Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur Production Engineering Lab Manual

ISI-6, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022, Rajasthan

Phone/Fax: 0141-2770790-92, www.pce.poornima.org

Computer Aided Machine Drawing

Lab Manual
(Lab Code: 2FY03-29)
2st Semester, 1st Year

Department of First Year

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`Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur Production Engineering Lab Manual

Session: 2022-23

_________________________________________

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
S. No. Topic/Name of Experiment
Number
GENERAL DETAILS

1 Vision & Mission of Institute and Department

2 RTU Syllabus and Marking Scheme

3 Lab Outcomes and its Mapping with POs and PSOs

4 Rubrics of Lab

5 Lab Conduction Plan

6 General Lab Instructions

7 Lab Specific Safety Rules

LIST OF EXEPERIMENTS with VIVA Questions (AS PER RTU SYLLABU S)

1. Introduction to Machine Drawing

2. Drawing based on Conversion of Pictorial View into Orthographic Views

3. Drawing based on Sectional Views

4. Draw based on Fastners:- Threads, Nut and Bolts

5. Draw based on Riveted Joints

6. Drawing based on Mechanical Components-(a) Couplings (b) Bearing

7. Drawing based on Simple Objects by AutoCAD

8. Drawing based on Complex Objects by AutoCAD

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Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur Production Engineering Lab Manual

MISSION & VISION

INSTITUTE MISSION & VISION

VISION
• To create knowledge based society with scientific temper, team spirit and dignity of
labor to face the global competitive challenges

MISSION
• To evolve and develop skill based systems for effective delivery of knowledge so as to
equip young professionals with dedication & commitment to excellence in all spheres
of life

RTU SYLLABUS AND MARKING SCHEME

1FY3-28: Computer Aided Engineering Graphics Lab
Credit:1.5 Max. Marks: 100 (IA:60, ETE:40)

0L+0T+3P End Term Exam: 3 Hours

S. No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction to Machine Drawing
2. Drawing based on Conversion of Pictorial View into Orthographic Views

3. Drawing based on Sectional Views

4. Draw based on Fastners:- Threads, Nut and Bolts

5. Draw based on Riveted Joints

6. Drawing based on Mechanical Components-(a) Couplings (b) Bearing

7. Drawing based on Simple Objects by AutoCAD

8. Drawing based on Complex Objects by AutoCAD

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SYLLABUS

COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING

Course Code: 2FY3-29 Course Name: Computer Aided

Machine Drawing

Introduction: Principles of drawing, conventional representation of machine components and

materials, lines, types of lines, dimensioning types, rules of dimensioning.

Conversion of pictorial views into orthographic views: (1 drawing sheet) Introduction to

orthographic projection, concept of first angle and third angle projection, drawing of simple
machine elements in first angle projection, missing view problems covering Principles of
Orthographic Projections.

Sectional views of mechanical components: (1 drawing sheet) Introduction, cutting plane

line, type of sectional views-full section, half section, partial or broken section, revolved
section, removed section, offset section, sectioning conventions-spokes, web rib, shaft, pipes,
different types of holes, conventions of section lines for different metals and materials.

Fasteners and other mechanical components: (Free hand sketch) Temporary and permanent
fasteners, thread nomenclature and forms, thread series, designation, representation of threads,
bolted joints, locking arrangement of nuts, screws, washers, foundation bolts etc., keys, types
of keys, cotter and knuckle joints. Riveted joints, rivets and riveting, type of rivets, types of
riveted joints etc. Bearing: Ball, roller, needle, foot step bearing. Coupling: Protected type,
flange, and pin type flexible coupling. Other components: Welded joints, belts and pulleys,
pipes and pipe joints, valves etc.

Overview of Computer Graphics: (2 drawing sheets) Covering theory of CAD software such
as: The menu System, Toolbars (Standard, Object Properties, Draw, Modify and Dimension),
Drawing Area (Background, Crosshairs, Coordinate System), Dialog boxes and windows,
Shortcut menus (Button Bars), Command Line (Where applicable), The Status Bar, Different
methods of zoom as used in CAD, Select and erase objects.: Isometric Views of Lines, Planes,
Simple and compound Solids.

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RTU SYLLABUS AND MARKING SCHEME

EVALUATION SCHEME
1FY3-28: Computer Aided Engineering Graphics Lab
Credit:1.5 Max. Marks: 100 (IA:60, ETE:40)

0L+0T+3P End Term Exam: 3 Hours

S. No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction to Machine Drawing
2. Drawing based on Conversion of Pictorial View into Orthographic Views

3. Drawing based on Sectional Views

4. Draw based on Fastners:- Threads, Nut and Bolts

5. Draw based on Riveted Joints

6. Drawing based on Mechanical Components-(a) Couplings (b) Bearing

7. Drawing based on Simple Objects by AutoCAD

8. Drawing based on Complex Objects by AutoCAD

I+II Mid Term Examination Attendance and performance End Term Examination
Total
Marks
Experiment Viva Total Attendance Performance Total Experiment Viva Total

30 10 40 10 30 40 30 10 40 100

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR EACH EXPERIMENT

Attendance Performance Viva Total

2 5 3 10

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LAB OUTCOME AND ITS MAPPING WITH PO & PSO

LAB OUTCOMES
After completion of this course, students will be able to –

2FY3-29.1 Describe orthographic projections and basic Geometrical Concept

2FY3-29.2 Analyze Sectional Views of different mechanical Components and
assembly drawing
2FY3-29.3 Draft a engineering product using CAD software
2FY3-29.4 Students will show an ability to work as a team member ethically

LO-PO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX OF COURSE

CO PO PSO
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

CO1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CO2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CO3 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - -

CO4 - - - - - - - 2 3 - - - - - -

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1 Engineering knowledge : Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components
or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design
of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

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PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering
practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one‘s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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Production Engineering Lab Manual

RUBRICS FOR LAB

Category Excellent(4) Very good (3) Good (2) Need to improvement(1)

Scientific Concepts Report illustrates an accurate and thorough Report illustrates an accurate understanding of Report illustrates a limited Report illustrates inaccurate
understanding of scientific concepts underlying most scientific concepts underlying the CAEG understanding of scientific concepts understanding of scientific
the CAEG lab. lab. underlying the CAEG lab. concepts underlying the CAEG
lab.

Procedures Procedures of drawing are listed in clear steps. Procedures of drawing are listed in a logical Procedures of drawing are listed but Procedures of drawing do not
Each step is numbered and is a complete order, but steps are not numbered and/or are not are not in a logical order or are accurately list the steps of the
sentence. in complete sentences. difficult to follow. experiment.

Drawings/Diagrams Clear, accurate diagrams are included and make Diagrams are included and are labeled neatly Diagrams are included and are Needed diagrams are missing OR
the experiment easier to understand. Diagrams and accurately. labeled. are missing important labels.
are labeled neatly and accurately.

Calculations All calculations of drawing are shown and the Some calculations of drawing are shown and Some calculations of drawing are No calculations of drawing are
results are correct and labeled appropriately. the results are correct and labeled appropriately. shown and the results labeled shown OR results are inaccurate
appropriately. or mislabeled.
Conclusion Conclusion includes whether the findings Conclusion includes whether the findings Conclusion includes what was learned No conclusion was included in
supported the hypothesis, possible sources of supported the hypothesis and what was learned from the Drawing. the drawing OR shows little effort
error, and what was learned from the from the Drawing. and reflection.
Drawing.

Error Analysis Drawing errors, their possible effects, and ways Drawing errors and their possible effects are Drawing errors are mentioned There is no discussion of
to reduce errors are discussed. discussed. Drawing errors.

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LAB CONDUCTION PLAN

Total number of Experiments - 8
Total number of turns required - 11
Number of turns required for:- 9

Experiment Number Scheduled Week

Experiment -1 Week 1
Experiment -2 Week 2
Experiment -3 Week 3
Experiment -4 Week 4
Experiment -5 Week 5
I Mid Term Week 6
Experiment -6 Week 7
Experiment -7 Week 8
Experiment -8 Week 9
Experiment -8 Week 10
II Mid Term Week 11

DISTRIBUTION OF LAB HOURS

Distribution of Lab Hours

Activity
Time (180 minute) Time (120 minute)

Attendance 5 5
1
Explanation of Experiment & Logic 30 30
2
Performing the Experiment 60 30
3
File Checking 40 20
4
Viva/Quiz 30 20
5
Solving of Queries 15 15
6

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GENERAL LAB INSTRUCTIONS

DO’S

1. Feel that practical are essentials to lay the foundation for understanding the subject.
2. Have knowledge of the theoretical background of each drawing.
3. Make as many drawing as possible in sketch book. Large number of drawing will
eliminate random errors and systematic errors.
4. Drawing must be done meticulously. For this, the knowledge of drawing detail and
drawing instruments is essential.
5. Put your heart and soul in the experiment.
6. If you draw wrong drawing others than the expected one, study your drawing procedure
thoroughly and find out where you went wrong. Repeat the drawing until you get the
correct drawing leading to the correct and expected drawing.
7. Consult your teacher, or your friend who had already draw drawing before entering the
drawing lab. This will help you to overcome difficulties while draw drawing.

