Nama : Daffa Dhiya Ulhaq

Kelas : A2/PBI/Semester 3/ Universitas Islam Nusantara/41032122191054

Matkul: Foundation Of Translating

Preliminary (Pendahuluan)
If we observe, the role of the translation activities and the contribution of the
translators is not small in the framework of the whole Indonesian human development. The
progress and development of our country will no longer depend on natural resources which
are shrinking day by day, but will greatly depend on the quality of its people. This human
quality improvement will only be possible if science and engineering are ours. In fact, we
know, the development of science and the latest technological sophistication is still widely
reported in foreign languages, especially English. Herein lies the importance of translating
science and technology into Indonesian, because of course not all of our citizens master the
foreign language. It is fitting that our representatives of the people state the importance of this
activity in the following Outlines of State Policy.
In order to develop and socialize knowledge and technology, should be
endeavored increased writing, translation, and dissemination books, scientific papers,
and research results in and abroad…”all of which must be done”… to increase
development and national capabilities in all fields as well speed up the update process,
towards its creation a developed and prosperous society. 1
He also stated that the writing and translation and procurement of these books
needed to be continuously increased in quantity and quality at a price that was
affordable to the public so that they would further support the advancement of the
world of education and science.
1 Upgrading Material of the 1945 Constitution, P-4, GBHN (Tap No .: II / MPR / 1988),
pages 134-137.

Supposedly, it is in this frame of mind that the translators carry out their duties
of service to the homeland and nation.
Currently there is a need for capable translators translating all science and
technology books advanced so that the development and benefits of science and the
technology can be read in Indonesian, we feel more and more. Even if it is now book
of translations, then that translation is translations is translations of religious books,
popular novels, and other entertainment books, many of which are published by
private parties. The publication of these translated books was barely coordinated, so
no wonder if we find a foreign book translated and published by two or even three
publishers, while many other books are important to Indonesian. Translation of
science books and engineering is also still very little, and usually used in a veru
limited environment, namely in campus environment. Such a stete is only shows that
the translation activity is real very intricate.
 In addition, we know that a good translation is a work of art. This is even more so
if the source language manuscript which it translates is in the form of a literary work
text or a text which is the result of high-value philosophical contemplation. Such a
manuscript demands a translation equivalent which must not only be of high value but
also of art.
Translating a source language manuscript and finding the equivalent in the target
language is not as easy as what people often think. Translating is synonymous with
communicating information, messages, or ideas, written by the original author, in the
language of the translation. In order to carry out this activity, of course, a special skill
is required. A bilingual or even an anekabahasaawan, who is skilled at using the
languages he is good at, is not necessarily able to translate one language into another.
It is not surprising if there are people who think that translating is an activity of both
science and art in all its ways.
In communicating the ideas of a source language writer, according to the basic
principles of communication science, there are at least three factors that must be
considered by a translator, namely the source of the message, the media used, and the
recipient of the message. The source of the message, of course, is written by an author
in the source language. The condition of the author of the message, the condition of
the environment in which the writer lives, the socio-cultural state of the community
where the writer is, the social status of the author, and others, will greatly affect the
quality of his written work. A good translator, apart from having to consider the above
factors, will also pay attention to who the writings he is translating are actually
dedicated to. After realizing and being able to determine for whom the essay was
written - whether for a large audience or for certain groups, for adult readers or for
children, for male or female readers - only then did he find a translation equivalent in
the target language. communicative as a medium for delivering the message
translation. To be able to reach such a process, it requires perseverance and the ability
to use the tools of translation knowledge, both practical and theoretical knowledge,
more specialized knowledge of midwifery in accordance with the field of the
translated text, as well as general knowledge which will be very useful in enriching
interpretation, understanding and subtlety in using the target language.
We all admit that it is not easy to communicate translated messages
communicatively, because each language shows its own specialties. For a good
translator, long before he decides to translate an essay, he has already compared the
two languages - the source language and the target language - to make the translation
process easier. The translator will pay attention to any features of the source language
and any shortcomings. Likewise, with the target language, what are the advantages of
the language and what are the drawbacks. This is based on the fact that - as stated
above - each language has certain features which may differ greatly from one another.
Each language has unique characteristics which can be the specialty of that language.
For example, the ability of a language to produce new words in accordance with the
development of science and technology, the ability of a language to form unique
groups of words or phrases, a language that has rich and varied discourse markers, a
language with distinctive language sounds and rhythms, and so on.
 Each language is rich in vocabulary and a variety of words according to human
experience and the development of the culture in which it grows and develops. In the
Malaysian language, for example, the English words train and radio have the
equivalent of the words train arrogant and air pour which are then replaced by the
words train and radio. If Indonesians know the words paddy field, rice, rice, unhulled
rice, and rice, then the British only know one rice. The English that develops in
British culture alone is different from the English that grows in American culture, for
example, the words called aeroplane, policeman, flat, and lift in British English are
named after aircraft, police officer, apartment, and elevator in English. American
English. Likewise, Indonesian and Malaysian, which are still closely related, have
different language elements. We are familiar with the words train, radio, bicycle, steel
tank, and chairs, for example, while for the same thing Malaysians call it Kereta
Sombong, tetuang udara,Kapal kebal, and kerusi - kerusi. Besides, every language has
its own way in determining the symbol system and its meaning. For example, the
graphic form [r a d i o] as an element in the Spanish vocabulary, we can translate it
into English with the translation equivalent of radio, radium, and radius.

