles, Mixed exercise 6 7 Algebraic methods 7.1 Algebraic fractions 7.2 _ Dividing polynomials 7.3. The factor theorem 7.4 Mathematical proof 7.5. Methods of proof Mixed exercise 7 8 The binomial expansion 8.1 _Pascal’striangle 82 Factorial notation 83 The binomial expansion 8.4 Solving binomial problems 5 79 82 85 89 90 93 97 100 103 108 113 14 17 yal 123 128 132 137 138 139 143 146 150 154 158 159 161 163 16585 91 92 93 94 95 96 10 10.1 102 10.3 10.4 105 10.6 Binomial estimation Mixed exercise 8 Trigonometric ratios The cosine rule The sine rule Areas of triangles Solving triangle problems Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent Transforming trigonometric graphs Mixed exercise 9 Trigonometric identities and equations Angles in all four quadrants 167 169 173 17% 179 185 187 192 194 198 202 203 Exact values of trigonometrical ratios 208 Trigonometric identities Simple trigonometric equations Harder trigonometric equations Equations and identities Mixed exercise 10 Review exercise 2 1 qd 112 113 114 115 116 12 121 122 12.3 12.4 Vectors Vectors Representing vectors Magnitude and direction Position vectors Solving geometric problems Modelling with vectors Mixed exercise 11 Differentiation Gradients of curves Finding the derivative Differentiating x" Differentiating quadratics 209 213 27 219 2e2 226 230 231 235 239 242 244 248 251 255 256 259 262 264 Contents 12.5 Differentiating functions with two or more terms 12,6. Gradients, tangents and normal 12.7 Increasing and decreasing functions 12.8 Second order derivatives 129 Stationary points 12.10 Sketching gradient functions 12.11 Modelling with differentiation Mixed exercise 12 13 Integration 13.1 Integrating x* 13.2. Indefinite integrals 13.3. Finding functions 13.4 Definite integrals 13.5 Areas under curves 13.6 Areas under the x-axis 13.7 Areas between curves and lines Mixed exercise 13 14 _ Exponentials and logarithms 14.1 Exponential functions M2 y=e 143. Exponential modelling 144 Logarithms 145. Laws of logarithms 14.6 Solving equations using logarithms 14.7 Working with natural logarithms 14.8 Logarithms and non-linear data Mixed exercise 14 Review exercise 3 Practice exam paper Answers Index 266 268 270 am 273 am 279 282 287 288 290 293 295 297 300 302 306 311 312 314 317 319 321 324 326 328 334 338 342 345 399Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, 50 they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout ‘+ Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle * Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r ‘specify the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results collec information © Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t — J 3. Mathematical modelling aeeekeiorese? «Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model * Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book ‘Access an online digital edition using the code at the Equations and front of the book. 3 inequalities ————— Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications (of the maths you are about tolearn are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up ce toexemstandard Challenge boxes give youa chance to __—~* =a aU tackle some more difficult questions Each section begins with explanation and key learning points Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions youll need to tackle Exam-style questions are flagged with ©) Each chapter ends . Problem-solving. witha Mixed exercise Exercises are packed Questions are flagged oa summary of With exam-style questions problem-solving boxes provide with © key points toensure you are ready hints, tips and strategies, and for the exams Watch out boxes highlight areas where students often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning With lots of exam-style = Review exercise 1 Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare for the real thingExtra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for ‘every question in the book. EXD iuivorcssourersae SEE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions 8 a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online viExtra online content GeoGebra interactives Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding with GeoGebra-powered interactives. ELD cspiore tne gracient of the chord AP using GeoGebre, Interact with the maths you are learning using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools CASIO. Finding the value of the first derivative toacces the fancon press: Serer) Casio calculator support oo Oe e Our helpful tutorials will guide you through how to use your aaase alculator in the exams, They ——-- cover both Casio's scientific and Met=T=t=T-J colour graphic calculators. cp See exactly which Work out each coefficient ations te pressed quickly using the "C, and power what should appear on functions on your calculator. your calculators screen ese Ree CMe aa ere www.pearsonschools.co.uk/p1mathsE After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Multiply and divide integer powers + pages 2-3 ‘© Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms + pages 3-6 © Expand the product of two or three expressions + pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 © Know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 © Simplify and use the rules of surds > pages 12-13 © Rationalise denominators > pages 13-16 1 Simplify a 4’n + Sma — 2’ + ma? — 3m? b 3x2-5x4243x2- 7-12 € GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2 axe — b s2 « @ © GCSE Mathematics Expand: a 3(x+4) b 5(2-3x) © 6(2x-53) + GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of. a 24and16 b 6xand &x* Computer scientists use indices to describe © 4xy?and 3xy © GCSE Mathematics very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 21% values simultaneously. This is greater than a 10x ¢ Mx the number of particles in the observable 26 universe, + GCSE Mathematics SimplifyChapter 1 (1.1) Index laws ™ You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. ° ax@aan = This is the base. This s the index, power or Simplify these expressions: a xexx b 2x3 ¢ d 6x38 e (Px def Bx eat a B a eK ae es | b ar? x a= 2x3 xr © (a°¥ x 242 = a® x 2a? =2xaoxa® 2a! Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: Anne Heo a » *G-2y) every term inside the brackets © 4xQv-2x7 + 5x3) d Qx(Sy + 3)- 52x +3)Algebraic expressions a ~3x(7x- 4) = -21x* + 124 b yX3 — 29%) = By? - 2y5 © 4xGx- 2x7 + 53°) 12x? — Bx? + 20x d 2x(5x4 3) - 52x43) 10x? + Gx=10x= 15 10x? ~ 4x - 15 Simplify these expressions: Text Sut 6x! 20x? + 15x x 2 Sx? 20x? + 15x39 _ Se = 4x?-2 4 33 O Gz=x) 1 Simplify these expressions: a teat b 2x3 x 3x? eb aes xt 2) d 2p e 3 f oy & 10x5+ 203 h (P+ pt i Qa)? 