DON’TS

1. Don’t neglect the importance of practical.

2. Without any theoretical knowledge of the drawing your activities in the drawing lab
will be like a clown in a circus.
3. Without skill it is impossible to get positive drawing.
4. Carelessness will damage always give wrong drawing and poor look.
5. Improperly drawn steps always give wrong result and poor look
6. Don’t be lazy in making drawing. Avoid copying someone else’s observation.
7. Don’t depend on your friend’s drawing skills. Have your on drawing instrument. Don’t
beg or borrow or steal your neighbor’s drawing accessories.
8. There should not be any distraction. Don’t play with your friend or while doing the
experiment.
9. Don’t cook up results. It is very bad habit. Don’t be discouraged if you get a wrong
result. Don’t consult your friend. Get your doubts cleared by your teacher.
10. Don’t think you can away with cooked up drawing from record notebook of former
students.
11. When you face the examiner conducting your practical examination, you may cut a
sorry figure.

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LAB SPECIFIC RULES

Students have to perform all the prescribed experiments.

1. Student will be allotted the drawing one turn earlier.

2. Student will read about the allotment drawing and write following points in record.
 Date
 Experiments number
 Object
 instrument used
 Theory
 Drawing Steps
 Detailed Drawing
 Precaution
 Viva voce
3. Student should get their drawing checked and signed by teacher in-change.
4. Student should kept their apparatus carefully.
5. Student should disconnect the electrical connected after perform.
6. Before leaving lab, he/she should get experiment allotted for next time
7. The concerning experiment manual should be returned before leaving the lab.

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EXPERIMENT No. -1
 Introduction
Machine drawing includes basic knowledge of machine drawing and design terminology.
Machine drawing is the representation of a machine component or machine by lines according
to certain set rules before making any parts in real, its necessary to draw them on charts or
computers for imagination purposes. It is complete information of machine parts with the
exactness and detail drawing.
 Material Symbols
The type of section line used to represent a surface varies according to the type of
material. Symbols generally used for various materials are shown in figure. However, the
general purpose section line symbol used in most section view drawings is that of cast
iron. The specific type of steel to be used will be indicated in the title block or parts list.
Occasionally, with assembly section views, material symbols are used to identify different
parts of the assembly.

 Lines
Lines is one important aspect of technical drawing. Lines are always used to construct
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meaningful drawings. Various types of lines are used to construct drawing, each line used
in some specific sense. Lines are drawn following standard conventions mentioned in BIS
(SP46:2003). A line may be curved, straight, continuous, segmented. It may be drawn as
thin or thick. A few basic types of lines widely used in drawings are shown in Table.
Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for making correct sentences; in
Engineering Graphics, the details of various objects are drawn by different types of lines. Each
line has a definite meaning and sense to convey.
• Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: (Continuous wide lines) The lines drawn to represent
the visible outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of objects should be
outstanding in appearance.
• Dimension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): Dimension Lines are drawn to mark
dimension.
• Extension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): There are extended slightly beyond the
respective dimension lines.
• Construction Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): These are drawn for constructing
drawings and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
• Hatching / Section Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for the
sectioned portion of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or
to the main outline of the section.
• Guide Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for lettering and should
not be erased after lettering.
• Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines): Wavy continuous narrow line
drawn freehand is used to represent break of an object.
• Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines with Zigzags): Straight continuous narrow
line with zigzags is used to represent break of an object.

• Dashed Narrow Lines (Dashed Narrow Lines): Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of
objects are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced
at equal distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the
outlines / another hidden line should be clearly shown.

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• Center Lines (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines): These are drawn at the center of
the drawings symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short
distance beyond the outline of the drawing.
• Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting
plane. It is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of
direction. The direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting
plane line.
• Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm.

 Dimensioning:
Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also
furnish information regarding the size description. These are provided through the distances
between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The
expression of these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called
dimensioning.

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Figure.1.5

 Methods of Indicating Dimensions:

The dimensions are indicated on the drawings according to one of the following two methods.
 Method - 1 (Aligned method):
Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above their dimension lines and preferably at
the middle, and clear of the line. Dimensions may be written so that they can be read from
the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Dimensions on oblique dimension lines
should be oriented as shown in Fig.2.26a and except where unavoidable, they shall not be
placed in the 30° zone. Angular dimensions are oriented.

Figure .1.6(a) Figure .1.6(b)

 Method - 2 (Uni-directional):

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Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only.
Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably in the middle for insertion of the
dimension.
Note: Horizontal dimensional lines are not broken to place the dimension in both cases.

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VIVA Questions
1-Define Machine drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers?
Machine drawing includes basic knowledge of machine drawing and design terminology.
Machine drawing is the representation of a machine component or machine by lines according
to certain set rules before making any parts in real, its necessary to draw them on charts or
computers for imagination purposes. It is complete information of machine parts with the
exactness and detail drawing.
Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical,
Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read,
and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of
projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its
abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions

2-Name different types of drawing instruments.

Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or
cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc.

3-Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line?

The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform
thickness throughout.

4-How will you test the set square and T-square?

Testing of T-square
– (I) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary(ii) In order to check the T-square, first of
all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw horizontal line with
working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of T-square is
alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives
twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a
scraper or a sharp knife.
Testing of set-squares –

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The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then
reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two
vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can
be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper.
5-What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type
of pencil is more suitable for drawing work?
There are two ways of sharpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted
upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for
making the engineering drawing
6-What is layout of drawing sheet?
The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list,
revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet.
7-Why is the layout of sheet is necessary?
Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and
speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information
8- List out the contents of title block and material list
The title block should contain at least the following information
(i)Name of the institution
(ii)Name of title of drawing
(iii)Name, Class and Roll no. of the student
(iv)Scale
(v)Drawing number
(vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection

9- What do you understand by thickness of lines?

There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are
specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker
and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line

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10- Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing?
The section plane is generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which
it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the
x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object.
11- What is the importance of dimensioning?
1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object.2)
It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements.
12- What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn?
A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is
terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is
placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle,
usually 30º, 45º, and 60º but not less than 30º
13- What are the different methods of dimensioning?
Aligned Method
: - In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines,
preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can
be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.Figure.2)
Unidirectional Method: - In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they
can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted
preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions

14- What are the general rules of dimensioning?

1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated.2) Dimensions
should be placed outside the views.3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever
possible.4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.5) Aligned system
of dimensioning is recommended.
14- What is the principle of projection?
If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the
object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence
the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object

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EXPERIMENT No. -2
PROJECTION

 PROJECTION
In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and structures are represented graphically on a 2-
dimensional media. The act of obtaining the image of an object is termed “projection”. The
image obtained by projection is known as a “view”. A simple projection system is shown in
figure 1.

All projection theory are based on three variables:

Line of sight Plane of projection.

Plane of Projection
A plane of projection (i. e, an image or picture plane) is an imaginary flat plane upon which
the image created by the line of sight is projected. The image is produced by connecting the
points where the lines of sight pierce the projection plane. In effect, 3-D object is transformed
into a 2-D representation, also called projections. The paper or computer screen on which a
drawing is created is a plane of projection.

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 Projection Methods
Projection methods are very important techniques in engineering drawing.

Two projection methods used are:

 Perspective and
 Parallel

 Perspective Projection
In perspective projection, all lines of sight start at a single point and is schematically shown
in figure.

A schematic representation of a Perspective projection

 Parallel Projection
In parallel projection, all lines of sight are parallel and is schematically represented in figure. The observer is
assumed to be stationed at infinite distance from the object.

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A schematic representation of a Parallel projection

Parallel vs Perspective Projection

Parallel projection

 Distance from the observer to the object is infinite projection lines are parallel – object
is positioned at infinity.
 Less realistic but easier to draw.

Perspective projection

 Distance from the observer to the object is finite and the object is viewed from a single
point – projectors are not parallel.
 Perspective projections mimic what the human eyes see, however, they are difficult to
draw.

 Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the plane of projection
is perpendicular to the parallel line of sight. Orthographic projection technique can produce
either pictorial drawings that show all three dimensions of an object in one view or multi-
views that show only two dimensions of an object in a single view.

Projection Methods

Universally either the 1st angle projection or the third angle projection methods is followed for
obtaining engineering drawings. The principal projection planes and quadrants used to create
drawings are shown in figure 16. The object can be considered to be in any of the four quadrant.

 First Angle Projection

In this the object in assumed to be positioned in the first quadrant and is shown in figure 17
The object is assumed to be positioned in between the projection planes and the observer. The
views are obtained by projecting the images on the respective planes. Note that the right hand
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side view is projected on the plane placed at the left of the object. After projecting on to the
respective planes, the bottom plane and left plane is unfolded on to the front view plane. i.e.
the left plane is unfolded towards the left side to obtain the Right hand side view on the left
side of the Front view and aligned with the Front view. The bottom plane is unfolded towards
the bottom to obtain the Top view below the Front view and aligned with the Front View.

 Third Angle Projection

In the third angle projection method, the object is assumed to be in the third quadrant. i.e. the
object behind vertical plane and below the horizontal plane. In this projection technique,
placing the object in the third quadrant puts the projection planes between the viewer and the
object and is shown in figure.