2 See Ainon Muhammad, Application of The Theory of

Meaning in Translation (Part II), in the Language
Council, January 1982.
We can find the translation equivalent in English to friend, companion, or
comrade, while the translation equivalent for the English word emotion, among
others, we can determine whether feelings, passion, or the word emotion levies. For
an animal known as cat in Indonesian, in English it is called cat, in French it is called
chat, in German it is called katze, and in Spanish it is called gato. For a four-legged
animal that many humans like as a housekeeper, the English call it [dog] with the
graphic emblem of dog, the French call it [ci: n] with the graphic emblem chien, the
Germans say it [hund] with the graphic emblem hund, people The Spanish call it
[perro] with the graphic symbol perro, the Arabs pronounce it [kalbun] with the
graphic symbol, while the Indonesians call it [anjin] with the graphic symbol of dog.
If you can translate dogfood into Indonesian with the translation equivalent of dog
food, and doggy with a puppy or small dog then dogfight does not necessarily mean
dog fighting or dog wrestling, for example. The translation equivalent of dogfight
according to the English-Indonesian dictionary by Echols and Shadily is:
(1) a fierce fight;
(2) fighting between chasing chase planes.
Then, the words above have nothing to do with each other, for example, with the
word’s dogma (dogma or religious teachings), dogwood (a type of plant that usually
has red or white leaves), or doggerel (a prized rhyme). literature, junk poetry),
doggone
(Swearing, for example in I'll be doggone if I'm going to listen to your words' I
can go crazy if I want to listen to your words'; Doggone it! 'Insolent! Damn you!).
Then, the word dogged in the phrase dogged determination must be interpreted as a
steady decision, and the phrase I was dogged by bad luck must be interpreted as I am
being miserable. The word dogs in the sentence His house is going to the dogs means
that this house will soon collapse, and in He has gone to the dogs it means that He is
no longer alive; His life is out of order. Thus, each language has the ability to
determine its own symbol system and meaning. This fact is sometimes very difficult
for the translators. This fact also encourages the author to try to study theoretically the
problems that often arise in translating activities. In addition, another encouragement
is present because there is still a lack of literature on translation theories written in
Indonesian, especially essays with a sociolinguistic background. In fact, even the
simplest of efforts are very useful for those who wish to acquire knowledge and will.
This effort the authors do by realizing all the limitations and deficiencies that exist in
the author himself.
Initially, some of the discussions in this book were written in the form of freelance
essays which the author wrote on various academic occasions. However, the author
tries to collect it again and do a rewrite. So, be the book that you are holding. This
manuscript was later re-edited in Athens, Ohio, where the author continued his
graduate program in linguistics at Ohio University, United States.
Translation is divided into two parts: live translation and written translation. In
the discussion that follows, much emphasis is placed on the translation of writing. In
the first part, the definition and classification of translations is discussed. In the
second part, the author tries to examine the role of translation in nation building and
its contribution to the advancement of human civilization from a historical
perspective. Then, in the third part, the writer tries to describe the figure of a translator
and compare it with the figure of a bilingual. The fourth part discusses the symptoms
of interference in translating as well as the symptoms of integration in the enrichment
pattern of Indonesian vocabulary. The discussion of meaning systems as well as
several examples of cases concerning meaning is in the fifth section. And, in the sixth
part, the author tries to bring out the limitations in translating. And, finally, the
situation of translation in the business, industry and technology world is presented.
The author would like to thank the leadership of the Nusantara Islamic University
(UNINUS) Bandung, especially to the leadership of the Faculty of Letters UNINUS
Bandung, who have allowed the author to have the opportunity to stretch his thoughts,
write down ideas, to Ichie Farida Nurjaya who has helped many authors prepare this
book manuscript, and to friends and friends who cannot possibly be mentioned one by
one. May Allah SWT repay all the good that has been given.
 1.
TRANSLATION:
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION
“All translation is a compromise:
the effort to be literal and the effort to be idiomatic. “
Benjamin Jowett

1.1 Introduction

Translation is an activity that has become important for modern mankind; activities that
have not only belonged to translators, language teachers, linguists, or other language
enthusiasts, but have also provided a strong attraction for science experts - especially
those engaged in computer technology - and scientists another realm who realizes the
power of language as a medium that can monitor the rapid development of advanced
science and technology. This activity does not only occur in developing countries, which
continuously track the progress of modern science and technology, but also occurs in
developed countries which continue to compete fiercely in the discovery of the latest
science and technology.
Many books and articles on translation have been written by experts in a particular
branch of knowledge with various approaches according to their respective scientific
disciplines. There are experts who look from the side of art, literature, and culture, some
discuss it from the point of view of business and commerce, some do various researches
in computer programming so that the computer can automatically translate, and some are
specifically creating 'machines'. machine translators to help him transfer the necessary
information; So it is not surprising, from these various points of view, we recognize
various types of translation: literary translation, linguistic translation, cultural translation,
semiotic translation, factual translation, automatic translation, and others.
From the wide scope of the discussion of this science of translation, it seems very
reasonable to explore this little theory of translation from the point of view of linguistics.
1.2 Definitions