20° 21a? 4p) ‘ J 8p* = 4p’ k 2at x 3a° 1 Tabe m 9x2 x 3002) 3x3 x 2r? x 4x6 © Ta x Bat)? pry s2e 4 2a! = BaP x 6a Fat x 2a xa eChapter 1 2 Expand and simplify iff possible: a Yx-2) b x(x +9) © 34-39) d xy +5) @ -x(3x+ 5) f -Sx(4x + D) g 4x+5)x h -3,(5 - 2°) i -2x(Sx-4) j Gx= 52 k 3x4 2)4(x-7) 1 Sx-6-(Gx-2) m Ae + 3d7)— 3Qe+d?) nm (+30 49)-Qr+ 3-4) 0 x(3x? - 2x4 5) p 7y°(2 Sy + 33°) 4 -29°AS - Ty + 3p) r Ax —2)+ 3x + 4) - O(x - 2) s S5x-3(4-2x) +6 t 3x2-K3-4x)+7 wu Axe 3)-2xGx-7) v3 Qv+ 1)-SeGr-4) 3 Simplify these fractions Gxt + 10x° p dena? 2x4 = dx? ax ¥ 6 8x34 5x Tx7 + 5x2 9x3 = 5x3 as oe oor @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the i 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x3 =6 terms. —~ (x 5) —2y +3) = xx —2y +3) + 5(Gx- 29 +3) NLA xt Dy 4 3x + 200-103 +15, Sx dx? 2xy-423x- 10y +15 Simplify your answer by collecting like terms, Gxxx:) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x+5)(x+2) b (x= 27 +1) © (x-yP d (x+y)3x- 27-4) -+2n5 ETHAlgebraic expressions d(x + Gx - 2y- 4) x(x - 2y- 4) + Bx 2y- 4) Bx? — 2xy ~ 4x + Say - 292 - 4y = 3x? + xy - 4x - 29° — ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x(2x+3)(x-7) b x(Sx=3y)2x-y +4) © (x Ax + 3X41) a x(2x + 3r-7) (2x? + Bxilxv— 7) 2x9 — 14x? + 3x? - 2 x2 = Mx? = Bix ! b x5x~ 3y)@x-y +4) (x? - 3yy)2x- y+ 4) nx = y +4) = 32x = 10x? - Sx2y + 20x - Gxty + Say? = taxy = 1Ox° = tHx%y + 20x? + 3xy? = 12ay © (x 4)or + Sox + 1) ae =x = 12) 0+ 1) = xen + Nace + = 12in + 1) D4 x2 = x2 a vm y= 12 P~ 13x— 12 0 G=x® 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4yQrt7) b (x-3)(x+2) © (x27 d (x= ye 43) © (e+ 39(4x-9) £ Qx-4y3x-4y) g Qr-3)(x-4) h Gr + 27 i Qx+8n2v+3) j (e+ 5)2x43y-5) k (w= Gr=4y-5) 1 (v= 4y)Oxt y+ 9) m(x+2y- Div +3) nm Qx+2y+30x+6) 0 (4-y4y-x43) p (y+ 5)3x-y+2) q (Sy - 2+ 3)r-4) vr (4y-x-2)(5-y)_ Jimplify if possible: b Hx QQx+5) © 3x-3r-3) d x(x-y)v+y) @ x(x + Gx+4) £ y(x-S)x+1) g Gx -2y)(4x +2) h w7-x-5) i x2x-+ y(S¥-2) J xx + 2x4 3y-4) k yQxey-1w45) 1 yGx+2y-3)Q041) m x(2x + 3)(0+ 9-5) nm 2xBx-Y4x-y-3) 0 3x(v—2y2xe-43y +5) P(x + 3)(v4 vt 1) 4 (e+ 2e— 4+ 3) (e+3)e- De-5) 8 (x-5)(x-4)(x - 3) t xt Ie- 241) uw x + 33x - Ix + 2) v Gx-=2Qx+HGx-2) wrt K-K- DX Ar- 399) ©® 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out, ‘The rectangle has length 3x — y + 4 and width x +7. ‘The square has length x - 2 Use the same strategy as you would use Find an expanded and simplified expression IG DUN Mets aS se Tate for the shaded area. Gem +7 Beard ©® 4 Acuboid has dimensions x + 2em, 2x ~ lem and 2x + 3cm. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x* + 12.2 + Sx 6em', 5 Given that (2x + 5y)(3n — (2x + y) = an} + bxty + exy? + dy}, where a, b, cand dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) Ep Valen a Haar aaa Expand and simplify (x + y}*. ‘expressions like (x + »)‘ quickly. Section 8.3 @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. RD = Factorising is the opposite of expanding AS ah = day — (xt SP = + 15x? + 750+ 125 (x + 2y)(x— 5p) = 2 3xy— 10)? << Trae)Algebraic expressions Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x9 b xe-Sx © 8x2 + 208 d Oxy + 1Sxy? ee 3x2 Oxy a 3x+9=3x+3) b x?=5y=xlv-5) | © Bx? + 20x= 4x(2x +5) d Ox¢y + 15xy? xyBx + 5y) € 3x? 9xy= ut - 3y) * A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx +e where a, b and care real fol numbers areal the postive and negative numbers, or ero, including fractions. numbers and a > 0. Ee ia To factorise a quadratic expression: ; + Find two factors of ac that add up to b -— Ferthe expression 2x°+ 5x-3,ue=—6 + Rewrite the 6 term as a sum of these two eee e—3 factors + Factorise each pair of terms =x@x-1)43@x- 0) + Take out the common factor ————— =(+3)@x-) @ 2—y?a(xty)(x-y) Lor An expression in the form x*— y* is ‘called the difference of two squares. b 46x48 © 6x=1x-10 9 d x*-25 © 4x? 997 Sox? -5x-6 = a(x + 1) = (x41) x + tix - 6)Chapter 1 beers Sx + 2xe 4x4 x(x + 2) + A(x + 2); (x-+ 20x + 4) ! © Gx? =the 10 = Gx? = 15x 44x~ 10 = 3x(2x - 5) + 22x - 5) = (2x - 5¥3x+ 2) : d= 25 52 = (x + Slr-5) = 22x? — 342 (2x - 3y) = (2x + 3y) Factorise completely: a e-2x? bx 25y e+ 3x 10 x(x + Sir 5) ¢ x8 + 3x* — 10x= xb + 3x 10) bx + Sil = 2) oO 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a dxt8 b 6x24 © 2ox +15 ded e ay +20 f 6x?= 18x g Y= TN hh 2t4ay i axe j 6&2 -2¥ K 10)*-sy 1 35x — 28 maxt+2x n 3y°+2y 0 4x24 120 P Sy°-20y q Oxy + 12x2p Tr Gab 2ab> s Sx2—25xy t 1dxty + By? u Isp ~ 2092? y 12x?= 30 wayray x 12)? 4pxAlgebraic expressions 2 Factoris a etay b 2 + 6x © +l +24 de +srtl2 3x40 f -8y412 gresrt+6 ax = 24 i e-3x-10 j P+x-20 k 2x + 5x42 1 3x2+ 10-8 16x43 n 6x? 8-8 EBD or part n,take 2 out asa common as PAP factor first. For part p, let y = x*. 49 25 t 98-257 u 36 = 4 y 2x= 50 ww 6x = 10x44 x 15x?+42x-9 3. Factorise completely: a +2 b e-tr © = 5x d 8 -9x e @-- 12x f 8+ 11+ 30x B O- Tx + 6x h x - 64x § 2x°- Sx?- 3x jo 2x¥+ 13x? + 15 k S-4y 1 3x8 + 27x? + 60x ©) 4 Faciorise completely x4 = y*. (2 marks) ‘Watch out for terms that can be written as a function of a function: x* = (x2)? © 5 Factorise completely 6x5 + 74? ~ Sx. (2 marks) Cars Write 4x‘ ~ 1342 +9 as the product of four linear factors. @ Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. Rational alxaxlextiey ‘numbers are those that canbe written as ¢ where similarly xbxxtx... xxb=xbeherbay Gani aeneee terms ™ You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. a= isthe positive square root of a. For example 9! = V9 =3 but 92-3.Chapter 1 Simplify: 3 +e : ass bxtxx? ey d 2eSeaxs —@ VID5xF = (125)!t89) Evaluate: ag b 64s © 49! d 254 GED ise your cateuiator to enter negative and fractional powers. 10Algebraic expressions “Check that your answers are in the correct form. If kand mare constants they could be positive or. negative, and they could be integers, fractions or -surds. oO 1 Simplify: bxSex) © xtxxt ey £ 3x x dyos b sxtext 1 3xtxars xP (Px UR K (a) « (Vx) “a bs e9t h 1296 k (3) 3 Simplify: a (64x!) rex? a © 4 & Find the value of 815. (mark), b Simplify (2x7). (2 marks) © 5 Given that y= fx" express each of the following in the form kx*, where k and n are constants. aye (2 marks) by (2 marks) styChapter 1 @® Surds IF mis an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of 7 is called a surd. Examples of surds are v2, /19 and 5y2. . TEEIEDD irationat numbers cannot be written Surds are examples of irrational numbers. inthe Form? where a and b are integers. The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending us are examples of irrational numbers. and never repeats, for example v2 = 1.414213562 i You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ® You can manipulate surds using these rules: + (ab =Vaxib Simplit a /I2 ys © 516 = 224 + (294 a vie (4x 3) =V4 x13 = 3 12Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a (205-3) b (2-3)(5+\3) =5V2 -V (5 + V3) - V3(5 + V3) =10 + 2/3 - 5/3 -¥ — cotecrierermi 55-5 O Gx 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: a 28 b 72 © 50 42 © 90 2 se b+ i 20+ \18-V2 i 17S + (63 +228 k (28-2163 +7 1 80 - 2120 + 345, a m N84 ow 0 V1 +3/98 +75 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a V3 +73) b ¥5(3-v3) © ¥2(4-V3) 4d 2-28 +05) @ (2-V3)3-V7) f (44V5)24V5) g (5-V3\(1-V3) h (44V3)(2-3) i (7-12 +1) © 3 Simplify 75 - /T2 giving your answer in the form a3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @® Rationalising denominators fa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator, © The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form 1, multiply the numerator and denominator by a. va’ 1 + For fractions in the form _, multiply the numerator and denominator by a - \b. ash + For fractions in the form , multiply the numerator and denominator by a +b. a-vb 3Chapter 1 Rationalise the denominator of: 1 a "a "Te | 34v2 (3+ V2\3-V2) 2+wW2-2 W5-V2 WS - lav + V2) Bt VBVE + VBS +2 _ 7+ 2/10 ————_____ 7s ae EES stants 823 “4 = 23 14+ V8) * (4 = 2V3\14 + 2V3) 16Algebraic expressions a “as fil ° a8 ‘0 “a 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 b 1 ae 1 a 4 6 1 TH mes 3-7 3-5 B-8 3-v2 5 52 UW v3-V7 f28 i i et 4-5 ®2e w-7 sm ae w-vt WB 2 Vite vat 29 W-v2 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 4 1 > 4 "Gump oe ° oF i 1 t 2 ‘ G+V2P * GHDG-D (5~¥3)2 +3), @®) 4 Simplity Bai form p+ qV3, where p and q are rational numbers, (4 marks) iving your answer in the Gocuon ‘You can check that your answer is in the correct form by writing down the values of p and q and ‘checking that they are rational numbers. 