Figure illustrates the difference between the 1st angle and 3rd angle projection techniques. A
summary of the difference between 1st and 3rd angle projections is shown if Table.

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
SHEET 01 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

Q.1- Draw the front, side and top view of given object in fig 1 in first angle projection.

Q.2- Draw the elevation, plan and side view of given object in fig 2 in third angle projections.

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VIVA QUESTION
Computer Aided Machine Drawing
Sheet 01 Orthographic Projection and Sectional Views

Multiple Choice
1-Orthographic projection represents three dimensional objects in
a) One dimension
b) Two dimension
c) Three dimension
d) All of the above
(Ans:b)
2-Orthographic projection, the projection lines are ______ to the projection plane.
a) Parallel
b) Orthogonal
c) Inclined
d) Any of the above
(Ans:b)
3-The term ortho-graphic, ‘orthos’ means
a) Drawing
b) Straight
c) Projection
d) View
(Ans: b)
4-The point, from which the observer is assumed to view the object, is called
a) Center of projection
b) Point of projection
c) Point of observer
d) View point
(Ans: a)
5-In orthographic projection, the object is placed with one of its faces ______ to the
picture plane.
a) Inclined
b) Perpendicular
c) Parallel
d) of the above
(Ans: c)
6-Orthographic projection is also known as
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a) Single view projection
b) Two view projection
c) Multi view projection
d) All of the above
(Ans: c)
7-The two ways of drawing orthographic projection are
a) First angle, second angle
b) First angle, third angle
c) Second angle, third angle
d) Second angle, fourth angle
e) (Ans: b)
Short Answer Question
1. Differentiate first and third angle projection.
Ans
i.) Object is placed in first and third quadrant in first and third angle projection
respectively.
ii.) Object is in between POP and observer in first angle projection, whereas in third angle
projection POP is in between object and observer.
iii.) In first angle projection, Plan (Top View) is below the Elevation (Front View).Right
side view is on the left of elevation and Left side view is on the right of the elevation.
iv.) In third angle projection , Plan (Top View) is above the Elevation (Front View).Right
side view is on the right of front view (elevation) and Left side view is on the left of
the elevation.
2. What is difference between orthographic and pictorial views?
Ans. Orthographic projection is commonly used because it gives 100% details of an object by
drawing different views e.g. Elevation, Plan, side views, section views auxiliary views etc. It
is 2-D, whereas Pictorial views are 3-D and don’t give full details. Yes pictorial projection
can be understood by a layman easily, but orthographic projection can be understood by an
engineer or concerned person only.
3. Define point, line, plane & solid.
Ans. Point- it is a geometrical entity which is dimensionless. We cannot give dimension to a
point. It is known as 0-D (zero dimension) entity. Line- a line is shortest distance between two
points. It is a geometrical entity which is 1-D (length only). Plane- it is a geometrical entity
which is 2-D (length x breadth) or have a area only. It has two types
1. Principle plane- HP, VP & PP (profile plane). orthographic views are drawn on it
2. Secondary plane(plane lamina) Solid- it is a geometrical entity which is 3-D (length x
breadth x height) or have a definite volume

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Q4 What do you mean by A.I.P.?
Ans. Auxiliary Inclined Planes
Q5 What do you mean by A.V.P?
Ans. Auxiliary Vertical Planes
Q6 what do you mean by P.P?
Ans. Profile Planes
Q7. What is projection, projector and plane of projection?
Ans. Projection is an image or a view. Projectors are the lines drawn from each and every
point of the object. These lines are perpendicular to the plane of projection & parallel to
each other. Plane of projection (POP) is the plane on which image is drawn.
Q8. Explain auxiliary plane.

Ans. The plane which is not at right angle to the reference planes (HP&VP) and true image
in shape and size of the details is drawn on it.

Q9. What are reference, coordinate and section cutting planes?

Ans. Horizontal Plane (HP) and Vertical Plane (VP) are reference planes. Profile Plane (PP)
is a coordinate plane. Cutting plane is an imaginary plane used for viewing and showing
the sectioned details (cut portion) of an object.

10- Why the projections of an object are not drawn in second and fourth quadrants?
The projections of an object are not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the
overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views

11- When the auxiliary planes are used?

The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The
projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape
of the inclined surface.
12- What are the types of auxiliary planes?
The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane.
1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.) :-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP.
Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view.

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2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P.):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP.
Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view.

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EXPERIMENT No. -2
 Sectional View

Introduction
In engineering industries, when the internal structure of an object is complicated, it is very
difficult to visualize the object from its orthographic views since there will be several hidden
lines. In such case, the internal details are shown by sectional views. Sectional views are an
important aspect of design and documentation since it is used to improve clarity and reveal
interior features of parts.

A sectional view or a section looks inside an object. Sections are used to clarify the
interior construction of a part that cannot be clearly described by hidden lines in exterior
views. By taking an imaginary cut through the object and removing a portion, the inside
features may be seen more clearly.

Creating a section view.

1. The part is cut using an imaginary cutting plane.

2. The unwanted portion is mentally discarded exposing the interior construction.

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Lines used in section views.

Cutting Plane Line: Used to show where the object is being cut. (Phantom line type)

Section Lines: Used to indicate where the cutting plane cuts the material. Section lines are
thin and the symbols (type of lines) are chosen according to the material of the object. Section
lines are generally drawn at a 45° angle.

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Rules of Sectioning

Rule 1: A section lined area is always completely bounded by a visible outline.

Rule 2: The section lines in all areas should be parallel. Section lines shown in opposite
directions indicate a different part.

Rule 3: All the visible edges behind the cutting plane should be shown.

Rule 4: Hidden features should be omitted in all areas of a section view. Exceptions include
threads and broken out sections.

What type of section should I use?

The type of section used depends on the situation and what information needs to be conveyed.

Basic Sections

 Full Section
 Half Section
 Offset Section

Full Section

To create a full section, the cutting plane passes fully through the object. Used in many cases
to avoid having to dimension hidden lines.

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Half Sectional View

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A half section exposes the interior of one half of an object while retaining the exterior of the
other half. Half sections are used mainly for symmetric objects or assembly drawings. A
centreline is used to separate the two halves. Hidden lines should not be shown on either half.

Offset Sectional View

An offset section is produced by bending the cutting plane to show features that don’t lie in
the same plane.

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The advanced sections that will be cover are the following.

 Aligned section
 Rib and web section
 Broken section
 Removed section
 Revolved section

Aligned Section
In order to include angled elements in a section, the cutting plane may be bent so that it
passes through those features.

Conventions of Revolution
Features are revolved to the projection plane, and then projected over.

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Rib and Web Section

To avoid a false impression of thickness and solidity, ribs and webs are not sectioned.
If the cutting plane passes crosswise through the rib or web, we include section lines.

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Broken Section
Sometimes only a partial or broken out section is needed. Hidden lines are shown in the non-
sectioned area of a broken section.

Removed Section
A removed section is one that is not in direct projection of the view containing the cutting
plane.

Revolved Section
The cross sectional shape of an object may be shown in the longitudinal view by means of a
revolved section.

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Non-Sectioned Parts
It is common practice to show standard parts 'in the round' or un-sectioned.

 Nuts
 Bolts
 Rivets
 Shafts
 Screws

Thin Sections

For extremely thin parts of less than 4 mm thickness, the parts should be shown in solid black
or without section lines.

 Sheet metal
 Washers
 Gaskets

Illustrates a full Section view

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
SHEET 01 SECTIONAL VIEW

Q.1- Draw the full sectional front view, side view and top view of given object in fig 3.

Fig.3

Q.2- Draw the half sectional front view, side view and top view of given object in fig 4

3
Fig.4

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VIVA VOICE

Q 1 What do you mean by section of solids?

Ans: Many solids are different externally and internally. In engineering drawing n the normal
practice, only external views are drawn. To know the solid internal constructional details, it
has to be cut and then views will be drawn. This cutting of the solid to know the internal details
is called section of solids. Views drawn after sectioning are called sectional views. Cutting of
the solids in these views is shown by section lines.
Q 2 What is a section plane or a cutting plane?
Ans: It is an imaginary plane which cuts the solid to know the internal constructional details
by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. This
cutting plane can be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and also
perpendicular or inclined to the other principle plane. These section planes are represented by
their traces i.e. Horizontal trace (H.T.) or Vertical trace (V.T.).
Q 3 What do you understand by H.T. and V.T. of a section plane?
Ans: Horizontal trace (H.T) – H.T. of a section plane is a line in which the section plane
meets the H.P..
Vertical trace (V.T.) – V.T. of a section plane is a line in which the section plane meets the
V.P..
Q 4 What are section lines or hatching lines?
Ans: The lines used to represent the material which has been really cut by the cutting plane
are called section lines. They are also called hatching lines. These are equally spaced lines
inclined at 45º to the horizontal as well to the vertical. If a solid is complicated and requires
more than one section to know the complete details, then section lines are shown different
equally spaced lines. In case the solid is made up of more than one materials and hence
different materials are cut by the cutting plane, even then differently equally spaced lines are
used to show different materials.
Q 5 What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing?

