GEC 105: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS REVIEWER 1

LESSON 1: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE FIVE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

- language can only be called a language if it has 1. PHONOLOGY

a system of rules (grammar), a sound system - The study of the pa erns of sounds in a
(phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). language and across languages.
- The sound system of the language
LANGUAGE
2. MORPHOLOGY
- Is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used by - The study of words, how they are
people for communica ng formed, and their rela onship to other
words in the same language.
SPEECH COMMUNITY - It analyzes the structure of words and
- When people use language, they can parts of words, such as stems, root
understand each other because they belong to words, prefixes, and suffixes.
the same speech community. 3. SYNTAX
- They can understand each other because in - The arrangement of words in sentences,
their speech community, people share the clauses, and phrases.
same set of rules in the language system. - The study of the forma on of sentences
and the rela onship of their component
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION parts.
- While growing up, people acquire the 4. SEMANTICS
languages used by those in the community. - The study of meanings in a language.
This is the process of language acquisi on. 5. PRAGMATICS
- The appropriate use of language in
MOTHER TONGUE different contexts
- The language acquired while growing up is
known as mother tongue, which may also be
referred to as first language. LESSON 2: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

SECOND LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION

- People discover later on that other languages - The term "Communica on" is from the La n
are needed for various reasons. These other word communicare which means "to share" or
languages may be referred to as second "to be in rela on with". Some suggest that it
languages. came from La n term communica o which
means "sharing" or "impar ng".
LANGUAGE LEARNING - Communica on is the process that involves the
exchange and development of ideas to
- People learn these languages by studying
achieve a par cular goal and purpose.
formally in school or informally on their own.
- Communica on occurs between two or more
This is the process of language learning.
people (the speaker and the receiver), various
LANGUAGE CONTACT context come into play
- Context is the circumstances or the
- What happening here is called language
environment where communica on take
contact. The result of such contact may be a
place.
new form of language.
TYPES OF COMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE
LANGUAGE CHANGE
A message may be conveyed via these types: verbal,
- Your own languages may also change as you
non-verbal, and visual.
constantly interact and communicate with
each other. Thus, language change is the result Though communica on is o en thought of as verbal,
of language contact. the non-verbal mode is equally essen al as it enhances
one’s message.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION VISUAL COMMUNICATION

▹ the sharing of informa on between two ▹ the transmission of informa on and ideas
individuals using words, spoken, wri en or using visuals
signed.
Examples: graphs and charts, diagrams, electronic
Why important? communica on symbols or images

1. We use verbal communica on to inform. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO

2. Verbal communica on helps to clarify CONTEXT
misunderstandings and provides missing
INTARPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
informa on.
3. Verbal communica on can also be used as a ▹ La n prefix intra- means within or inside.
tool of persuasion.
▹ Talking to oneself, Self talk or inner talk, inner
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists
call it: self-verbaliza on or self-statement.
▹ includes body language, such as gestures, facial
expressions, eye contact and posture ▹ The SPEAKER and LISTENER are one and the
same: YOU.
▹ Touch is a non-verbal communica on that
indicates a person’s feelings, level of comfort, ▹ Communica on process within an individual.
and illustrates personality characteris cs as
well. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

▹ The sound of our voice, including pitch, tone ▹ La n prefix inter- means between, among, and
and volume are also forms of non-verbal together.
communica on. ▹ An interac ve exchange takes place as
Why important? interpersonal communica on takes place.

1. Michael Argyle, in his book “Bodily ▹ This may occur in dyads or small group, also
Communica on,” iden fies five main func ons known as group communica on.
of non-verbal communica on: ▹ A communica on situa on is interpersonal if it
 to express emo ons, is meant to establish or deepen one’s
 communicate interpersonal rela onship with others.
rela onships,
 support verbal interac on, ▹ If the objec ve is to achieve something at the
end of the conversa on, it becomes
 reflect personality;
transac onal.
 perform rituals, such as gree ngs and
goodbyes. EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
2. Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D., in his paper, “The
Importance of Effec ve Communica on,” ▹ Involves the use of electronic media.
details how non-verbal communica on ▹ Since it is public in nature, speakers are
interacts with verbal communica on. We can, expected to be prepared when they speak,
 reinforce, making their language more formal.
 contradict,
 subs tute, ▹ This is probably the most popular form of
communica on nowadays. It includes all types
 complement or emphasize
of technology to send a message to a lot of
our verbal communica on with non-verbal
people. This includes email, twi er, facebook,
cues such as gestures, expressions and vocal
and instagram.
inflec on.
▹ Unlike before when it only called for the use of
television and radio, nowadays the descrip on
of extended communica on may be expanded
 as to include tele, audio, or phone  Usually professional se ngs, corporate
conferencing, video conferencing; skype calls mee ngs, conferences undergo in formal
and other technological means. pa ern.

▹ Your own thinking, behaviors and a tude may  In formal communica on, use of slang and
be influenced by other people and you may be foul language is avoided and correct
persuaded to take the views you hear. pronuncia on is required