1 Simplify: ayseys b3xtx 208 © (4x) = 2x8 4402 3b x be 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (e+ 3Xx-5) b Qx-7)Gx+1) © Qxv4S\3x-y+2) 3 Expand and simplify if possible: a xe + 4-1) b (e+ Mr= 3x47) © (2x + 3x - 2)3x-1) 4 Expand the brackets: a 35y 44) b Sx%G-Sv+2x7) © Sx(2v+3)—20(1- 3x) d 3° + 3x) ~ 20GB -2) 15Chapter 1 10 12 13 14 © @v 16 Factorise these expressions completely: a 3xt+4y b 4y° + 10, ec Ptxytxy? d 8x)? + 10x2y Factorise: axt+3y+2 b 3x? + 6x © 8-235 d dvta=x-3 e 5e-13y-6 ff 6-Sx-8 Factorise: a 2x3 + 6x b x8 -36x © 2x3 + 7x2 15x Simplify: a 9x82 3x3 b (43) d 3xt+ 6x7 Evaluate: 8\i « (5) Simplify: 3 = iss at 20 + 45 - VB 1G b (20 +2/45 -\80 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x — 48 when x = 25. b_ By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors. Expand and simplify if possible: a ¥23+V5) b (2-5)(5+V3) © (6-V2\"4-V7) Rationalise the denominator and simplify: at ot «= a Bo rt 3 v2-1 v3-2 V3 +37 Q+V3P (4-v7P a Given that x3 — x — 17x — 15 = (x + 3)(x? + bx + ¢), where b and ¢ are constants, work out the values of b and e. b Hence, fully factorise x3 - 17x15. Given that y = gx" express each of the following in the form kx", where & and sare constants, ay (1 mark) bay! (1 mark) Show that a be written in the form Va + Vb, where a and bare integers. (5 marks) Expand and simplify (/TT ~5)(5- 71). (2 marks) Factorise completely x — 64x, (marks) Express 272+ in the form 3», stating y in terms of x. marks)Algebraic expressions ©) 20 Solve the equation 8 +.w12 a Give your answer in the form ay’ where a and b are integers. (4 marks) © 21 A rectangle has a length of (1 +/3)em and area of /I2 em*, Calculate the width of the rectangle in cm, Express your answer in the form a + 5V3, where a and b are integers to be found. © 2 Show that 2 ve eam be written as 4x = 4 + 3° (2 marks) @®) 23 Given that 243/3 = 34, find the value of a. (3 marks) ©® 24 Given nar =* can be written inthe form 4x +2, write down the value of a and the value of b. 2 marks) a Simplify (Va + Vb)(a - vB). b Hence show that A A A 2 ee ——— Wee 2+ Be Vea+ies Bed 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. eaxaaann eatsaaan" yea © (aby = arb 2 Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3 Aquadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + ¢ where a, b and c are real numbers and a # 0, & ¥-Pa(xty)(x-y) 5 You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. earaVa eo aha Var rma = elo ae © a®=1 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: © Vab=Jaxvb 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: ‘© Fractions in the form = ‘multiply the numerator and denominator by V@. a © Fractions in the form —} sp Multiply the numerator and denominator by a ~\, asi 1 a-vb ‘© Fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by a + VB. WwAfter completing this chapter you should be able to @ Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square “+ pages 19 ~ 26 @ Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions “> pages 25-27 ¢ Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function ++ pages 27 ~30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression > pages 30-32 © Use and apply models that involve quadratic functions pages 32-35 1 Solve the following equations: a 3x+6=x-4 b 5(x +3) =6(2x-1) © 4x*= 100 d (x-8) =64 GCSE Mathematics 2 Factorise the following expressions a xt+8x+15 b x@+3x-10 ©) axt— 14-5 d x*-400 «Section 1.3 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: . + GCSE Mathematics 4 Solve the following inequalities: ~ aree13 i Quadratic functions are used to model projectile motion. Whenever an object is thrown or launched, its path will € 4x-7<2-1) d4-x<1 approximately follow the shape of a © GCSEMathematics ™ parabola. ~+ Mixed exercise Q11 OD_ warn EEE E@) solving quadratic equations Quadratics A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + bx + = 0, where a, band c are real constants, and a # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. © To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx + + Factorise the left-hand side CEEEED the solutions toan ‘equation are sometimes called =0 the roots of the equation, + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x Solve the following equations: a f-2r-15 © 6x7 + 13x-5=0 a 2x15 (w+ 30-5) Then either x +3 or x-5 So x= -3 and x = 5 are the two solutions Of the equation. b ox x? - 9x=0 + xox - 9) Then either x or x-9205x89 The solutions are x = O and x = 9. © x? + 18x ° (x= 1@x+5)=0— Then either 3x -1=O= x or 2xt5=05x The solutions are x = } and a do xe 5x 18 x= Bx 416 (w= aye 4) = Then either x ~ 4 + 3x or x-4= ;— Factorise the quadratic. + Section 1.3 IF the product of the factors is zero, one of the [factors must be zero, The symbol => means ‘implies that! This statement says ‘if x +3 =0, then x =-3 ‘A.quadratic equation with two distinct factors has two distinct solutions. CSIEED The signs of the solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor. Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x. ‘may have the value 0. Instead, rearrange into the formax? + bx +0=0. Factorise. Ly Factorise. Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. ‘The quadratic equation (px + q)(rx +s) =O will have solutions x= —4 and x= Rearrange into the form ax? + bx +e=0. — Factorise. Tee ‘exactly one root it is called 2 repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots. 19Chapter 2 In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, SehewieDipringeruatany CEEEED the symbol «lets you write two a Qx-3P=25 b (-3P57 statements in one line of working. You say ‘plus or minus’. a @x-3F =25 2x~ 3= 25 Take the square root of both sides. axe35- Remember 5? = (-5)? = 25. Then either x= 345-9 x li on Bene oa ‘Add 3 to both sides. The solutions are x = 4 and b -3" =7 —________________ Take square roots of both sides. a7 x=32V7 The solutions are. x= 3 +V/7 and x=3-\7 You can leave your answer in surd form. OG 1 Solve the following equations using factori a xt+3v42=0 b t+5r44=0 d e-x-6=0 he -4y-12=0 b 5 f 6°-7x-3=0 — g 6x°-Sy-6=0 3 Solve the following equations: a 3x2+Sx=2 b (2x-3F f (x-3P=13 g Gx-1P= i @@-7=1Le i 4x +17, © 4 Thisshape hasan area of 44m, J | Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of x. i +3)m —_{m 5 ® 5 Solve the equation 5x + 3=V3x+7. 20Quadratics ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. * The solutions of the equation CRETE 01 need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + c= Oare given by the formula: into the form ax? + bx + ¢ = O before reading off id dee the coefficients. * 2a Solve 3x? - 7x - O by using the formuta, 3,b=-Tand itis ae 4131— 1) put brackets around any negative values. % eer —_________| pane ee DEG 6 s 74VGi hen x= mele é Orx = 247 (3 ai) orx 0135 (3 sf) ces I Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. ae 43r+1=0 b x 3y-2=0 © +6xt6=0 d xt-Sy-2=0 e 3x24 10x-2=0 © f 4x?= 4-150 g 4y?-7, h llx?+2n-7=0 2. Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, Give your answers to three significant figures. a v+dy+2=0 b x -8x+ evel d Tx-17=0 g 3x°4+8= 16x h 2x? + Ty = Sx? 18 © 5x24 9x 3. For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. ‘Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures. axe+8r412=0 be 49x-11=0 these equations. © 2-9n-1=0 d 2x?