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Ans: The view obtained after cutting the object ( to show the inner details which are otherwise
not visible) is called the sectional view.
Q 6 What is apparent section?
Ans: The projection of the cut portion on an inclined plane is called as apparent section. It will
be of smaller size than the portion actually cut.
Q 7 What is true section?
Ans: The projection of the cut portion on a parallel plane is called as true section. It will be of
same size as the portion actually cut.
Q 8 What are the different types of sections of solids?
Ans: Section plane can be one of the following types:
1) Section of solids by a horizontal plane parallel to HP.

2) Section of solids by a vertical plane parallel to VP.

3) Section of solids by an auxiliary inclined plane (AIP).

4) Section of solids by an auxiliary vertical planes (VIP).

5) Section of solids by a profile plane.

Q 9 What do you mean by Frustum?

Ans: When the cutting plane is parallel to the base plane of a prism, pyramid or cone, The cut
portion is called the frustum of the solid. The portion between the observer and the cutting
plane is assumed to be removed and the portion which is left is called the Frustum of a solid.

Q 10 What do you mean by truncated?

Ans: When the section plane is inclined to the base of a solid, the cut portion is called
truncated. The portion between the observer and the cutting plane is assumed to be removed
and the portion which is left is called the truncated solid.
Q 11When sphere is cut by section plane the true shape of the section plane is?
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Ans. Circle

Q12 What is the difference between triangular prism and triangular pyramid pyramid?

Ans. A triangular pyramid is a geometric solid with a base that is a triangle and all other faces
are triangles with a common vertex. A triangular prism is a geometric solid with two bases
that are congruent (identical), parallel triangles and all other faces are parallelograms .

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EXPERIMENT No. -4
Introduction
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects
together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can
be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components. Welding is an example
of creating permanent joints. Steel fasteners are usually made of stainless steel, carbon steel,
or alloy steel.
Joining can be classified into two groups—permanent joints and temporary joints.

A permanent joint does not allow dismantling of joined parts without rupturing them. As the
name suggests, these joints are permanent in nature and usually offer a sound and leak-proof
joining. Welding is the fast and foremost example for this category. Apart from welding, rivet
joint, soldering, brazing, many adhesive bonding, etc. are also permanent joints.

On the other hand, a temporary joint allows assembly and disassembly without rupturing the
components. Easy disassembly makes inspection and maintenance very easy. However,
strength of the temporary joints may not be as high as in a permanent joint. Various differences
between temporary joints and permanent joints are given below in table form.

Differences between temporary joint and permanent joint

Temporary Joint Permanent Joint

Temporary joints allow easy dismantling of assembled Permanent joints don’t allow dismantling of assembled
components without rupturing them. components without rupturing them.

Temporary joints are not necessarily leak-proof. Permanent joints are usually leak-proof.

Strength of temporary joint is comparatively less. Strength of permanent joint is high. Usually joint strength is
same with that of the components.

It facilitates fast, easy and cost efficient inspection. No As permanent joint cannot be disassembled easily, so inspection
destructive testing is required for inspection of joints. is difficult and costly. Often destructive testing is carried out,
which damages the assembled structures.

Temporary joints are suitable where frequent separation of Permanent joints are suitable for such applications where
assembled components is required. separation is not required.

Examples of various temporary joining techniques: Examples of various permanent joining techniques:

 Fasteners  Welding
 Press fit  Brazing and soldering

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 Cotter joints  Riveting
 Knuckle joints, etc.  Adhesive joining (mostly)
 Coupling.

Screw Thread
The thread can be external, such as on a bolt or screw, or internal, such as inside a nut.
The most common thread types used in the manufacturing industry today come in two
varieties: spaced, designed to form threads within a pre-cut hole, and machine screw,
designed to fit a pre-formed thread in a nut or hole.

 Major diameter – In an external thread like the edges of a screw, major diameter refers
to the diameter of the overall shaft, including the height of the raised helix. It can be
measured on the crests with a calliper rule or slot gauge.

 Minor diameter – Minor diameter measures the diameter of the “root,” or inner most
part of the screw, not including the crests of the helix. For accuracy, this measurement
requires specialized equipment.
 Effective diameter – The effective diameter is halfway between the major and minor
diameters. In other words, it measures halfway up the helix crest. For accuracy, this
measurement also requires specialized equipment.
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 Pitch – The pitch is the distance between two identical threads.
 Flank – The flank is the angle at which the helix is raised to form a crest on the
thread.
 Crest – The crest is the height at which an external thread is raised, or the depth at
which an internal thread is indented. For common applications, screws and bolts are
measured at the crests, while nuts are measured at the roots.

BOLTS:
The bolt is a straight rod having an integral head on one side and threaded on the other end. It
is passed through clearance holes in two or more aligned parts together. A nut is screwed on
the threaded end of the bolt to tighten the parts together. A bolt and nut form one screw fastener
as a unit.

HEXAGONAL HEADED BOLT:

The bolt with a hexagonal head on one side and threaded on the other end is called bolt. The bolt
may be threaded throughout its length or partly threaded.

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Ratio and proportions of hexagonal headed bolt:-

Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3 mm

Thickness of head, T = 0.8 D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to the base of head
Radius of chamfer, R = 1.4 D
Length of threaded portion, L1 = 2D + 5 mm up to 80 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 10 mm from 81 to 200 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 20 mm above 200 mm diameter.

SQUARE HEADED BOLT:

It is another common form of bolt. The contact area of the head with the part to be tightened
is comparatively small as compared to hexagonal nut. It is generally used where the head of
the bolt is to accommodate in a recess which is itself of square form. The head rests in the
square recess with little clearance. When the nut is tightened or screwed off, the square recess
prevents the head from turning.

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Ratio and proportions of square headed bolt:-

Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3 mm

Thickness of head, T = D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to the base of head
Radius of chamfer, R = 2 D
Length of threaded portion, L1 = 2D + 5 mm up to 80 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 10 mm from 81 to 200 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 20 mm above 200 mm diameter.

HEXAGONAL NUT:
It is a general purpose nut used mostly on fasteners. It has six surfaces having hexagonal shape,
it is why it is called hexagonal nut. The nuts are rounded off or chamfered at an angle of 30°
but on one side only. Due to rounding or chamfering, an arc is formed on each vertical face
and a circle is thus formed on the top surface of nut.

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Proportions of the Hexagonal nut:
D is the nominal diameter of the bolt

Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3 mm

Thickness of nut, T = 0.9 D to D
Distance across corners = 2D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to base of the nut
Radius of chamfer, R = 1.4 D

SQUARE NUT:
The nut having a square shape is known as square nut. This type of nut is usually used in
conjunction with the square headed bolt. The corners of the square nut are also chamfered in
the same way as for hexagonal nut.

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Proportions of the Square nut:

D is the nominal diameter of the bolt

Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3 mm

Thickness of nut, T = 0.9 D to D
Width across corners = Flats x √2 or 1.414 D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to base of the nut
Radius of chamfer, R = 2D

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
SHEET 02 FASTENERS

Q.1 Draw different types of thread profiles. (P = 20mm) (in sketch book)

Q.2 Draw the views of Hexagonal Nut. The diameter of bolt is 24mm.

Empirical relations:
Major or nominal diameter of bolt = D
Thickness of nut, T = D
Width of nut across flat surfaces, W = 1.5D + 3 mm
Radius of chamfer, R = 1.5D
Angle of chamfer 300
Width of nut across Corner = 1.55* A/F

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Q.3. Draw the views of Square Nut. The diameter of bolt is 24mm.

Empirical relations:
Major or nominal diameter of bolt = D
Thickness of nut, T = D
Width of the nut across flats, W = 1.5D + 3 mm
Radius of chamfer arc, R = 2D
Angle of chamfer 300
Width of nut across Corner = 1.414* A/F

Q.4. Draw the views of Hexagonal Bolt and Square Bolt. The diameter of bolt is 24mm and length of bolt is100mm.

Empirical relations:
Diameter of bolt Head = 2D
Thickness of head 0.8D to D
Length of bolt L
Length of threaded portion X
L<150mm = 2D+6
L > 150mm = 2D+12

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VIVA VOCE
VIVA VOICE QUESTION
Computer Aided Machine Drawing
Sheet 02 FASTENERS

Q.1 Which type of nut prevents slipping while tightening

A. Square nut
B. Hexagonal nut
C. Castle nut
D. None
Q.2 The crest diameter of a screw thread is the
A. Minor diameter
B. Major diameter
C. Core diameter
D. Pitch diameter
Q.3 Which fastener prevents relative motion between parts being connected
A. Set screw
B. Bolt
C. Stud
D. None
Q.4 In case of a single start thread, lead is equal to
A. 1/pitch
B. 1 pitch
C. Diameter of bolt
D. None
Q.5 In case of a double start thread, lead is equal to
A. 2/pitch
B. 2 x Diameter of bolt
C. 2 x pitch
D. None

Q.6 Which thread is the most efficient

A. ACME thread
B. V-thread
C. Square thread
D. None

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Q.7 The ACME screw thread is of

A. V-thread form
B. Square thread form
C. Trapezoidal thread form
D. None

Q.8 If a fastener is threaded into a tapped hole, then the fastener is likely to be called as

a) Screw
b) Bolt
c) Washer
d) Screw or bolt
Q.9 Which of the following is not a function of washer?
a) Distributes load over a large area of clamped parts
b) Provides bearing surface over large clearance bolts
c) Prevents marring of the bolt head and nut surface
d) Helps in locking of the fastener
Q.10 If there is no place to accommodate the nut, then one would choose the
a) Through Bolts
b) Tap Bolts
c) Studs
d) None of the mentioned

Ans 1 (B) , Ans 2 (B),Ans 3 (A) , Ans 4 (B), Ans 5 (C) , Ans6 (C) , Ans 7 (C), Ans 8 (A),
Ans 9 (D), Ans 10 (B),

Q.11 Write down the important terms used in the design of riveted joints.