Broadly speaking, translation can be defined as all human activities in transferring a set of
information or messages - both verbal and non-verbal - from original information or
source information into target information. A technician who is installing certain
instruments like what is stated in the installation scheme is one example of a translation
activity or process. A mathematician who is formulating the ideas that are in his mind
into the language of mathematics is also an example of translation. In short, this
translation activity, in a broad sense, is all human activity in transferring meanings or
messages, both verbal and non-verbal, from one form to another.
On a daily basis, in a narrower sense and scope, translation is usually defined as a
process of transferring messages contained in the first language text or source language
with their equivalents in the second or target language. . The source language - also
known as the original language or the original language - is the language used by the
original author in expressing messages, ideas or information, which then become the
material that we will translate. Meanwhile, the target language is the translated language
in which the messages, ideas and information of the authors of the original language are
written.
The word text (text) in the above sense must be interpreted rather broadly. Text can be
the most complete language unit and can also be very abstract, which can be manifested
in both spoken and written language in the form of words, a series of words, phrases,
clauses, sentences, or paragraphs that carry and provide a complete message. Text is also
commonly defined as discourse (discourse), which is the most complete unit of language
that can take the form of a complete composition in the form of a short story, a novel, a
book, a clopedia's content, an encyclopedia volume, and so on. Basically, the text is the
'material' or text that we will translate.
The equivalent - equivalent or analogue in English - seems to have to be interpreted more
broadly in the above definition. The equivalent here does not only concern the formal
equivalent of language in the form of word for word, phrase by phrase, or sentence per
sentence, but also the equivalent meaning, both the central meaning and the extended
meaning or situational meaning, (denotative meaning) and connotative meaning or
figurative meaning (figurative meaning or transfered meaning), or grammatical meaning
or structured meaning, which are basically meanings that do not damage the ideas and
messages contained in the source language.
In addition, the translation equivalent must be expressed naturally in the target language
by paying close attention to the rules of the translation language, so that the reader of the
translation can enjoy his reading and forget for a moment that what he is reading is
actually a mere translation. This translation equivalent is what Nida and Taber - two
experts who often conduct research on translation together - call it dynamic equivalence.
In their book The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969) they say that:
Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the
receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same
manner as the receptors in the source languages

He said that the response given by his readers to the translated manuscript was as much as
possible with the response to the source language, so that for readers who understand the
original language, the impression generated by the translation is more or less the same.
J.C. Catford - also an expert in the field of translation - argues that in line with the
linguistic approach, the first and foremost thing that must be done in translating activities
is how we can find translation equivalents in the form of equivalent words, phrases,
clauses, sentences, and elements. elements of the source language in the target language.
Furthermore, Catford provides limits on translation as

"... the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in
another"4
With this structural approach, Catford made the translators aware that the two languages
that were being handled by the translators - the source language and the target language
actually always had a reciprocal relationship even though the relationship did not always
have to be symmetrical. That is, the two languages - no matter how very different the
structure of their language is and also the culture of the people who speak the language and
who are geographically located in very far apart areas - must have a translation equivalent, as
long as both languages are human languages. But because the two languages grow and
develop in two different cultural areas, it is only natural that one word or group of words
from the source language does not have an accurate translation equivalent in the meaning of
the target language. If indeed in the target language there is no translation equivalent of a
word or group of words, the translators do not need to worry that the translation will turn out
to be a 'bad' translation because besides there are limitations caused by cultural factors or
cultural untranslatability, it is also possible the emergence of constraints caused by linguistic
factors or linguistic untranslatability as will be discussed more specifically in chapter six of
this book.

3. Nida, E.A. & Charles R. Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden: E.J.
Brill, page 24.
4. Catford, J.C. 1978. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University
Press, page 22.

If two languages are always said to have a two-way relationship, then translation as a
process is always unidirectional: always done from the source language into the target
language. The implication is that if the source language text which has been converted into
the target language is then re-translated into the source language, then the translation will not
be correct in the original language. However, the work of re-translating a manuscript that has
been translated into the source language is a waste of time and of course a waste of time.
Such translators are only done to show that translation can only be done in one direction:
from the source language into the target language; and to show that the intertwined
relationship of the source language and the target language does not always have to produce a
translation equivalent that has the right meaning.
In line with Catford's opinion above, Ian Finlay - also an expert in his field - expresses his
opinion that carrying out translation activities is tantamount to presenting a source language
text in another language.

"... a presentation of a text in a lan guage other than that in which it was originally
written"5

According to Finlay, translation does not have to pay attention in detail to

matters relating to the form of the language. Most importantly, whether the
presentation of the text in the target language shows the same message and
impression, or at least is close to, or not, the text of the source language. If they are
the same, the translation must be a good translation, and if not, it can be categorized
as a bad translation. However, keep in mind that no translation can capture all the
messages and impressions of the source language in full.

Meanwhile, another expert, J. Levy (1967), emphasizes the creative process of a

translator. Thus, translators are given the freedom to interpret the source language
and then look for a suitable translation equivalent in the target language. In the
Translation as a Decision Process (1967), Levy says that the translation is

"... a creative process which always leaves the translator a freedom of choice between several
equivalent equivalent possibilities of
realizing situational meaning. "

According to Levy, translation activities are activities that are

5 Finlay, Ian F. Translating. London: The English University Press, 1971, page 1.a
challenge that not only requires translators to have a broad knowledge of the
language and culture of both the source and target languages, but also spurs the
creativity of translators to choose one of the many alternative translation
equivalents.