+5x42=0 ‘You can use any method © @x+8?= 100 ? Sisko ibe you are confident with to solve h g 2x?- I= Tx V8x=15 FatChapter 2 4 This trapezium has an area of 50 Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(/5 - 1) m. ees Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —o+lom—> Ciers ELD Write the equation in the form ax? + bx + c= O before using the quadratic Given that .vis positive, solve the equation ee 1,12 xT N+2 195 @ Completing the square Itis frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: by? _(b\? : = tebe (x+8)*— (2) y You can draw a diagram of this process when x and b are positive: . The original rectangle has been rearranged into the |= *——*——*+ >> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. form plx+ q)? +r where p, q andr are real constants is in completed square form. x tbe = Complete the square for the expressioi a +8x b e-3y ¢ 2x24 12x Begin by halving the cooficlent of Using the a x2 + Ora (x4 4-4? eee rule given above, b= 850% = 4, =(x+4P-16 2 3p a5 y it e\etee g Be careful it isa fraction. Here (3) = 3: x2 = Gx) Here the coefficient of xis 2, so take out a factor LL. of 2. The other factor is in the form (x? + hx) so b xt Bye (x-} =(x-3 © 2x? = 12x= = 2x - 3° - 34) ‘you can use the rule to complete the square. = 2x - 3-9) = 2x ~ 3)° - 16 ———_xpand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form. 22Quadratics waxt+hyte Write 3x? + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + g)? +r, where p, q and r are integers to be found. Bx? + Gxt CEEEDD thisison expression, soyou cant divide every term by 3 without changing its value. we B) a (e-% = B(x? + 2x) +1 Instead, you need to take 8 factor of 3 out of = 3x4 1-2) +1 3x + 6x. = 34-341 ‘You could also use the rule given above to. -complete the square for this expression, but it is safer to learn the method shown here. O cx) QD hiesions write the expression as ~4xé ~ 16x+ 10 then take a factor of 4 out of the first two terms to get ~4(x? + 4x) + 10, = 3+ -2 So p=3,q=1and 1 Complete the square for the expressions: axvedy bwt-6r © -l6r dex eld 2. Complete the square for the expressions: a 2x4 16x b3x°-24y € Se+20x d 2x°-Sy € Br-2x" 3. Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + g)? + r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a2vs8x+l — b Sx? 15x43 © 3x742x-1 — d 10-16r—4x? @ 2v-8x7+ 10 © 4 Given that x + 3x + 6 = (x +)? +b, find the values of the constants a and b (2 marks) 5 Write 2+ 0.81 — 0.04." in the form 4 ~ B(x + CP, where A, Band Care constants to be determined. (3 marks) Solve the equation x? + 8x + 10 =0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. x +8x+10=0 Check coefficient of x? = 1. 4Ox= Subtract 10 to get the LHS in the form x? + bx. (ee ap 4 ‘Complete the square for x? + 8x. (e+ ap ‘Add 4? to both sides. w+4re6 (s+ 4)= 4/6 Take square roots of both sides. ~4=\6 subtract 4 from both sides. So the solutions are x=-446 and x Leave your answer in surd form. 23Chapter 2 eax) Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x +7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. Problem-solving ax? - Ox+7=0 aakad This is an equation so you can divide every term ace by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its _— ‘own. The right-hand side is 0 so it is unchanged. @-2F- 2! er | Complete the square for x? — 4x. ee — Add 2* to both sides. x-2=4/5- u x=2e 4b. __ Take square roots of both sides. So the roots are | dd 2 to both sides. eaten cata Ip Use your calculator to check i 7 solutions to quadratic equations quickly, @ oO 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. axte6re120 bxe+12x43=20 © ve +4y-2=0 d x= 10r=5 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form, 0 b Sx?+8x-2=0 ce 4?-x-8=0 d 15-6x-2x7=0 a 2x? + 6x © 3 = 14x41 = (x +p) +g, where p and q are constants a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation x? — dy + 1 = 0 can be written in the form r + sV3, where rand s are constants to be found, (2 marks) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Problem-solving + 2by + c= 0 are given by the formula PAcnieemeseossevor evel (marks) if the coefficients were numbers, ca a Show that the solutions to the equation ae ax? + 2hx +¢=O are given by x=-2 2 Dae GD start oy a equation by a. ing the whole b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx + ¢=0 can be written as You can use this eae REGIE method to prove the quadratic 2 formula. > Section 7.4 26Quadratics @® Functions function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of @ set of inputs to a single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. = The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain. Pemain —_1)=9 Range = The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = values in its domain to values in its range. "= The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. 2 maps five Gm The functions f and g are given by f(x) Ifthe input of a function, and g(x) = 7° -9,.6ER, x, Can be any real number the a Find the values of f(5) and g(10). domain can be written a5. €R. b Find the value of x for which fix) = g(x). The symbol € means ‘is a member of and the symbol R represents the a KS) = 2(5) - 10 =10-10=0 teal numbers. gll0) = (10% - 9 = 100-9 =91 6 fx) = go) I To find f(5), substitute x = 5 into the function f(a). 2x-W=x*-9 > - ax - : Set f(x) equal to g(x) and solve for x. w- 7 The function f is defined as f(x) = x? + 6x — 5, xER. a Write f(x) in the form (x + pP +4. b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form, ¢ Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of x for which it occurs. +6x-5 page 86 ‘Complete the square for x2 + 6x and then cae ae simplify the expression, a fa) b f(x) =O To find the root{s) of a function, set it equal to zero. (4+ 3% - 1420 (w+ 3P=14 ‘You can solve this equation directly. Remember to x+ Zax write « when you take square roots of both sides. x=-32V14 f(x) has two root 3 +14 and -3 - 14 25Chapter 2 6 +3 =O A squared value must be greater than or equal to 0. ‘So the minimum value of f(x) is -14. This hen (x + 3 =O, ee (+3)? > 050 (x +3)? 14 > 16 20 when x = -3 ‘nd the roots of the function f(x) = x6 + 7x9 = 8, x ER. fo) =O Ereur a #478-B=0 f(x) can be written as a function of a function. The only powers of x in f(x are 6,3 and 0s0 you 3 + 7x2) — B= O- fe ¥ TOE) — Gm 0 an write it as a quadratic function of 2°. 6 - Das +8) =0 Treat x’ asa single variable and factorise. Solve the quadratic equation to find two values The fects ‘oF Rid are’ arid =2, for x’, then find the corresponding values of x. Alternatively, let w= x°, fy) = x84 78-8 You can simplify this working with a substitution. +7) -8 eit TUL Si Replace x? with w and solve the quadratic equation in u. (u= thu + 8) So when f{x) =O, uw tax i LEESITUD The solutions to the quadratic fa ‘equation will be values of u. Convert back to The roots of fix) are 1 and ~2. values of x using your substitution. OGD 1. Using the functions f(x) = 5x + 3, a(x) = Bx -8>x = 2and h(x) = ¥+T, find the values of a fl) b 93) ¢ his) d f(1.5) e efv2, 4) fact gfid)+e2) hh HO) +g) +hO) i 2 2. The function f(.c) is defined by f(x) = x? - 2x,.x ER. Govtuenns Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. SESS Sa ras thesunction and 3 Find all of the roots of the following functions: gee te fee bine espresoioy cctals a fx) = 10 15x b a(x) =(x + v2) dj) 2 44 — x? @ k(x) = x(x + Sx +7) 26Quadratics 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) Find the two values of x for which p(x) = xand q(x) = 2x6, xR. a). 