(i) nominal pitch or short pitch

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EXPERIMENT No. -5
PERMANENT FASTENING:
The process of joining two or more than two parts of machine or structure by means of various
fasteners permanently is known as permanent fastenings. In permanent fastening, the parts
once joined together cannot be separated from each other. If required to be separated, the
fastening is bound to be broken.

EXAMPLES: Riveting, Soldering, Brazing, Welding etc.

TEMPORARY FASTENING:
The process of joining two or more than two parts of machine or structure by means of various
fasteners temporarily is known as temporary fastenings. In this process, the parts joined
together can be separated easily when required without breaking any part of fastener.

EXAMPLES: Bolts and Nuts, Studs and Nuts, Keys, Pins etc.

Riveted Joint

A Rivet is a short cylindrical rod having a head and a tapered tail. The main body of the rivet
is called shank. According to Indian standard specifications rivet heads are of various types.
Rivets heads for general purposes are specified by Indian standards IS: 2155-1982 (below 12
mm diameter) and IS: 1929-1982 (from 12 mm to 48 mm diameter). Rivet heads used for
boiler works are specified by IS: 1928-1978.

DEFINITIONS
The definitions of the terms, associated with riveted joints are given below:

 PITCH
It is the distance between the centers of the adjacent rivets in the same row. It is
denoted by ‘P’ and usually taken as 3D, where D is the rivet diameter.

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 MARGIN
It is the distance from the edge of the plate to the centre of the nearest rivet. It is
usually taken as 1.5D, where d is the rivet diameter. It is denoted by m.

 CHAIN RIVETING
If the rivets are used along a number of rows such that the rivets in the adjacent rows
are placed directly opposite to each other, it is known as chain riveting.

 ZIG ZAG RIVETING

In a multi-row riveting, if the rivets in the adjacent rows are staggered and are placed
in between those of the previous row, it is known as zig-zag riveting.

 ROW PITCH
It is the distance between two adjacent rows of rivets. It is denoted by ‘P r’ and is given
by, Pr = 0.8p, for chain riveting Pr = 0.6p, for zig-zag riveting.

 DIAGONAL PITCH
This term is usually associated with zig-zag riveting and is denoted by ‘Pd’. It is the
distance between the center of a rivet in a row to the next rivet in the adjacent row.

 BACK PITCH
It is the distance between rows and rivets measured perpendicular to the plate seam. It
is denoted by Pb.

Riveted joints are mainly of two types

1. Lap joints

2. Butt joints

Lap Joints: The plates that are to be joined are brought face to face such that an overlap exists.
Rivets are inserted on the overlapping portion. Single or multiple rows of rivets are used to
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give strength to the joint. Depending upon the number of rows the riveted joints may be
classified as single riveted lap joint, double or triple riveted lap joint etc. When multiple joints
are used, the arrangement of rivets between two neighboring rows may be of two kinds. In
chain riveting the adjacent rows have rivets in the same transverse line. In zig-zag riveting, on
the other hand, the adjacent rows of rivets are staggered.

Lap joints are of following types:

 Single Riveted Lap Joint – One row of rivets

Double Riveted Lap Joint – Two rows of rivets placed in chain typ

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Double Riveted Lap Joint – Two rows of rivets placed in zig zag formation

Triple Riveted Lap Joint – Three rows of rivets and rivets placed in chain type

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 Triple Riveted Lap Joint – Three row of rivets and rivets placed in zig zag
formation

Butt Joints: In this type of joint, the plates are brought to each other without forming any
overlap. Riveted joints are formed between each of the plates and one or two cover plates.
Depending upon the number of cover plates the butt joints may be single strap or double strap
butt joints.

The edge of the connecting plates butt against each other and covered with cover plates on one
or both sides. In the butt joints, at least two rows of rivets, on each of the connecting plates
being joined are necessary to make a butt joint.

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Butt joints are of following types:

 Single Riveted Single Cover Butt Joint: 2 Rows of Rivets

 Single Riveted Double Cover Butt Joint: 2 Rows of Rivets

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Double Riveted Double Cover Butt Joint Chain Type: 4 Rows of Rivets

Double Riveted Double Cover Butt Zig-Zag Type: 4 Rows of Rivets

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
SHEET 02 FASTENERS
Q.4. Draw the views of Double riveted lap chain joint and single riveted Single cover plate
butt joint. The Thickness of plate is 9 mm.

Empirical relations:
Thickness of Plate t
Diameter of shank d = Square root of thickness ( t)
Pitch p=3d
Margin m = 1.5d
Row Pitch = pr
pr = 0.8p, for chain riveting
pr = 0.6p, for zig-zag riveting
Diagonal Pitch = pd = 2p+d / 3
Thickness of single cover plate t1= 1.12t
Thickness of double cover plate t2= 0.8t

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VIVA VOCE
VIVA VOICE QUESTION
Computer Aided Machine Drawing
Sheet 02 FASTENERS

Q.11 Write down the important terms used in the design of riveted joints.

(i) Nominal pitch or short pitch

(ii) Medium pitch

 Long pitch
 Row pitch or back pitch or transverse pitch
 Diagonal pitch
 Margin
 Marginal distance
 Strap thickness
 Plate thickness
 Rivet shank diameter
 Rivet tail
 Rivet head
 Types of rivets
 Caulking
 Fullering
 Clearance before making the second head
 Types of riveted joints
 Lap joint-single/double/triple riveted
 Butt joint with single strap—Single/double/triple riveted
 Butt joint with double strap– Single/double/triple riveted
 Chain riveting
 Zigzag riveting
 Strength of one rivet
 Riveted joint efficiency
 Tearing efficiency
 Shearing efficiency
 Crushing efficiency
 Overall riveted joint efficiency
 Design of riveted joints
 Cold working of rivets (for diameter less than 12 mm)
 Hot working of rivets

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Q.12 List the applications of riveted joints.

 Structures
 Pressure vessels
 Ship building
 Tanks
 Bridges
 Boilers
 Aircrafts
 Railway wagon and coaches
 Buses and trucks
 Used with wood, metal and plastic.

Q.13 List the advantages and disadvantages of riveted joints.

Advantages of riveted joints

 Riveting is cheap.
 It is a superior method of fastening.
 Rivets are easy to install.
 Low cost of maintenance
 Available in variety of materials, types and sizes
 Riveted joints are reliable since these are permanent joints.
 These can with stand environmental conditions of heat, rain and dust over a long
period.
 These are light weight and high strength.
 These are used with wood, metal, plastic and normally with light material

Disadvantages of riveted joints

 Needs skilled persons to do riveting.

 There can be a leakage problem in case of pressure vessels and boilers (it can be
overcome by special techniques of caulking and fullering).

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EXPERIMENT No. -6(a)

SHAFT COUPLING:
A rotating piece of rod coupled to a machine is called shaft. It has a circular cross-section and
always transmits power from one point to another along its length. The shaft length are not
available beyond a certain limit due to manufacturing and transporting difficulties. If very long
shafts are required for any application, two or more shaft pieces may be connected or coupled
together to obtain the requisite length. The connection used for joining pieces of shaft together
is known as shaft coupling.

Shaft couplings are used to join or connect two shafts in such a way that when both the shafts
rotate, they act as one unit and transmit power from one shaft to the other. Shafts to be
connected or coupled may have collinear axes, intersecting axes or parallel axes at a small
distance. Based on the requirements, the shaft couplings are classified as: (i) rigid couplings,
(ii) flexible couplings

RIGID COUPLINGS
Rigid Couplings are mainly used in areas where the two shafts are coaxial to each other. There
are many types of couplings that fall under the rigid couplings category. They are

Rigid Sleeve or Muff Couplings- This is the basic type of coupling. This consists of a pipe
whose bore is finished to the required tolerance based on the shaft size. Based on the usage of
the coupling a keyway in made in the bore in order to transmit the torque by means of the key.
Two threaded holes are provided in order to lock the coupling in position. The photo shows a
type of the rigid sleeve or muff coupling.

It consists of a sleeve called muff, generally made of cast iron, which is fitted over the ends
of the shafts to be connected. After properly aligning the keyways in the shafts and sleeve, a
sunk key is driven-in; thus making the coupling. Instead of a single key running the entire
length of the sleeve, it is desirable to use two keys, which may be inserted from the outer ends
of the sleeve; thus overcoming the possible misalignment between the keyways.