As an effort to transfer messages in the source language symbol system with their
equivalent in the target language, Leonard Forster reminded that in the translation process
it is very difficult for translators to separate the message content from its form - the
symbol system. Language is a combination of a system of symbols and a system of
meaning, and the two are not easily separated. In translation, according to Forster,
translators are required to be able to transfer both the content and the form. However,
such work is very difficult work - if not impossible. Forster said that:

"... translation as the transference of the content of a text from one language into
another, bearing in mind that we cannot always dissociate the content from the form ...".

We can conclude that in translating the most important thing is the transfer of the
message or meaning of the source language into the target language and, wherever
possible, adapting its form and expressing it as naturally as possible, as also stated by
Nida and Taber below.
“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style (1969: 1).”

Following the opinion of Nida and Taber above, translators must be able to find a
natural source language equivalent, both its meaning and style of expression. However,
different forms of disclosure do not make a translation work fail completely as long as the
messages that the author wants to convey in the source language can be conveyed
properly. We all realize that not all the elements of a language can be presented or get
their equivalent translation in another language. This is because, as stated above, there are
certain differences that arise from the differences in the socio-cultural institutions in
which these languages grow and develop, which in turn creates certain limitations in the
translation process. If we look further, the use of one language in a monolingual
community is of course sufficient and perfect as a means of communication between
members of that community. However, if we compare this group of language people with
other groups that use a different language - which is also a perfect communication and
interaction tool for that group - the existence of the language elements they use will be
very different from one another. This difference, which was initially caused by
differences in the life system of language users, will give birth to differences in language
and its varieties. It is these differences that can be a major obstacle for translators. Ideally,
a translator should be able to impress the reader in such a way that the reader of the
translation does not realize that they are actually reading the translated text. But because
of the limitations above, and also the differences - whether different in the giving of
meaning to a symbol, the giving of a symbol to an object, or the way the symbols are
arranged to form a certain structure - it is unlikely that it will be easy to become an ideal
translator. the. Especially if the translators are still required to be faithful to the style of
speech of the source language script writers. However, armed with adequate translation
knowledge accompanied by long exercises, everyone will acquire good translation skills
and overcome any obstacles that arise in the translation process.
1.3 Classification
In general, translation activities are divided into two parts: oral and written
translation activities. Live translation and written translation are two very different
activities that require different specific skills. In oral translation, the translator is required
to be skilled at transferring language and speech directly, quickly, and precisely, without
being given the opportunity to fix the language elements and speech that is wrong or the
translation is incorrect. An oral translator is required to be able to speak fluently and
fluently, both in the source language and in the target language, knowledgeable, and able
to interpret what the speakers say. Therefore, a spoken translator is usually known as an
interpreter - taken from English to interpret which means interpreting or translating. To be
a good interpreter requires a long training and deep experience because not only must he
become a translator but also, he must be an adept interpreter, two activities that are similar
but not the same.
In translating the written text, the translator is still given the opportunity to correct the
elements of the language that are wrong or what he thinks are not the correct translation
equivalents. Fluency in speaking of a written translator is not an absolute requirement.
Passive mastery of both languages - source language and target language - is not a barrier
to becoming a good written translator.
Robert Lado (1961: 33) divides the translation of this paper into two types, namely factual
translation and literary translation6.

(a) Factual translation

Factual translation is a type of translation that transfers a set of factual information from one
language to its equivalent in another. The purpose of this translation is to be able to provide
information and explanations (facts) in other languages. This translation can be found in the
translation of agreements, translating news in newspapers, radio and television, translating
books, translating a booklet, translating the rules for the use of translation drugs to promote
the use of a certain commercial product, or translating for the purpose’s other commercial
interests.
Consider an example of translating a book below:

A speech community is one, all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and
the norms community may be, as small as a single closed interaction network, all of
whose members regard each other in but a single capacity (Fishman, 1972: 22).

A speech society is a society in which all its members have together at least one type of
speech and norms for a usage whose usage is suitable. A speech society can be as narrow as a
closed network of interactions, all of its members consider each other to be in one capacity
(A. Chaedar Alwasilah, 1985: 42-43).
Also, consider the example of translating instructions for using drugs below:
 “Direction for use: Mix the contents of 1 sachet with 1/2 glass (+ 100 cc) of boild water.
Take twice daily, each time 1 sachet. Add a few drops of lemon juice and sugar. Stir and
drink with the grounds. For children take half of the sachet.”
6 Robert Lado. Language Testing. London: Longmans, 1961.
“How to use: One pack is brewed with boiling water 1/2 cup (+ 100 cc). Drink twice
a day, 1 pack each time. Give a little lime juice and sugar. Drunk with the dregs To children
drink 1/2 pack.”
Or the following example of translation:
Important English
Please ensure that your baggage is correct before leaving the air terminus.

French Attention
Messieurs les passagers sont pries de verifier leurs bagages avant de quitter l'aerogare.

Achtung German
Uberzeugen Sie sich bitte, dass Sie Ihr eigenes Gepack haben, bevor Sie dieses Gebaude
verlassen.