5 The functions f and g are given by f(’ 2x3 + 30x and g(x) = 172, YER. Find the three values of x for which f(x) = g(x) © 6 The function f is defined as f(x) =x? - 2v+2,.xER. a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? +, where p and q are constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the minimum value of fx). (1 mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a laa 9 HB b a(x) =.= 120 +32 ED The function in © h(x) = 27x% + 26x3- 1 4 (x) = 320 33N5 + 1 part b has four roots. © kw) GB) 8 The function f is defined as f(x) = 3°* - 28(3") +27, ER. Geen a Write fix) in the form (3° — a)(3* — b), where a and b are real constants. (2marks) Consider fix) asa ; function of a function. b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + by + ¢, the graph of y= f(x) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of »® determines the overall shape of the graph. When a is positive the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative the parabola will have this shape: /\, x= Wx +10 £ m(x)= yi Qui = 12 @ The graph crosses the y-axis when x =0.The y-coordinate is equal to The n f(x. @ The graph crosses the x-axis when coordinates are roots of the func @ Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots. = You can find the coordinates of the turning point The graph of y =a(x+p)?+q of a quadratic graph by completing the square. isa translation of the graph of If f(x) = alu + p)? + g, the graph of y = f(x) has a y=axtby (7). 9 Section 4.5 turning point at (-p, 9). a 27Chapter 2 Sketch the graph of y = As a =1 is positive, the graph has a\/ shape and 3 minimum point When 0, y = 4, 90 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 4) When y =O, ve -Sx+4=0 w= Ne-4)=0 X= 1or.x = 4, 50 the graph crosses the x-axis at (1, 0) and (4, O), Completing the square: Alternatively, the minimum occurs when x is hall-way between 1 and 4, t+4_s The sketch of the graph fe: 28 ~ 5x +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. Use the coefficient of x? to determine the general shape of the graph. This example factorises, but you may need to use the quadratic formula or complete the square. Complete the square to find the coordinates of the turning point. if you use symmetry to find the coordinate of the minimum point, you need to substitute this value into the equation to find the J-coordinate of the minimum point, You could use a graphic calculator or substitute some values to check your sketch, When x=5,y=5?-5x544=4, GED Explore how the graph of "y= (x-+pF +4 changes as the values of p and g change using GeoGebra. eQuadratics Sketch the graph of y = 4x ~ 2x? — 3, Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the ‘equation of its line of symmetry. As a= -2 is negative, the graph has a /\ shape and a maximum point. When x = 0, y = -3, s0 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, -3). When » = 0, 2x + 4x-3=0 Using the quadratic formula, Its easier to see that « 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + If 6 - 4ac=0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + If b? - 6ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots. 30You can use the discriminant to check the shape of Below are some graphs of » = f(x) where f(x) = ax? Quadratics sketch graphs, tbxte. oO = * “of BP hac =0 hae <0 One repeated root No real roots vs y » o) * a ¥ a O: #-4AxKIKK>O 16-4k >0 16 > 4k 4>k Sok <4 Gees Use the condition given in the question to write a statement about the discriminant. Substitute for a,h and c to get an equation with ‘one unknown. =O has two distinct real solutions. __. This statement involves an inequality, so your ‘answer will also be an inequality. _ For any value of k less than 4, the equation will have 2 distinct real solutions. CELE explore how the valve of the di siminant changes with k using GeoGebra. Est [6Chapter 2 OGz=x® 1 a Calculate the value of the diseriminant for each of these five functions: i fix) +8x4+3 ii g(x) 3x44 iv jx) —8x+ 16 v k(x) =2x-3x7-4 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs MV RAL = 47x-3 2. Find the values of k for which x? + 6x + k = 0 has two real solutions. (2 marks) GP) 3 Find the value of 1 for which 2x? - 3x + 1 = O has exactly one solution. (2 marks) 4 Given that the funetion f(x) = sx? + 8x + s has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s, 2 marks) Find the range of values of & for which 3x? — 4+ k = O has no real solutions. 2 marks) aw The function g(x) = x° + 3px + (4p — 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p. (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3) = 0. (2 marks) h(x) = 2x2 + (k + 4)x + &, where k is a real constant, a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) _ {fa question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct _ otherwise’ itis usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. Gmarks) _4nswerto the previous question part. Challenge Prove that, ifthe values of a and c are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx +c has distinct real roots, b Is it always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer. @ BD Modelting with quadratics A mathematical model is a mathematical description of a real-life situation, Mathematical models use the language and tools of mathematics to represent and explore real-life patterns and relationships, and to predict what is going to happen next. Models can be simple or complicated, and their results can be approximate or exact. Sometimes a model is only valid under certain circumstances, or for a limited range of inputs. You will learn more about how models involve simplifications and assumptions in Statistics and Mechanics. Quadratic functions can be used to model and explore a range of practical contexts, including. projectile motion 32A spear Quadratics thrown over level ground from the top of a tower. The height, in metres, of the spear above the ground after ¢ seconds is modelled by the function: h(d = 12.25 + 14.71 -4.92, 10 a Interpret the meaning of the constant term 12.25 in the model. b After how many seconds does the spear hit the ground? © Write h(i) in the form 4 ~ B@ - CP, where A, B and Care constants to be found. d_ Using your answer to part ¢ or otherwise, find the maximum height of the spear above the ground, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. a The tower is 12.25 m tall, since this i the height at time O, b When the spear hits the ground the height is equal to O. 12.25 + 14.71 - 490° Using the formula, where a = -4, b= 147 and ¢ = 12.25, A? © \IAT? = 4-4. 9712.25) @x-49) =147 + Va56I9 -=98 = -0.679 or 1=3.66 (to 3 st) As 130, 1 = 3.68 seconds (to 3 sf). © 12.25 +1471 - 498 LU? - 31) + 12.25 = -4.9((t - 1. 2.25) + 12.25 LOU(t — 1.5)? + 11.025 + 12.25) = 23.275 - 4.9(1 - 1.5 So A = 23.275, B= 49 and C=15. d The maximum height of the spear is 23.275 metres, 1.5 seconds after the spear is thrown. Geen Read the question carefully to work out the ‘meaning of the constant term in the context of ‘the model. Here, 1 =0is the time the spear is thrown. Tosolve a quadratic, factorise, use the quadratic formula, or complete the square. Give any non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures unless specified otherwise. ‘Always interpret your answers in the context of the model. isthe time after the spear was thrown so it must be positive. 