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SPLIT MUFF COUPLING:

In this, the muff is split into two halves and are recessed. A number of bolts and nuts are used
to connect the muff halves and the recesses provided accommodate the bolt heads and nuts.
For making the coupling, a sunk key is first placed in position and then the muff halves are
joined by bolts and nuts. This type of coupling is used for heavy duty work, since both the key
and friction grip transmit the power (torque). The heads of nuts and bolts are completely
covered in the slots provided in the muff. It can be easily assembled and disassembled when
required.

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Flanged Coupling – The coupling basically consists of two flanged end pieces as shown in
the figure. A spigot and recess is provided in the flanges to provide location between them.
The flanges are connected firmly by means of fitted bolts which are tightened accordingly to
the torque to be transmitted. In a flanged coupling, flanges are either fitted or provided at the
ends of shafts. The flanges are fastened together by means of a number of bolts and nuts. The
number and size of the bolts depend upon the power to be transmitted and hence, the shaft
diameter.

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UNPROTECTED FLANGE COUPLING
It consists of two similar discs called flanges. Each flange is keyed to needs of shafts to be
coupled. To secure both the flanges together, both the flanges have four to six holes to receive
the bolts. When these flanges are bolted together, they form a rigid joint between the two shaft
ends.

PROTECTED FLANGE COUPLING

In this coupling, the outer surface of each flange is protected outward axially to cover bolt
heads and nut and to form a flat outer surfaces like that of pulley. It may be used as pulley
also. The depression in the centre of one flange and projection on the other is formed for
helping in obtaining perfect alignment between shafts.

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FLEXIBLE OR COMPENSATING COUPLINGS

Flexible couplings are normally used in areas where the coaxially between the connecting
shafts is not always assured and in areas where there is a possibility of occurrence of shocks
in the transmission is applicable. They are also called as Elastic Couplings. By construction
these couplings tend to have a elastic member in between the two connecting entities. It is a
very important type of coupling to couple two shafts which are slightly out of alignment or
which required slight relative angular movement.
Perfect alignment of two shafts is impossible to achieve and difficult to maintain, because of
inevitable bearing wear and other reasons. To overcome the trouble, flexible couplings are
employed. These permit relative rotation or variation in the alignment of shaft axes within
certain limits.

It consists of two flanges mounted over their respective shaft ends. The coupling of two flanges
is done with the help of pin and nut. These pins are fixed on one flange with the help of nuts.
On the other side of pin, some compressive or flexible material such as springs, rubber or
leather washers are used to obtain jerk proof starting of the machines. This system is also used
where perfect alignment between shafts to be coupled is not possible. The rubber washers also
serve as insulating material between two flanges in the case of electric motors.

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ASSIGNMENT
ME-104 COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
SHEET 03 FLANGE COUPLING

Question- Draw the half sectional front view and side view of flange coupling. The shaft
diameter is 30mm.

Part Material Qty.

Specification of flange coupling name
Shaft diameter = D = 30mm Flange 1 C.I 1
Pitch circle diameter = 3D = 90mm Flange 2 C.I 1
Width of flange = 0.5D = 15mm Bolt M.S 4
Boss diameter = 1.75D to 2D = Approx 50m Bush Rubber 4
Flange diameter = 4D = 100mm Nut M.S 4
Width of boss = 1.5D = 45mm Key 8*8 M.S 2
Bolt size = 0.3D = 9mm but take 10mm
Hole size = bolt size+1 = 11mm
Key = D/4* D/4 = 8*8mm

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VIVA VOICE QUESTION

Computer Aided Machine Drawing
SHEET 03 FLANGE COUPLING

Q.1 What is a coupling?

Coupling is to connect two shafts. It may be necessary to connect two shaft6s in the following
situations.

 A shaft of length cannot be manufactured greater than 7 m length because of

transportation difficulties. A shaft of much longer length is required In turbines.
Therefore two pieces of a shaft are to be connected by a coupling.
 Motor has a shaft. Machine to be run by the motor has another shaft. These are to be
connected by a coupling in case both have to have same RPM.

Q.2 Give the practical applications of flanged coupling?

Flanged coupling are used for more power transmission in the following practical applications.

 Hydropower plants
 Pumps
 Compressors
 Turbines
 Conveyor drives

Q.3 Differentiate between rigid and flexible coupling.

Difference between rigid and flexible coupling

Sr.
Rigid coupling Flexible coupling
No.
Linear (up to 5 mm) as well angular (up to
1. No misalignment is permissible.
0.5 0) misalignment is permissible.
During maintenance, shafts are not
During maintenance, shafts are disturbed.
2. disturbed. Hence takes lesser time in
Hence takes longer time in maintenance.
maintenance.
3. Puts more load on equipment. Puts lesser load on equipment.
These absorb shocks and vibrations. There
4. Chances of vibrations and noise are more.
is almost no noise.

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5. These are simple and inexpensive. These are costly.
These are relatively less in use because These are widely used because the4se can
6.
some misalignment is always there. easily adjust limited misalignments.

Q.4 The sleeve or muff coupling is designed as a

A. dun cylinder
B. thick cylinder
C. solid shaft
D. hollow shaft

Q.5 Oldham coupling i used to connect two shafts having intersecting axes.
a) True
b) False

Ans 4 (D), Ans 5 (B)

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EXPERIMENT NO:-6(b)
Introduction
JOURNAL BEARINGS

WHY TO STUDY FRICTION, WEAR & LUBRICATION?

Moving parts of every machine is subjected to friction and wear. Friction consumes and
wastes energy. Wear causes changes in dimensions and eventual breakdown of the machine
element and the entire machine. The loss of just a few milligrams of material in the right place,
due to wear can cause a production machine or an automobile to be ready for replacement. If
we imagine the amount of material rendered useless by way of wear, it is startling! Lots of
materials ranging from Antimony to zinc, including titanium, vanadium, iron, carbon, copper,
aluminum etc., would be lost. It is therefore essential to conserve the natural resources through
reduction in wear. Lubrication plays a vital role in our great and complex civilization.
BEARINGS A bearing is machine part, which support a moving element and confines its
motion. The supporting member is usually designated as bearing and the supporting member
may be journal. Since there is a relative motion between the bearing and the moving element,
a certain amount of power must be absorbed in overcoming friction, and if the surface actually
touches, there will be a rapid wear.
Classification: Bearings are classified as follows:
1. Depending upon the nature of contact between the working surfaces:-
a) Sliding contact bearings
b) Rolling contact bearings.
a) SLIDING BEARINGS:
 Hydrodynamically lubricated bearings
 Bearings with boundary lubrication
 Bearings with Extreme boundary lubrication.
 Bearings with Hydrostatic lubricatio
b) ROLLING ELEMENT BEARING
 Ball bearings
 Roller bearings
 Needle roller bearings
1. Based on the nature of the load supported:
Radial bearings - Journal bearings
• Thrust bearings
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- Plane thrust bearings
- Thrust bearings with fixed shoes
- Thrust bearings with Pivoted shoes
• Bearings for combined Axial and Radial loads
JOURNAL BEARING:
It is one, which forms the sleeve around the shaft and supports a bearing at right angles to the
axis of the bearing. The portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve is called the journal. Example
of journal bearings are- Solid bearing, bushed bearing and Pedestal bearing.
Solid bearing: A cylindrical hole formed in a cast iron machine member to receive the shaft
which makes a running fit is the simplest type of solid journal bearing. Its rectangular base
plate has two holes drilled in it for bolting down the bearing in its position as shown in the
figure1.1. An oil hole is provided at the top to lubricate the bearing. There is no means of
adjustment for wear and the shaft must be introduced into the bearing endwise. It is therefore
used for shafts, which carry light loads and rotate at moderate speeds.

Bushed bearing:
It consists of mainly two parts, the cast iron block and bush; the bush is made of soft material
such as brass, bronze or gunmetal. The bush is pressed inside the bore in the cast iron block
and is prevented from rotating or sliding by means of grub- screw as shown if the figure 1.2.
When the bush gets worn out it can be easily replaced. Elongated holes in the base are provided
for lateral adjustment.
Thrust bearing:
It is used to guide or support the shaft, which is subjected to a load along the axis of the shaft.
Since a thrust bearing operates without a clearance between the conjugate parts, an adequate
supply of oil to the rubbing surfaces is extremely important. Bearings designed to carry heavy
thrust loads may be broadly classified in to two groups
FOOT STEP BEARING, AND COLLAR BEARING
Footstep bearing: Footstep bearings are used to support the lower end of the vertical shafts. A
simple form of such bearing is shown in fig 1.4. It consists of cast iron block into which a
gunmetal bush is fitted. The bush is prevented from rotating by the snug provided at its neck.

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The shaft rests on a concave hardened steel disc. This disc is prevented from rotating along
with the shaft by means of pin provided at the bottom.

Collar bearing: The simple type of thrust bearing for horizontal shafts consists of one or more
collars cut integral with the shaft as shown in fig.1.5. These collars engage with corresponding
bearing surfaces in the thrust block. This type of bearing is used if the load would be too great
for a step bearing, or if a thrust must be taken at some distance from the end of the shaft. Such
bearings may be oiled by reservoirs at the top of the bearings.