Importante Spanish
Around los senores pasajeros controlen su equipaje antes de salir de esta estacion
terminal.
If we look further, in the example of translating the book above, a definition of a
language-speaking society is presented with a complex source language sentence. The
translator realizes that if the sentence is translated into a sentence in the target language, the
sentence will become very complicated, and may not even be understood at all. Therefore, the
translator tries to simplify the sentence structure of the target language and dissect it into two
sentences which are still somewhat difficult for the reader's understanding of the definition.
In the example of translating ways to use drugs, the translator can translate word for word
because the sentence structure of the source language is not too difficult. It's just that you
need to pay attention not to translate wrong. The wrong translation will not only be
misleading but will also harm the reader. In the example of translating announcements or
warnings that are usually posted in public places such as at terminals or at airports, what is
important here is the translator's skills to present the translation language in concise and
simple sentences so that readers who do not know and understand foreign languages for him
will get clarity of information.
In short, it can be said that this type of factual translation is as concise as possible,
simple, reasonable, and not misleading. The wrong translation will not only be misleading
(purpose or mind) but will also endanger the life of the reader.
(b) Literary Translation

This type of translation is translation for artistic and literary interests, such as
translation of prose, poetry, drama or opera, picture stories, films, and so on. In this literary
translation, the translator is usually very loyal to the form of disclosure of the source
language, apart from of course the content of the message of the source language text and the
impression generated by the text. The translator is required to be able to pick up on the
nuances and vibrations of the feelings conveyed in the source language which is usually
packaged in the implied language; So it is only natural that some people argue that not
everyone (translators) can translate poetry or prose. It seems that the translation of a poem
should indeed be carried out by a poet, translation of prose by writers, translation of drama
scripts by playwrights, and so on, because it is they who can better understand the world of
art and literature. Consider the following examples of translating the short poem of D. H.
Lawrence, the famous English novelist and poet, below:
Am I lost? Has death set me apart?
Beforehand?
Have I crossed
That border?
Have I nothing in this dark land?
Kalahkah aku ? Maut telah memisahkan diriku
Terlebih dahulu ? Telah kulewatikah
Perbatasan itu ?
Tiadakah aku punya sesuatu pun di tanah ini ?
(Wiratmo Soekito, in Kartini magazine number 233).

Also consider the example of translating the illustrated story Hi and Lois by Mort
Walker and Dick Brawne below:

Daddy I hope we didn't miss it!

Mudah-mudahan tidak terlambat!
Chip Me too!
Mudah-mudahan tidak!
TV Now Watson steps to the 17th tee
Kini Watson menuju ke tee-17
Daddy Ah, we just made it !
Kita tepat sekali!
TV The 17th hole is a par four, with a dagles left ...
 Lubang ke-17 adalah par keempat, tinggal sedikit ...
Mom Hi, could I see you for minute?
Hi, bisa bicara sebentar saja?
Dad/Hi Sure, what do you need?
Tentu, apa yang kau perlukan?
Mom I'm paying bills in the diningroom and I need to ask about a couple of checks stubs
Aku sedang membayar rekening-rekening di kamar makan dan ingin menanyakan tentang
beberapa
potong cek
Daddy Speaking of money, Chip, did you pay Dot back that two dollars?
Berbicara tentang uang, Chip, apakah kau sudah membayar kembali uang dua dollar yang
kau pinjam dari
Dot?
Chip No
Belum
Mom Well, do it right now before you forget
Nah, bayarlah kembali sekarang sebelum lupa Daddy We'll
return right now after these commercial messages!
Kami akam kembali sebentar lagi sesudah pesan-pesan komersial ini!
(in Femina magazine in March 1982)
In the example of translating the poem above, the translator has succeeded in transferring
both the form of the poetry and the message contained in it. Although the meaning of a poem
is very subjective, as is the meaning of a piece of poetry above, it is as if the translator is
brought to equate the taste and meaning in the poem. In the second translation, the sense of
humor or humor that is implied in the source language has been captured and transferred into
the translated language by the translator.
In short, literary translation is more concerned with the beauty of language besides of course
the sharpness of the meaning of the source language text. This mistake in literary translation
would be neither misleading nor dangerous. It's just that the translation will make readers
who know the source language smile wryly. More broadly, Roman Jakobson (in Nida, 1964:
3) divides this translation activity into three classes:

(a) Intralingual Translation

Intralingual translation is a translation that is done in and with respect to one particular
language, namely the translation of the language variations found in that language. For
example, the translation of one dialect into another in the same language, the translation of a
dialect into the standard language or the opposite, the translation of registers or various
languages of certain disciplines into a more 'general' language, the transfer of krama forms
into krama Inggil or ngoko and vice versa, in Javanese regional language, or translating
'rough' language into 'lemes' in Sundanese regional language, and so on.

(b) Interlingual Translation

In interlingual translation, there is a transfer of messages contained in a (foreign) language

with their translation equivalents in another language that have completely different
characteristics, characters and structures. For example, translating an English text into
Indonesian, translating a French text into English, translating Indonesian discourse into
regional languages (Aceh, Batak, Javanese, Maluku, Makassar, Sundanese, etc.), or vice
versa. .

(c) Intersemiotic Translation

In intersemiotic translation, there is a transfer of messages from a symbol system or sign

system into a language or into another. For example, translating the hand movements of a
police pack who are controlling traffic on the highway into words, translating certain codes or
certain schemes into a language (both spoken and written), or the reverse, extracts the spoken
language. or writing in the form of certain schemes or codes, or in other forms. As has been
done in several television broadcasters in developed countries, on Dutch television, for
example, when the announcer is reading the news, in the corner of the television screen there
are finger movements which are the sign language for hearing impaired viewers. These finger
movements are a translation or some other form of the announcer's spoken language. 7
7 Terima kasih kepada Prof. Dr. Yus Rusyana atas contoh ini.