49(¢~ 15)? must be positive oF 0, so h) < 23275 forall possible values oft. ‘The turning point of the graph ofthis function ‘would be at (1.5, 23.275). You may find it helpful to draw a sketch of the function when working through modelling questions. Explore the trajectory of the spear using GeoGebra. 33 2@Chapter 2 Oez @!1 36 The diagram shows a section of a suspension bridge carrying a road over water, For part a, make sure your answer isin the context of the model The height of the cables above water level in metres can be modelled by the function h(x) = 0.000 12x? + 200, where x is the displacement in metres from the centre of the bridge. a Interpret the meaning of the constant term 200 in the mode. (mark) b Use the model to find the two values of x at which the height is 346m. (marks) ¢ Given that the towers at each end are 346 m tall, use your answer to part b to calculate the length of the bridge to the nearest metre. (1: mark) A car manufacturer uses a model to predict the fuel consumption, y miles per gallon (mpg), fora specific model of car travelling at a speed of x mph. y= -0.0Lx? +0.975x + 16, >0 a Use the model to find two speeds at which the car has a fuel consumption of 32.5 mpg. GB marks) b Rewrite y in the form 4 ~ B(x ~ C), where A, Band Care constants to be found. (3 marks) € Using your answer to part b, find the speed at which the car has the greatest fuel efficiency. (1 mark) 4. Use the model to calculate the fuel consumption of a car travelling at 120 mph. Comment on the validity of using this model for very high speeds, (2 marks) A fertiliser company uses a model to determine how the amount of fertiliser used, / kilograms per hectare, affects the grain yield g, measured in tonnes per hectare. £=6 +:0.03f 0.000067? a According to the model, how much grain would each hectare yield without any fertiliser? (I mark) b One farmer currently uses 20 kilograms of fertiliser per hectare. How much more fertiliser would he need to use to increase his grain yield by I tonne per hectare? (4 marks) A football stadium has 25 000 seats. The football club know from past experience that they will sell only 10000 tickets if each ticket costs £30. They also expect to sell 1000 more tickets every time the price goes down by £1. a The number of tickets sold / can be modelled by the linear equation = Mt where £p is the price of each ticket and M is a constant. Find the value of M. 1000p, (1 mark)Quadratics The total revenue, £r, can be calculated by multiplying the number of tickets sold by the price of each ticket. This can be written as r= p(M ~ 1000p) b Rearrange r into the form 4 ~ Bip ~ CP, where A, Band Care constants to be found. (3 marks) ‘© Using your answer to part b or otherwise, work out how much the football club should charge for each ticket if they want to make the maximum amount of money. (2 marks) Challenge CED start by sexting up three Accident investigators are studying the stopping distance Rn ane of a particular car. - eliminate c. Use the results to find When the cars travelling at 20 mph, its stopping distance ths uauies ofa bal ee is6 feet. When the caris travelling at 30 mph, its stopping distance is 14 feet. When the car is travelling at 40 mph, its stopping distance is 24 feet. The investigators suggest that the stopping distance in feet, d, is a quadratic function of the speed in miles per hour s. 2 Given that d(s) = as? + hy +, ind the values of the constants a, band c. b Atanaccident scene a car has left behind a skid that is 20 feet long. Use your model to calculate the speed that this car was, going at before the accident. O Ez) 1. Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form where necessary. a y43y42=0 b 34+13r-1020 ¢ Sx?- 10x =4v43 d Qr-5P=7 2 Sketch graphs of the following equations: ayextesved bb yodetex-3 © y=6-10x- 4x2 d y= 15x-20 © 3 fix) =x + 3v—S and g(x) = 4x + k, where {isa constant a Given that {(3) = 9(3), find the value of k. (B marks) b Find the values of x for which f(x) = g(x). (3 marks) 4 Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: aR+llk-1=0 b 22-Sr+1=0 © W-4-x2=7 @ Gr-1)=3- $ Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, g and r are constants to be found: a+ ldx-9 b Sx? 40x 413 © 8x- 28 @ 3x2= (0+ IP © 6 Find the value k for which the equation 5x 2x +k =O has exactly one solution. (2 marks) 35Chapter 2 © 7 Given that for all values of x: 3x24 Ide + Sa p(x gPtr a find the values of p, g and r. (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x? + 12x + 5 = 0. (marks) 8 The function f is defined as f(x) = 2° - 20(2") + 64, xe R. a. Write f(x) in the form (2° — a)(2*— b), where a and b are real constants. (2 marks) b Hence find the two roots of f(x) (2 marks) 9 Find, as surds, the roots of the equation: et Ix 4) - (x 27 = 0. 10. Use algebra to solve (x ~ 1)(x +2) = 18, IA diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool seconds after launch can be modelled by the following function: h(y) = 51 10P + 10,10 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. G marks) ¢ Rearrange h(¢) into the form A ~ Bi ~ C) and give the values of the constants A, Band C. G marks) d_ Using your answer to part ¢ or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. 2 marks) 12. For this question, f(x) = 4kx* + (4k + 2)x + 1, where & is a real constant, a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinct real roots for all non-zero values of k. (2 marks) Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinet real roots when k= 0. (1 mark) GP) 13 Find all of the roots of the function r(x) = x8 = 17x4 + 16. (S marks) 14. Lynnis selling cushions as part of an enterprise project. On her first attempt, she sold 80 cushions at the cost of £15 each, She hopes to sell more cushions next time, Her adviser suggests that she can expect to sell 10 more cushions for every £1 that she lowers the price. a The number of cushions sold c can be modelled by the equation ¢ = 230 - Hp, where {pis the price of each cushion and H is a constant, Determine the value of Hl. (I mark) To model her total revenue, £r, Lynn multiplies the number of cushions sold by the price of each cushion, She writes this as r= p(230 - Hp). b Rearrange r into the form A ~ B(p ~ C)?, where A, Band Care constants to be found, (3 marks) ¢ Using your answer to part b or otherwise, show that Lynn can increase her revenue by £122.50 through lowering her prices, and state the optimum selling price of a cushion. (2 marks) 36Quadratics Challenge a The ratio of the lengths of the lengths bc. in this line is the same as the ratio —>. 1+v5 Show that this ratio is e b Show also that the infinite square root \is\ae(ievievie., =248 2 Se ee ud 1. To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx + + Factorise the left-hand side * Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x 2 The solutions of the equation ax? + hx + ¢= Owhere a # 0 are given by the formula: YG) 4 at+bxeena(s+2)'+(c-2) 5 The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain. The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. 6 The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. 7 You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. If fx) = atx + p)?-+ q, the graph of y = f(x) has a turning point at (-p, q). = 0, the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If b? —4ae > 0 then a quadratic function has two distinct real roots. + If 2 ~ 4ae =0 then a quadratic function has one repeated real root. + If b? -4ac <0 then a quadratic function has no real roots 9 Quadratics can be used to model real-life situations. 