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EXPERIMENT NO:-7

THEORY
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a
Computer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and
sciences. In the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine
components and the layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and
layouts of the buildingsare prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts of
power distribution system are prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computer is made
for drawing and drafting.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer
to
• Conceptualize his ideas

• Modify the design very easily

• Perform animation
• Make design calculations
 Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.
Benefits of CAD
The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to the industries in
design and
Production as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
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9. Assistance in preparation of documentation
10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible
12. Colours can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
15. Preparation of assembly or sub assembly drawings
16. Preparation of part list
17. Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces
18. Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols
19. Printing can be done to any scale
CAD SOFTWARES
The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type
of application or job related to CAD. The following softwares are available for drafting
1. AUTOCAD
2. CREO
3. CATIA
4. SOLID WORKS
5. NX Unigraphics
6. FUSION 360
7. INVENTOR
8. SOLID EDGE
The above software’s are used depending upon their application
Function Keys
The keyboard function keys F1-F12 control settings that are commonly turned on and off as
we work in the product.
Key Feature Description
F1 Help Displays Help for the active tooltip, command, Palette or dialog box.
F2 Expanded History Displays an expanded command history in the Command window
F3 Object Snap Turns object snap ON and OFF

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F4 3D Object Snap Turns additional object snaps for 3D ON and OFF
F5 Isoplane Cycles through 2D isoplane settings (Top, Right and Left)
F6 Dynamic UCS Turns automatic UCS alignment with planar surfaces ON and OFF
F7 Grid display Turns the grid display ON and OFF
F8 Ortho Locks cursor movement to horizontal or vertical
F9 Grid Snap Restricts cursor movement to specified grid intervals
F10 Polar Tracking Guides cursor movement to specified angles
F11 Object Snap Tracking Tracks the cursor horizontally and vertically from object snap
locations
F12 Dynamic input Displays distances and angles near the cursor and accepts input as we use
Tab between fields
Note: F8 and F10 are mutually exclusive -turning one on will turn the other OFF.
User Interface

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Command prompt
The rectangular horizontal window at lower side of the screen is called the command area. The
instructions given to the computer through keyboard is shown in this area. It important to read
the command prompt when working with an unfamiliar command. To enter a command using
the keyboard, type the command name on the command line and press Enter or the Spacebar.
Navigation Bar
The navigation bar is a user interface element where you can access both unified and product
specific navigation tools. Unified navigation tools are those that can be found across many
Autodesk products. Product-specific navigation tools are unique to a product.
Quick access toolbar
The Quick Access toolbar, displayed in the Drafting & Annotation workspace, is located at
the very top of the drawing window next to the Application button. The Quick Access toolbar
may be customized by adding or removing commands. This is done by right clicking on the
toolbar and selecting Customize Quick Access toolbar or selecting the arrow at the end of the
toolbar.
The Quick Access toolbar contains the following commands:
• QNew: Opens a new drawing.
• Open: Opens an existing drawing. (Ctrl+O)
• Save: Saves the current drawing. (Ctrl+S)
• Save as: Allows you to save the current drawing under a different name. (Ctrl+Shift+S)
• Plot: Plots or prints the current drawing. (Ctrl+P)
• Undo: Used to undo previous command or actions.
• Redo: Used to redo commands that have been undone.
Drawing area & Cross Hair
The rectangular large space between the pull-down menu bar and the command window is the
drawing area. The cursor moves moves in this area in the form of a cross hair as mouse is
moved by the user. The cross hair position is indicated by coordinate values shown at the left
end of the status bar.

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View Cube
The View Cube is a navigation tool that allows you to switch between viewing directions.
While this is very useful in 3D space, it is not very useful in 2D space. It is located in the upper
right corner of the drawing area.

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
Sheet 05 Auto CAD

Q.1 Draw the following Simple object on CAD Software

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VIVA Questions
1) What is AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is a software program built to design and shape the 2-D and 3-D images. It provides
the tools by which a detail design of the product can be done. It also has the option to create
detailed design layout, which can be automatically drawn by using source model.
2) What are the uses of AutoCAD?
AutoCAD can be used by the professionals to visualize the imaginary view of the product on
a computer system. In AutoCAD, it is possible by the drafter to make the changes in the
product before it gets finalized for design. It also gives the freedom for the designer to
implement their various ideas and represent them to the suppliers or their clients.
3) What are the fields where you see maximum use of AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is more popular among the architects, engineers and builders for developing their
building layouts.
4) What is the file formats used in design?
In AutoCAD, .dwg file format is used for design, it can be an interchangeable format. The file
format which is interchangeable has the extension as DXF and operates data operability. It
provides different languages which can be used as per the requirement.
5) How you can create a user interface in AutoCAD?
User interface can be created by using the command prompts to draw the plots and dialog
boxes. The dialog boxes can be displayed by the use of PLOT command and the external
database commands (ASE). Setting of CMDDIA to 1, allows the dialog boxes to run the
command. The user interface creation also needs the command line to display the entire file
so that it can be edited or customized easily.
6) What is the function of vertical integration?
To enhance the architectural designing of 3D object AutoCAD uses the vertical integration
program. The 3D objects can include walls and other things that are associated with the data
having information and simple objects like lines and circles. The data is programmed in such
a way that it represents only the architectural products and the extracted files, and can be
modified according to the requirement.
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7) What is the use of variant in AutoCAD?
In AutoCAD variants are used to help in creation, visualizing and rendering the 3D models
that include 3D printing as well. Variants allow you to use the functionality of different
application according to the requirement.
8) What are the benefits of using AutoCAD?
AutoCAD has replaced the traditional method of drafting and designing which was made by
pencil, drafting boards, triangles and compass with just a set of a computer program. The
benefits are immense like:

 Saves time and helps to increase the productivity

 It helps to streamline your design and documentation workflow
 Physical ‘3D’ prototype of the design can be quickly created by using AutoCAD
 3D models can be directly imported into AutoCAD by using application like Solid
Works
 Tedious work of drafting can be done easily and you can design and re-design the
product in short span of time.

9) What is the process to draw a line more than one time and save it automatically?
When a need arises to draw a new line the process opens up a new file in a new session to
write the file. AutoCAD allows saving multiple drawing for each session. The files are saved
by using the file extension .dwg and it can be modified by using the browser.
10) What are the steps that enable the drag and drop feature in Autocad?
Autocad provides a way to drag and drop the elements by the use of “NOUN” and “VERB” in
a dialog box. It allows the object to move from one place to another. Likewise, the remove
or editing function can be done by using “MOVE and ERASE”.
11) What are the features corrected by AutoCAD?
AutoCAD detects the problem and correct it by removing the corruption with the drawing
parts. With the available option of adding additional vertices, it also adds vertices to the poly-
lines. The error can be corrected or neglected by finding out the exact location of the poly-line
that has zero vertices. The object can be deleted or removed after there is no use of it in the
system.
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12) How to set up a default drawing directory?
Default drawing directory has sub directories having the information using the windows
commands. The applications, which are going to be used, are highlighted, and by using drag
and drop features those application will be placed in the default directory. The properties for
the application are selected from the menu and dialog boxes displayed on the front.
13) How you can copy a closed drawing?
The copying of the closed drawing can be done by the designer center in the toolbar of the
Autocad. By using the tree view option the copy of closed drawing can be done easily. The
modification of the drawing can be done by using graphical interface.
14) How you can hide the specific layers when plotting in AutoCAD?

To hide the specific layers while plotting, you can use various options like turning off the
layers for plotting , freezing the layers and turning off. Turning off for plotting will show the
layers on the screen but won’t output on printing. The layers that are turned off will hide the
layers and also it will not appear on the screen.

15) What is the process of copying the dimension styles from one drawing to another in
AutoCAD?
Copying of dimension styles require setting up the particular dimension style. To copy a
dimension style, a new document has to be created. Once it is created, this document will be
saved as a drawing template. A new reference will be created by new drawing template
document and it will show all the options like layer style, units and blocks. Drawing can be
done by seeing the current drawing and dimension style would be same as the original picture.
By using the design center, Autocad tools can be used to copy the dimension styles from one
drawing to another.
16) How can you remove the empty layers from drawing?
The layers can be removed only when the object resides in the layers will be removed; once it
is removed it is an empty layer. The empty layers cannot be deleted by purge. It might be
because the layer is frozen on a viewport or referenced by an object in a block definition. By
using EXPORT command it is possible to remove the layer from drawing, which results in

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creating a DXF file of the drawing. You can edit the dxf file in a text editor and rename all the
instances of layers in the file, except the layer definition.
17) Why AutoCAD WS is more popular among mobile users?
AutoCAD WS provides many option for mobile application developer like edit, view and
share. They can easily share the application wherever they go and can develop an application
in a matter of time. The application can be downloaded and installed from anywhere in the
world, ignoring the licensing problem. The users can save file in any format and can run the
application on any platform with ease.
18) How can you make a spring, spiral or screw thread?
To make a spiral or screw thread use an AutoLISP routine such as spiral.1sp, it will create a
spiral path according to your need. Then you can use EXTRUDE command with a reference
object, using the spiral as the path. Also, there is another way you can do this, by using
Mechanical Desktop (MDT) or Autosurf by using augmented lines as path.
19) Tell me how you assign the keyboard characters or function keys to AutoCAD
commands?
By editing the ACCELERATORS section of the AutoCAD menu file we can assign keyboard
characters to AutoCAD commands.
20) How you can open a drawing file that was created with the automatic save features?
AutoCAD files have an extension of “.dwg” and will only open those files having this
extension. To open the drawing files you have to rename it, by using Explorer or DOS prompt
you can do that. If you are using EXPLORER you have to make sure that the option of “Hide
file extensions for known file types” is not enabled. After the file is copied you can rename
and use the OPEN command in Autocad to open the drawing.
21) What will you do when command prompts appear on the command line instead of
ASE dialog box and plot dialog box?
In Autocad, CMDDIA variable controls the display of dialog boxes. To enable these dialog
boxes you have to set CMDDIA to 1.
22) In Autocad, what is the command that is used to rotate the grid at 45 degress?
To rotate the grid at 45 degrees, command UCS is used.
23) In what situation command prompt appears instead of a dialog boxes?