J.C. Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1978) describes this translation theory
from a general linguistic point of view and then divides it into three general categories as
follows:

The first is translation which is based on the breadth of the source language to be translated.
That is, how far the elements of the source language can be translated into the target
language, whether all parts of the source language text can be transferred or only certain parts
can be transferred into the target language. Thus, this translation is further divided into two
parts:

(1) Full Translation

In this full translation or full translation, the entire source language text is fully translated,
that is, every part of the source language text is transferred with its equivalent in the target
language.
(2) Partial Translation

In this type of partial translation, there are certain parts or parts of the source language that
are not translated. In fact, there are certain parts that are simply transferred and then
combined with the translation language. In literary translation, many of these types of
translation are found. Some vocabularies are deliberately not translated and simply combined
with the translated language. The reason why there are elements of the source language that
are not translated is usually because the vocabulary of the source language cannot be
translated or cannot find the most appropriate translation equivalent in the target language.
Other reasons are for certain purposes, for example, to maintain the 'original color', or to
provide a pure taste of the source language in the translation language. In this case, there can
also be loan translation or loan translation, which is the use of elements of the source
language in the target language by providing changes in the writing that are adjusted to the
pronunciation and grammar of the target language. For example, because Indonesian does not
have a translation equivalent for the word management, there are several translators who
determine the equivalent translation into management, management, management, and some
even pick it up as management but still pronounce / meneijemen /. Likewise, with other
words, complex from complex, television from television, frequency from frequency, relative
from relative, temperature from temperature, and so on. The process of transference of the
vocabulary of the source language into the target language itself is an easy shortcut to do. But
in reality, the problem is more complex than is often thought. More specifically, this
transference process will be discussed in the fifth part of this book.

The difference between a full translation and a partial translation does not lie in the difference
in linguistic elements but only in how many of the source language texts were translated.
The second is the type of translation which is based on any linguistic elements or fields of
the source language which we will translate; whether all the fields of linguistics (fields of
graphology, phonology, morphology, lexical and syntax) that we translate, or only certain
fields. Thus, we also recognize the types of translation: translating graphology, translating
phonology, translating lexical or translating vocabulary, translating morphology, and so on,
which can be broadly expressed by two terms: translation of vocabulary and translation of
grammar. This translation class is then divided into two parts, namely:

(1) Complete translation

Complete translation or total translation is a type of translation that removes all linguistic
elements, namely the replacement of grammatical elements and vocabulary of the source
language with the translation of the grammar and vocabulary of the target language,
accompanied by replacing phonological and graphological elements of the source language
by phonology and graphology of the target language
In languages that use the same letter or graphology and sound system or phonology - for
example, English and Indonesian which both use Latin letters and with sound systems that,
although there are some that are different, are relatively the same - the transfer of elements
These graphology and phonological elements are not looking for their equivalents, because
there is almost no translation process for these elements. Even if there is, of course,
phonologically, the form of the source language and target language is the same or almost
equivalent, so that there is a match in the replacement of the sound and grammar of the
source language in the target language. In languages that use a different grammar, for
example, Arabic, Kawi, and Russian, when we translate these languages, then naturally there
will be a graphological translation. Deliberate attempts at transposing the phonology of the
source language with its translation equivalents in the target language - although rare in this
complete translation - were also undertaken. For example, in dubbing in films and also in
poetry translations.
What we know as translating or translating - in the everyday sense - is actually this type of
complete translation, even though this word finished can be ambiguous, vague, and
misleading, because even though complete translation does occur, it does not all elements of
the source language can get their translation equivalent in the target language.
(2) Limited Translation

In limited translation or restricted translation, there is a replacement of only one element in

the source language with its equivalent in the target language. In this limited translation, the
translator only transfers elements of graphology, phonology, vocabulary, or grammar into
graphology, phonology, vocabulary, and grammar of the target language.
Although translating graphology and phonology can also be done, this activity is not
strictly a translation activity, an activity that is limited to transferring one element of a text
without including vocabulary translation and grammar translation. In other words, the
translation must also involve a translator of vocabulary and grammar.
This limited translation is then divided into several parts as follows:

(a) Translated Phonology

In this phonological translation or phonological translation, the phonemes of the source

language are replaced with their equivalents in the target language without changes in
grammar and vocabulary.
This phonological translation is often deliberately performed by actors, film stars, theater,
drama and opera actors in imitating foreign accents or accents of a particular dialect. For
example, a film player who comes from the Sundanese tribe must imitate the Batak language
accent because he plays a role in the film as a Batak. Even though it can be done, it is very
rare that there are players who can perform this phonological translation properly and
consistently with the language rules of the foreign language or regional language dialect. In a
good character player, this phonological translation can occur only partially or only in certain
parts.
The appearance (performance) of a person who is learning a language - especially a foreign
language - who always makes mistakes in the pronunciation and pronunciation of elements of
that language, can be a concrete example of translating phonology.
(b) Translating Graphology
In this graphological translation or graphological translation, a graph or grapheme - which
is the smallest unit that is distinctive in a script system - is replaced by the graphic equivalent
of the target language without the transfer of other elements, unless there are changes that
also involve accidental diversion of vocabulary and grammar.
This graphological translation is deliberately done for certain purposes, for example, to
produce certain types of letters or typography. This translation also often happens
accidentally to a foreign language student who is learning to write that language.
This graphological translation must be distinguished from transliteration (transliteration),
which is the process of transferring graphics that involves translating phonology at the end of
the translation. This transliteration process can be described as follows: one graphical unit of
the source language is replaced by the phonological units (phonemes) of the source language.
Then, the phonological units are transferred to their equivalent phonological units of the
target language, only then are the phonological units of the target language replaced by the
graphological units of the target language. Note the transliteration process on page 43 below.
This phonological translation and graphological translation, which still requires a more in-
depth discussion, must be included in the translation theory because this type of translation
will really help to give 'color' to the equivalent conditions of translation and will also greatly
assist a more complex translation process.
┌─────────┐ ┌──────────┐
│ Graphics │ │ Graphics │
│ language │ │ language │
│ source │ │ target │
└───┬─────┘ └────┬────┘
││
┌───┴─────┐ ┌────┴─────┐
│ phoneme │ │ phoneme │
│ language │ │ language │
│ source │ │ target │
└───┬─────┘ └────┬─────┘
│ ┌────────────┐ │
│ │ process │ │
└─────────> ┤ transfer ├──────────────┘
└────────────┘