37After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve linear simultaneous equations using elimination or substitution > pages 39-40 © Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic > pages 41-42 © Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically pages 42-45 © Solve linear inequalities > pages 46-48 © Solve quadratic inequalities + pages 48-51 © Interpret inequalities graphically > pages 51-53 © Represent linear and quadratic inequalities graphically > pages 53 - 55 aed {factors of 12) B= {factors of 20} Write down the numbers in each Of these sets: a An b 4UB! + GCSE Mathematics 2. Simplify these expressions. _ aa Reerees © Section 1.5 3. Match the equations to the correct graph. Label the points of intersection with the axes and the coordinates of the turning point. —< b y=(v-2)? +4 x= T)(2x+5) ii Food scientists use regions on graphs to optimise athletes nutritional intake and ensure they satisfy the minimum dietary requirements for calories and « Section2.4 vitamins.Equations and inequalities @Q Linear simultaneous equations Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x =5, y= 2 543Q) 546-114 x+3ysl1 (a) Ax-Sy=10 (2) » Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. 4(5) -5(2) = 20-10= 104 bo 4x-Sy=4 Gx + 2y = 25 39Chapter 3 ex) Solve the simultaneous equations: Qv-yel ay + 2y 30 ax-yel 4x + 2p= -30 yeax-1 4x + 2(2x- 4x + 4x - 22-30 8x The solution is OQ xa) © Sx+2y 3x = 10y = 26 f 3y+8y=33 6x=3+5y 2. Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: axe3yell b 4x-3y=40 © 3x-y=7 d 2y=2x-3 4x-Ty=6 Qney=s lx + 3y=-2 3y=x 3. Solve these simultaneous equations: CEED Fest rearrange = = = both equations into 3x-2y+5=0 0b By = 50-2) a 3y-2y+ 5 © 3y=S(x-2) thesaneform Sv+y) 26041) wt 3y+4=0 Bax-N+yt4=0 egaxsbyec. 4 aethys are simultaneous equations where k is a constant, ‘kisa constant, o it has the a Show that x =3. (3 marks) same value in both equations. b Given that y =} determine the value of k. (1 mark) 5 2x-py=5 4x + Sy+q=0 are simultaneous equations where p and g are constants. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x = q, y= Find the value of p and the value of q. . marks) 40Equations and inequalities @® Quadratic simultaneous equations You need to be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. «Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x = 4, y=—3 and. x= 55, 15. x-ys7? (0) 4-(3)=TV¥ and 55-(1.5)=7¥ Baeyeess5 — @——|_ 37.4 1-3) 4214) =9-124825,/ and (15) + (5.5)(-1.5) + 2(5.5) =2.25-825+11=5V Solve the simultaneous equations: xe2y=3 24 3ay= 10 x4 2y03 a) 3° + Say = 10 (2) xe3-2y (2 - 2yF + 3y13 - 25) = 10 See 9 - tay + 4y? + By — Gy = 10 2y? + 3y4+1=0 _—__| }eeeeoore Solutions are x= 4, y= and =5, 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: axty=il b 2vty=l © p=3x xy =30 etpPel 2y?= xy =l5 d 3a+b=8 e u+y=7 f 3x+2y=7 3a +b? = 28 w=6 xtys8 2. Solve the simultaneous equations: a Qx42y bxty © Sy-4x=1 22 -3xy + 2y?=0 a2 + Sr=4d 41Chapter 3 3 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: baseiy=3 QUEM tec bacau wienyouse + y2= 78 ‘substituting an expression into an equation. (6 marks) 5 a By eliminating y from the equations ye2-4e 3Bxt+xy+ ll =0 show that x? - 2x—11 = 0. (2marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations 2-4 32 4ay +11 =0 giving your answers in the form a + bV3, where a and b are integers. (5 marks) ® 6 One pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations SSCS omer If (1p) isa solution, then x= 1, y y= satisfies both equations. is (1, p) where k and p are constants, a Find the values of & and p. b Find the second pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations. yoxsk 4 Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that kaanz ® Simultaneous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. = The solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. ax) a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: 2xv+3y=8 3x-y=23 b_ Use your graph to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations. 42Equations and inequalities { Online } Find the point of intersection oe e graphically using GeoGebra. Gn a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qvty=3 yee-3rtl b Use your graph to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations. b The solutions are (-1, 5) or x y=5 and (2,-1) ore = 2,9 Plot the curve and the ine using ay 86 ‘GeoGebra to find the two points of intersection, ‘The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a quadratic equation can either: + intersect twice + intersect once = not intersect After substituting, you can use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic equation to determine the number of points of intersection._ ™ Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form axt+ bytes + B= bac>0 + b= hac=0 + B-bac<0 two real solutions ‘one real solution no real solutions wA VA UN The line with equation y = 2x + 1 meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k-2) = 0 at exactly one point. Given that & is a positive constant fa find the value of k b forthis value of k, find the coordinates of GESIEED) explore how the value of k affects C e the point of intersection. ‘the line and the curve using GeoGebra. a year kx? + By + (k-2)=0 kx? + 22x +1) + (k-2)=0 xe txt 24k-2=0 ke + 4x tk=0 ‘You are told that the line meets the curve at exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the a resulting quadratic. There will be exactly one es solution, 06 —4ae =0. i ahs 200 __\_ tt eee er k=2ork=-2 Sok=2 4 -AKKxK=O b axt+ 4x4 220 xteaxdt Wet De 1 2H) +1 =f ——____________] Foint of intersection is (1, ~1).Equations and inequalities O GE 1 In each case: i draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes ii find the coordinates of the point of intersection. =5 b y=2x-7 © ys3v42 —* B-3x Bxeyt ed ye a Use graph paper to draw accurately the graphs of 2y = 2x +11 and y = 2s? —3x—3 on the same axes, b Use your graph to find the coordinates of the points of intersection. © Verify your solutions by substitution, On the same axes sketch the curve with equation x* + y =9 and the line with equation 2+ y= 6. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. € Verify your solutions by substitution. a On the same axes sketch the curve with equation @ 2 oe : You need to use algebra in y= (x— 2° and the line with equation y = 3x2. Pardee conan, b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. = 4 intersects the curve Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation » with equation y* = 2x? - 17. Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y with equation y= xy +15. x L intersects the curve Determine the number of points of interseetion for these pairs of simultaneous equations. a ys6x 430-7 by =4x2- 18x +40 € ya3x-2044 ye2xe8 y=10x-9 TWx+y+3=0 Given the simultaneous equations Qv-y=l x4 4ky +5k=0 where is a non-zero constant a show that x? + Sky +k =0. (2 marks) Given that x2 + 8kx + & = 0 has equal roots, b find the value of & (3 marks) € for this value of k, find the solution of the simultaneous equations, (3 marks) A swimmer dives into a pool. Her position, pm, underwater can be modelled p: in relation to her horizontal distance, xm, from the point she entered the water as a quadratic equation p = $x? — 3x. ‘The position of the bottom of the pool can be modelled by the linear equation p = 0.3x~6. Determine whether this model predicts that the swimmer will touch the bottom of the pool. (S marks)Chapter 3 @Q Linear inequalities You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. = The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. Find the set of values of x for which: a Sx+9>x420 b 12-3x< 27 QED vou can write the solution to this © x= 5)>5-2(x-8) inequality using set notation as (x: > 2.75}. ‘This means the set of al values x for which x is a Sx+9=x420 Breater than or equal to 2.75. Av 49> 20 x> 275 b 12-3r<27 3x < 15 xe-5 © 3iv-5)>5-2v-8) 3x-15 > 5 - 2x + 16 Sx>5 +16 415 ——_____ 5x > 36 x>72 You may sometimes need to find the set of values for which two inequalities are true EDD st risin ee together. Number lines can be useful to find orakemstvely (rix>-2nGex< 4 your solution. XS Tora >3 is written (x.x< IU te:.x>3) For example, in the number line below the solution set is.v>-2 and. <4, oe foe 1s used for < and > and means the end value is not included. <—_______» Cia @ is used for < and > and means the end value is o—___* included. ‘These are the only real values that satisfy both " equalities simultaneously so the solution is -2 3. “ 7 = 2 2 f fo. Here there is no overlap and the two inequalities have —_——~ — to be written separately as x= -1or.x>3. 46Equations and inequalities en [s) Find the set of values of x for which: a 3x-Sx-8 b v-S>1-xorlS-3x>5+2x. © 4x+7>3and 17 <11+2x, [a Br-S xed Sx>x-B 2x-5 <6 Ax>-8 are 13 x>-2 xe65 | So the required set of values is -2 1-¥ 15-3x>5 42x 2x-5>1 10 -3x> 2x 2x>6 10> Sx x3 Box x<2 o——_> <3 <_—\— x2 The solution is x > 3 or x < 2+ Go Game 1 Find the set of values of x for which: a Qv-3<5 b Sr4#4>39 © 6x-3>20+7 d 5x465-12-x © IS-x>4 f 21-2x>843x g l+x<2543x h Ix-7<7-Tx i 5-05x>1 J Sx+4>12-2n 47Chapter 3 2 Find the set of values of x for whic! a Av-3)>0 b &I-x>x-1 © r+7)<8-x d x= 3)-(8+12)<0 — e 1+ Qa) < 100-4) f %xr-5) 234-3) g I2x-3(x-3)<45 h y= 2542s) <1 i x(r-4y > +2 Axx +3) j S-e34x-08 k 3x + 2x(x- 3) <5 +7) 1 xQr-5)s -9 2 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a 3(v-2)>.x—4and 4x4 12> 20417 b Ww=S23-x © 2v-3>2and 3(x+2)< 12+ @ 15x <2(11 = x)and SBx= 1) > 12x +19 € 3x +8 <2 and 23x-7) > x+6 f Sx+3<9 or S(2x+1)>27 g 43x +1) <200r28x-5) > 7G Challenge A= (w:3x+5>2) B= {x:5+1<3} C=(e:11<2x-1} Given that 4 (BU C) = (x:p n, find the values of p,q and r. @QB Quadratic inequalities # To solve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 * Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function * Use your sketch to find the required set of values. The sketch shows the graph of f(x) ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality x2 4y-5>Oare the x-values when the curve is above the x-axis (the darker part of the curve). This is when x < —1 or x> 5.In set notation the solution is (x: x<-IUbeix> Sh. The solutions to f(x) = 0 are v=-1andx=5. These are called the The solutions to the quadratic inequality aP-hy5 < Oare the x-values when : the curve is below the x-axis (the critical values. lighter part of the curve). This is when x>-land.x-<50or-13 3 - 5x - 2x? < 0 (<0) for the outer parts of the graph, below the x-axis, as shown by the paler parts of the curve. In set notation this can be written as Geir <3} U tei x> 2. a Find the set of values of x for which 12 + 4x >. b Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4x > x? and Sx-3>2. [a 244008 You can use a table to check your solution. O> x8 ~4x-12 : ee xe-4r=12<0 grees Use the critical values to split the real number x 4x- 1220 Line into sets (r+ 2x-@)=0 xe-2orxe6 Sketch of y =a - 4x ~12 72 = = a x6 = = # e+2e-6 | + = + For each set, check whether the set of values makes the value of the bracket positive or negative. For example, if x<~2, (x +2) is negative, (x~ 6) is negative, and (x + 2)(v~6) is. (neg) x (neg) = positive. In set notation the soluti is (x:-2 x? gives -2 2 gives x>1. 4206024 66 o————o0 -2 2x20 ecu ‘This question is easier if you represent the “information in more than one way. Use a sketch graph to solve the quadratic inequality, and use a number line to combine it with the linear inequality. “could be ether positive or negative, ‘so you car't multiply both sides ofthis inequality. ‘by x Instead, multiply both sides by x*, Because 7s never negative, and x 0 s0.x? + 0, the inequality sign stays the same. 0 Gz: 1 Find the set of values of » for which: a xt-llx+24<0 d 84741250 g 4x?-8r 430 j 62+ 11-1050 2 Find the set of values of + for which: a x <10-3x © xG-2x9>1 50 b 12-x-x7>0 e 7+ 13x28 >0 h -2+7x-3x2<0 k e-Sr>0, b ii0 f W4x-28<0 i 8-9<0 1 2e+3r<0Equations and inequalities 3 Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for whic a e-7x4100and 10-2x<5 © 4x? 3x- 1 Oand3x+17>2 f 2 -2v-3 0 © 4 Given that «+ 0, find the set of values of x for whieh: acl bsot e 25> 5 a Find the range of values of & for which the S Suton er Gea co hemo ral ts Eee b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px — 2= 0 are real © 6 Find the set of values of x for which x? - Sx - 14> 0. (4 marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 2Gx-1)<4-3x (2 marks) b 2x?-5x-3<0 (4 marks) © both 23x ~1) <4 ~3x and 2x? - 5x-3 <0. (2 marks) roblem-s ©) 8 Given that x + 3, find the set of values for which 5 <2. Muttiply both sides of the (6 marks) inequality by (x - 3) 9 The equation kx" — 2kx + 3 = 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that & satisfies the inequality 0 = k < 3. (4 marks) @& Inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the solutions to inequalities by considering the graphs of functions that are related to them. = The values of x for which the curve y’= f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality f(x) Ba). 51Chapter 3 y= fox) f(x) is above g(x) when x <2 and when x'> 5. These values of x satisfy f(x) > g(x). (x) is below g(x) when 2 << 5. These values of ? 3 ix satisfy Fx) < g0). 2. The solutions to flx) = glx) are x= 2 and x =5. L, has equation y = 12 + 4x. y Ly has equation y = 3°, The diagram shows a sketch of L, and Lon the same axes. a Find the coordinates of P, and P,, the points of intersection. b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 12 + 4x > x? [a x2 212+ 4x x= 4x—12=0 (eeu 4 2 w= Gand substitute into whenx=6.y=36 P,(G, 36) 2y=4 Po(-2,4) b 12 + 4x > x? when the graph of Ly is above the graph of Le ~2. a Find the coordinates of P, the point of intersection. b Hence write down the solution to the inequality yt3ronny. when x 6. 52Equations and inequalities 2. For each pair of function: i Sketch the graphs of » = ii Find the coordinates of any points of intersection, Write down the solutions to the inequality fx) < g(x) x) and y= g(x) on the same axes. a flx)=3x-7 b f(x) =8-5x © fx) =4 a(x) = 13-2 a(x) = 14-3y a(x) = 5-20 dfx) =3-2 © f)=e-5 f \)=7 g(x) = 2-12 g(x) = 7x4 13 g(x) = 2v-8 (x) is below the line with ©® 3 Find the set of values of «x for which the curve with equation y = equation y= g(x). a fx) =3x°-2y-1 bf) =2-4x41 © fx) = Sx- 28-4 gaxyaxtS g(x) =3x-2 g(x) =-2x-1 d fix) a(x)=1 Grits The sketch shows the graphs of fix) =x? 4x12 gs) =6 4 5x— x2 ‘8 Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. Find the set of values of x for which fx) < g(x) Give your answer in set notation. x20 4. a! ayer f fase! a(x) =8 @D Regions You can use shading on graphs to identify regions that satisfy linear and quadratic inequalities. = y< f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid below the curve y= F(x). 1 y> f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y= f(x). All the shaded points in this region satisfy the inequality y > f(x). All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the inequality » < f(x). 53