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If a file command is imported from a script or AutoLISP/ ObjectARX/ ADSRX a command
prompt appears instead of a dialog box.

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EXPERIMENT NO:-8
Introduction

Computer Aided Engineering Graphics

AutoCAD is a software program built to design and shape the 2-D and 3-D images. It provides
the tools by which a detail design of the product can be done. It also has the option to create
detailed design layout, which can be automatically drawn by using source model.
AutoCAD can be used by the professionals to visualize the imaginary view of the product on
a computer system. In AutoCAD, it is possible by the drafter to make the changes in the
product before it gets finalized for design. It also gives the freedom for the designer to
implement their various ideas and represent them to the suppliers or their clients.
In AutoCAD, drawing file format is used for design, it can be an interchangeable format. The
file format which is interchangeable has the extension as DXF and operates data operability.
It provides different languages which can be used as per the requirement.
Benefits of graphics software
AutoCAD has replaced the traditional method of drafting and designing which was made by
pencil, drafting boards, triangles and compass with just a set of a computer program. The
benefits are immense like:
 Saves time and helps to increase the productivity
 It helps to streamline your design and documentation workflow
 Physical ‘3D’ prototype of the design can be quickly created by using
AutoCAD
 3D models can be directly imported into AutoCAD by using application like
Solid Works
 Tedious work of drafting can be done easily and you can design and re-design
the product in short span of time.

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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTERS AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
Sheet 05 Auto CAD

Q.1 Draw the following Complex object on CAD Software

fig.1 fig.2

fig.3 fig.4

fig.5 fig.6
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fig.7 fig.8

fig. 9 fig. 10

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fig. 11

fig. 12

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VIVA QUESTION
Computer Aided Machine Drawing
Sheet 05 Auto CAD

1) What is AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is a software program built to design and shape the 2-D and 3-D images. It provides
the tools by which a detail design of the product can be done. It also has the option to create
detailed design layout, which can be automatically drawn by using source model.
2) What are the uses of AutoCAD?
AutoCAD can be used by the professionals to visualize the imaginary view of the product on
a computer system. In AutoCAD, it is possible by the drafter to make the changes in the
product before it gets finalized for design. It also gives the freedom for the designer to
implement their various ideas and represent them to the suppliers or their clients.
3) What are the fields where you see maximum use of AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is more popular among the architects, engineers and builders for developing their
building layouts.
4) What is the file formats used in design?
In AutoCAD, .dwg file format is used for design, it can be an interchangeable format. The
file format which is interchangeable has the extension as DXF and operates data operability.
It provides different languages which can be used as per the requirement.
5) How you can create a user interface in AutoCAD?

User interface can be created by using the command prompts to draw the plots and dialog
boxes. The dialog boxes can be displayed by the use of PLOT command and the external
database commands (ASE). Setting of CMDDIA to 1, allows the dialog boxes to run the
command. The user interface creation also needs the command line to display the entire file
so that it can be edited or customized easily.
6) What is the function of vertical integration?
To enhance the architectural designing of 3D object AutoCAD uses the vertical integration
program. The 3D objects can include walls and other things that are associated with the data
having information and simple objects like lines and circles. The data is programmed in such

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a way that it represents only the architectural products and the extracted files, and can be
modified according to the requirement.
7) What is the use of variant in AutoCAD?
In AutoCAD variants are used to help in creation, visualizing and rendering the 3D models
that include 3D printing as well. Variants allow you to use the functionality of different
application according to the requirement.
8) What are the benefits of using AutoCAD?
AutoCAD has replaced the traditional method of drafting and designing which was made by
pencil, drafting boards, triangles and compass with just a set of a computer program. The
benefits are immense like:
 Saves time and helps to increase the productivity
 It helps to streamline your design and documentation workflow
 Physical ‘3D’ prototype of the design can be quickly created by using AutoCAD
 3D models can be directly imported into AutoCAD by using application like Solid
Works
 Tedious work of drafting can be done easily and you can design and re-design the
product in short span of time.

9) What is the process to draw a line more than one time and save it automatically?
When a need arises to draw a new line the process opens up a new file in a new session to
write the file. AutoCAD allows saving multiple drawing for each session. The files are saved
by using the file extension .dwg and it can be modified by using the browser.
10) What are the steps that enable the drag and drop feature in Autocad?
Autocad provides a way to drag and drop the elements by the use of “NOUN” and “VERB”
in a dialog box. It allows the object to move from one place to another. Likewise, the remove
or editing function can be done by using “MOVE and ERASE”.
11) What are the features corrected by AutoCAD?
AutoCAD detects the problem and correct it by removing the corruption with the drawing
parts. With the available option of adding additional vertices, it also adds vertices to the poly-
lines. The error can be corrected or neglected by finding out the exact location of the poly-line
that has zero vertices. The object can be deleted or removed after there is no use of it in the
system.
12) How to set up a default drawing directory?
Default drawing directory has sub directories having the information using the windows
commands. The applications, which are going to be used, are highlighted, and by using drag

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and drop features those application will be placed in the default directory. The properties for
the application are selected from the menu and dialog boxes displayed on the front.
13) How you can copy a closed drawing?
The copying of the closed drawing can be done by the designer center in the toolbar of the
Autocad. By using the tree view option the copy of closed drawing can be done easily. The
modification of the drawing can be done by using graphical interface.
14) How you can hide the specific layers when plotting in AutoCAD?

To hide the specific layers while plotting, you can use various options like turning off the
layers for plotting , freezing the layers and turning off. Turning off for plotting will show the
layers on the screen but won’t output on printing. The layers that are turned off will hide the
layers and also it will not appear on the screen.

15) What is the process of copying the dimension styles from one drawing to another in
AutoCAD?
Copying of dimension styles require setting up the particular dimension style. To copy a
dimension style, a new document has to be created. Once it is created, this document will be
saved as a drawing template. A new reference will be created by new drawing template
document and it will show all the options like layer style, units and blocks. Drawing can be
done by seeing the current drawing and dimension style would be same as the original picture.
By using the design center, Autocad tools can be used to copy the dimension styles from one
drawing to another.

16) How can you remove the empty layers from drawing?
The layers can be removed only when the object resides in the layers will be removed; once it
is removed it is an empty layer. The empty layers cannot be deleted by purge. It might be
because the layer is frozen on a viewport or referenced by an object in a block definition. By
using EXPORT command it is possible to remove the layer from drawing, which results in
creating a DXF file of the drawing. You can edit the dxf file in a text editor and rename all the
instances of layers in the file, except the layer definition.
17) Why AutoCAD WS is more popular among mobile users?
AutoCAD WS provides many option for mobile application developer like edit, view and
share. They can easily share the application wherever they go and can develop an application
in a matter of time. The application can be downloaded and installed from anywhere in the
world, ignoring the licensing problem. The users can save file in any format and can run the
application on any platform with ease.
18) How can you make a spring, spiral or screw thread?

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To make a spiral or screw thread use an AutoLISP routine such as spiral.1sp, it will create a
spiral path according to your need. Then you can use EXTRUDE command with a reference
object, using the spiral as the path. Also, there is another way you can do this, by using
Mechanical Desktop (MDT) or Autosurf by using augmented lines as path.
19) Tell me how you assign the keyboard characters or function keys to AutoCAD
commands?
By editing the ACCELERATORS section of the AutoCAD menu file we can assign keyboard
characters to AutoCAD commands.
20) How you can open a drawing file that was created with the automatic save features?
AutoCAD files have an extension of “.dwg” and will only open those files having this
extension. To open the drawing files you have to rename it, by using Explorer or DOS prompt
you can do that. If you are using EXPLORER you have to make sure that the option of “Hide
file extensions for known file types” is not enabled. After the file is copied you can rename
and use the OPEN command in Autocad to open the drawing.
21) What will you do when command prompts appear on the command line instead of
ASE dialog box and plot dialog box?
In Autocad, CMDDIA variable controls the display of dialog boxes. To enable these dialog
boxes you have to set CMDDIA to 1.
22) In Autocad, what is the command that is used to rotate the grid at 45 degress?
To rotate the grid at 45 degrees, command UCS is used.
23) In what situation command prompt appears instead of a dialog boxes?
If a file command is imported from a script or AutoLISP/ ObjectARX/ ADSRX a command
prompt appears instead of a dialog box.

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