(c) Grammatical Translation

In this grammatical translation, there is a transfer of the grammar of the source language with
its equivalent grammar of the target language without being accompanied by a transfer of the
vocabulary of the source language. Thus, in this grammatical translation only occurs the
replacement of grammatical elements or language structures, without transferring other
language elements.

(d) Vocabulary Translation

In the translation of vocabulary or lexical translation, there is also a transfer of the vocabulary
of the source language with the equivalent vocabulary of the target language without being
accompanied by the transfer of grammar elements or other language elements.
The two types of translation above - grammatical translation and vocabulary translation - are
difficult and rarely occur because of the very close connection and connection between the
elements of grammar and vocabulary. In an effort to demonstrate the differences in grammar
and vocabulary of the two languages - in the process of language learning - these two types of
translation are usually carried out. As with the translation of phonology and translating
graphology, this type of translation also still needs more detailed discussion.
The third is a translation class that is related to linguistic ranks, both in phonological and
grammatical hierarchies.
As we have discussed above that in translation, we can find translation equivalents in the
form of word for word, phrase by phrase, clause per clause, sentence by sentence and so on
which can then be followed by a restructuring process, namely structural changes. the result
of the transformation of the source language into the target language, into a more suitable and
reasonable stylistic form in the target language. This alignment can be done because often
word for word translation and even literal translation feels 'uncomfortable' to read. In order to
better meet the demands of certain groups of readers, it is also necessary to make adjustments
and adjustments as long as they do not increase or decrease the message content of the source
language.
Thus, in this complete translation, the translation process can occur at all levels of language,
whether it is the level of words, groups of words, clauses, sentences, and so on. However, it
can also happen that translation is limited to one level only. We know this type of translation
as bound translation. The opposite of this bound translation is free translation, which is a
translation that is not bound to only one particular level. So, the word level, for example, does
not have to get a translation equivalent at the word level anymore, the clause level does not
have to get a translation equivalent at the clause level again, and the sentence level is not
obliged to get a translation equivalent at the sentence level again in the target language.
Based on the language level, this translation is divided into two, namely:

(1) Bound Translation

This bound translation or rankbound translation is a type of translation that is limited in

particular to translation at the word and morpheme level, namely the replacement of the
vocabulary and morphemes of the source language with their equivalent vocabulary and
morphemes of the target language. In this type of bound translation usually does not
occur at a level higher than the level of words and morphemes. The term translated word
for word or word for word translation which we are very familiar with, automatically falls
into this type of bound translation. Although this type of word-for-word translation is
often a 'bad' translation because the translator is too imposing on the use of word
equivalents that do not match the contextual meaning, this translation is usually used for
certain purposes, for example, in poetry translation, or in translation for attempts to
demonstrate the difference between the source language and the target language in the
language learning process.

(2) Free Translation

Free translation or unbounded translation is a type of complete translation that is not

limited by an attachment to translation at a certain level. This type of translation is always
at a level higher than the level of words and morphemes, it can even be broader than the
level of the sentence.
Translation of a sentence in a source language that is difficult to translate word for word
or literally, can produce a translation equivalent in the target language consisting of
several sentences that can form a translation paragraph, depending on the interpreter's
interpretation and the linkage of the sentence to the concepts contained in the source
language overall. Or, the translation occurs because the source language is so complex
that one sentence in the source language keeps a long message and requires several
equivalent sentences, both as sentences that are considered to be equivalent in meaning or
as explanatory sentences that provide additional information on the concept being
translated.
The term that we are familiar with as free translation, of course, belongs to this type of
translation. Another term that is also quite known as a literal translation or literal
translation is between the two translation poles above: word for word translation and free
translation. In this literal translation, translation is usually carried out first word for word
so that the translation language is still 'raw' and then changes are made by adding or
subtracting words that are deemed necessary to be added or subtracted, and alignment of
structures that are deemed to deviate from linguistic regulations target language.
However, because it usually starts with word for word translation, this literal translation
tends to be the same or almost the same as word for word translation, that is, sometimes
the messages contained in the source language are not distracted or even changed at all
and are often misleading.
Savory (1968) in his book The Art of Translation calls this literal translation as faithful
translation, translating 'loyal'. He argues that a translator must be faithful to the original
text and therefore the original form of the source language must be preserved. The
translator must be aware that he is only a translator, not a script writer, or an adaptation.
The translator is only a medium that becomes a bridge for other people's thoughts. Thus,
the form and sentence structure of the source language is preserved wherever possible.
The translation of idiomatic expressions seems to be translated freely. This translator -
what Savory calls idiomatic translation - prioritizes messages over the form of translation,
and the translators try to free themselves from the form and structure of the source
language.
The example of translation below is the translation of an idiomatic expression from
English as the source language which is then translated into French and Indonesian, using
the techniques of word for word translation, literal translation, and free translation (see
also Catford, 1978):