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

▹ For an organiza on to be successful, a set of  done using channels that are in contrast with
rules should be made clear so that interac on formal communica on channels.
pa erns are established.
 It’s just a casual talk
2 Types of Organiza onal Structures
 Informal communica on helps in building
 FORMAL STRUCTURES rela onships.
- allows communica on to take place via
 In informal communica on use of slang
designated channels of message flow between
words, foul language is not restricted.
posi ons.
- It may be Downward, Upward, Horizontal, and  Usually, informal communica on is done
Crosswise communica on. orally and using gestures.
 INFORMAL STRUCTURES
- comes from unofficial channels of message LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES,
flow. PROCESSES, & ETHICS
- “Grapevine”
- Messages coming from the different levels COMMUNICATION MODELS
of the organiza on are transmi ed. Communica on models are systema c representa ons
- Occurs due to dissa sfac on of some of the process which helps in understanding how
employees to the superiors. communica on works. - Businesstopia (2018)
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
▰ Models show the communica on process
Communica on between or among people having metaphorically and in symbols.
different:
▹ Language ▰ They form general perspec ves on
▹ Religion communica on by breaking communica on
▹ Ethnicity from complex to simple and keep the
▹ Social status components in order.
▹ Professional background
▰ Communica on models can some mes
Gender difference also affects communica on.
encourage tradi onal thinking and
Individuals having different orienta ons communicate
stereotyping but can also omit some major
and interpret messages differently (par cularly
aspects of human communica on.
happens in non-verbal communica on).
▰ There are many conceptual models for human
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
communica on but in this lesson, you will be
PURPOSE & STYLE
exposed to only four:
FORMAL COMMUNICATION
▰ (1) Aristotle’s model; (2) Laswell’s model; (3)
 occurs in formal and official style. Shannon-Weaver’s model; and (4) David
Berlo’s model of communica on.
 certain rules, conven ons, principles and
authority lines are needed to be followed in
formal communica on.
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

▰ This is considered as the first model of

communica on and was proposed
before 300 B.C.

▰ It is also the most widely accepted

among all communica on models.

▰ Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech.

▰ It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.

▰ The Aristotle’s communica on model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role
in it and is the only one ac ve.

▰ It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience.

▰ The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communica on process one way,
from speaker to receiver.

▰ The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situa on (occasion).
The speech must be prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.

LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

▰ Harold Dwight Lasswell, the

American poli cal scien st states
that a convenient way to describe
an act of communica on is to
answer the following ques ons:
Who, Says What, In Which
Channel, To whom, and With
What Effect.

▰ The whole process of communica on begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message (what) using
a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) a erwards.

▰ The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the recipient
of the message.

▰ This model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the same components, Lasswell’s
also differs in that there are 5 variables involved, with the addi on of two: medium and effect.

SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

▰ In 1948, Shannon was an

American mathema cian,
Electronic engineer and
Weaver was an American
scien st

▰ Both of them joined together

to write an ar cle in “Bell
System Technical Journal”
called “A Mathema cal Theory of Communica on” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of
communica on”.
 ▰ This model is specially designed to develop into signals or binary data. It might also directly
the effec ve communica on between sender refer to the machine.
and receiver.
▰ Channel –Channel is the medium used to send
▰ Also, they find factors which affects the message. Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the
communica on process called “Noise”. machine used to convert signals or binary data
into message or the receiver who translates
▰ At first, the model was developed to improve
the message from signals.
the technical communica on. Later it’s widely
applied in the field of Communica on. ▰ Receiver (Des na on) –Receiver is the person
who gets the message or the place where the
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model
message must reach. The receiver provides
▰ Sender (Informa on source) – Sender is the feedback according to the message.
person who makes the message, chooses the
▰ Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like
channel and sends the message.
environment, people, etc. which does not let
▰ Encoder (Transmi er) –Encoder is the sender the message get to the receiver as what is sent.
who uses machine, which converts message
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

▰ David K. Berlo, a communica on theorist and ▰ M-Message - the substance that is being sent
consultant developed a model named as S-M- by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the
C-R Model of communica on in 1960 in his form of voice, audio, text, video or other
book “The process of communica on”. media.

▰ SMCR stands for sender of the message, sent ▰ C-Channel - the medium used to send the
through a channel or medium to a receiver. message. In mass communica on and other
forms of communica on, technical machines
▰ However, it was modified later on to include might be used as a channel like telephone,
noise, hence the acronym SMCRN. internet, etc. But in general communica on,
the five senses of a human being is the channel
▰ S –Sender - the source of the message or the for the communica on flow and it affects the
person who originates the message. The effec veness of the channel.
person or source sends the message to the
receiver. The following are the factor related to ▰ R- Receiver - the person who gets the message
sender and is also the same in the case of sent in the process. This model believes that
receiver. the thinking pa ern and all other factors
 men oned above must be in sync to that of the ETHICS
sender for the communica on to be effec ve.
The message might not have the same effect as ▰ Rules of behavior based on ideas about what is
intended if the receiver and sender are not morally good and bad. (Merriam-Webster
similar. The receiver must also have a very good Dic onary)
listening skill. Other factors are similar to that
of the sender. ▰ A set of moral principles that may be held by a
society, a group, or an individual
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION Both oral and wri en COMMUNICATION ETHICS

1. KNOW YOUR PURPOSE ▰ It emphasizes that morals influence the

2. KNOW YOUR TOPIC behavior of an individual, group, or
3. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE organiza on thereby affec ng their
4. ADJUST YOUR SPEECH TO THE CONTEXT communica on.
5. WORK ON THE FEEDBACK GIVEN TO YOU
▰ It is important to note that one's behavior
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION should be regulated by honesty, decency,
truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.

TO ACHIEVE ETHICAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Uphold integrity

2. Respect diverse perspec ves and privacy

3. Observe freedom of expression effec vely

4. Promote access to communica on

5. Be open-minded

6. Develop a sense of accountability

CODE OF ETHICS

It sets the standards to be observed by a

person or a company that will create a good reputa on
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN or a posi ve image not only for an individual but also
COMMUNICATION The 7 C’s for the organiza on.

1. CLEAR Observing a code of ethics is essen al as it

2. CONCISE determines the kind of behavior that is proper and
3. CONCRETE desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive.
4. CORRECT
5. COHERENT
6. COMPLETE
7. COURTEOUS