Source language: It's raining cats and dogs

Bahasa sasaran: Il est pleuvant chats et chiens
Ini ada(lah) sedang hujan kucing-kucing dan anjing-anjing
(terjemah kata per kata)

Il pleut des chats et des chiens

Ada(lah) hujan kucing dan anjing
(terjemah harafiah)

Il pleut a verse
Hujan yang sangat lebat
(terjemah bebas)

From the translation language above, we can see that in the first translation process which
was carried out word for word, there was word for word transference without paying
attention to the rules of the target language besides not paying attention to the relationship
of the sentence with the world of reality or the world of meaning. This translation is
clearly an incorrect translation and still requires another interpretation because the
equivalent translation is out of the intended meaning or message. The second translation
is a literal translation with some changes and adjustments to the rules demanded by the
target language, but still the result comes out of the message the source language wants to
convey (where it rains cats and dogs!). Only the third translation equivalent, which is
freely translated, is in accordance with the meaning and purpose of the source language
expression.
The English greeting expression How are you? for example, also cannot be translated
word for word or literally, because such translation will only result in a translation that
deviates from its true meaning. Such expressions must be freely translated.
Bahasa sumber : How are you ?

Bahasa sasaran: Bagaimana ada(lah) anda?

(terjemah kata per kata)

Bagaimana keadaan anda?

(terjemah harafiah)

Apa kabar?
(terjemah bebas)

In closing, let us examine some of the advantages - and of course the drawbacks - of the
three types of translation techniques that we are very familiar with. Some of the
advantages that appear in the word for word translation technique can be mentioned,
among others:

1. The source language will remain visible even though the entire text of the translation
remains in the target language. In other words, we can just make a translation of English
structures, for example, with Indonesian vocabulary. This type of translation will help
foreign language teachers a lot in teaching the different structures and elements of a
(foreign) language with their own language.
2. This translation is commonly used to translate the holy bible, prayers, incantations,
incantations, certain poems, and other expressions of wisdom which are considered
hidden in their supernatural powers, and if the text is freely translated, the wisdom
contained in it will be lost.
3. Word-for-word translation will be easy to do and, thus, the translators can carry out
their duties quickly and productively.

The most striking weaknesses of this type of translation are:

1. This translation puts more emphasis on the form and not the message the author wants
to convey in the source language. In this type of translation we will often find translation
equivalents that are wrong and even misleading. If the text that we translate is a text of
instructions for doing something, the possibility of being wrong and going astray is very
high.
2. Translation by transferring word by word is often incomprehensible even though
structurally, the translation is subject to the grammar of the target language. Therefore, in
order to provide clarity on what he translated, translators often provide footnotes on the
blurred passages. And, usually these additional notes are very annoying to the reader.
3. A person who does this work is not actually a translator. He is a transformer, that is,
someone who changes the form of the source language with its equivalent in the target
language.

In literal translation, the things that are the advantages of this type of translation are:

1. The form or structure of the translation language is usually very similar to the form or
structure of the source language. In addition, literal translators are usually very concerned
about the shape and structure of the target language, so that they act not only as a
transformer, but also as a message translator and aligner of the target language.
2. The style of translation is usually similar to that of the source language, so that readers
of this translation can enjoy the writing style of the original author.
The weaknesses that often appear in this type of translation include:
1. This translation still emphasizes the form or sentence structure of the target language.
Thus, the message in the text tends to be sidelined.
2. The translation results are sometimes stiff and too forced. This can be caused by the
differences between the source language and the target language that are too far away.
When a translator switches the source language, the form desired by the source language
is not in the target language. The translator then imposes this form, giving rise to rigidity
and compulsion of the target language form. This rigidity and compulsion also result in
the destruction of the message to be conveyed.
3. Because of this rigidity and compulsion, this translation is not a pleasant translation to
read.
In free translation, we will find things that are the advantages of this type of translation,
including:
1. Anything that the source language text wants to convey is very much considered in this
translation. This is based on the assumption that what must be translated is the content of
the text, not the form. Therefore, a free translator will endeavor with all its resources to
convey all messages and messages contained in the source language.
2. Because the free translator wants to convey all the messages in the source language
manuscript, all the power and abilities and creativity of the translator are really tested. As
a result, the results of the translation can be the ideas and experiences of the original
language writer coupled with the ideas and experiences of the translator himself.
3. The results of the translation can be interesting and easy to read because the translator
really cares about all the rules of the language of the target language in addition to
prioritizing the message that must be conveyed.
The weaknesses that may arise in this type of translation include:

1. If the translator does his job too freely, then he has deviated from his job as a
translator. This way of working is commonly referred to as adapting work, and people
who do it are called adapters.
2. Readers will not be able to enjoy the original author's writing style and usually the
translation style is the translator's own style.
3. Readers are usually no longer able to distinguish between the original author's ideas
and which are the additional ideas of the translator himself because the translators have
too 'mixed up' with the ideas and messages of the author's source language. For novice
translators, this type of translation will be difficult to do because it requires sufficient
creativity, ability, skills and experience.

These are the advantages and disadvantages of the three ways of translating: word for
word, literal, and free. Hopefully readers can benefit from the above opinion.