welcome

OBSERVATION

Submitted to: Mam Irum Mushtaq.

Submitted by: Fatima Ihsan & Pasban
Mehdi
Roll No: 05 & 09
 Overview
 Introduction
 Meaning
 Definition
 Why to observe?
 Characteristics
 Types of observation
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Observation Tools And Recording Devices
 Introduction
• The observation method is most commonly used
method in behavioral science.
• Observation becomes a scientific tool and the
method of data collection for the researcher, when
it serves a formulated research purpose, is
systematically planned and recorded and is
subjected to checks and controls on validity and
reliability.
• It is also a process of recording the behavior
patterns of people, objects, and occurrences
without questioning or communicating with them.
 Meaning
Observation means viewing or seeing. We go on

observing some thing or other while we are awake. Most

of such observations are just casual and have no specific

purpose. But observation as a method of data collection is

different from such casual viewing.

 Definition
• Gorman and Clayton define observation studies as those that
“involve the systematic recording of observable phenomena or
behavior in a natural setting”
• MARSHALL and ROSSMAN (1989) define observation as "the
systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social
setting chosen for study" (p.79).
• Observations enable the researcher to describe existing situations
using the five senses, providing a "written photograph" of the
situation under study (ERLANDSON, HARRIS, SKIPPER, &
ALLEN, 1993).
 Why to observe ?
 Observation allows the researcher to study people in their 'natural
setting' without their behavior being influenced by the presence of a
researcher.
 Observational data usually consists of detailed information about
particular groups or situations. This kind of data can 'fill out' and
provide a deeper, richer, understanding than survey work which tends to
produce less detailed information about a larger number of people.
 Some methods only allow for the study of one individual at a time.
Observation enables the research to study groups of people together, that
is, it allows for the study of interaction between the members of a group.
Characteristics of observation

 Scientific observation is systematic

 Observation is specific
 Scientific observation is objective
 Observation is recorded immediately
 Observation is expert
 Observation is verifiable
 Characteristics of observation

 It is both a physical and a mental activity. The observation eye

‘catches’ many things which are sighted, but attention is focussed on
data that are pertinent to the given study.
 Observation is selective. A researcher does not observe anything and
everything, but select the range of things to be observed on the basis of
the nature, scope and objectives of his study.
 Observation is purposive and not casual. It is made for the specific
purpose of nothing things relevant to the study.
 It captures the natural social context in which persons’ behavior occurs.
 Types of observation

Participant Observation
 Non-participant Observation
 Direct Observation
 Indirect Observation
 Controlled Observation
 Uncontrolled Observation
Participant Observation : In this observation, the observer is a

part of the phenomenon or group which observed and he acts as both an

observer and a participant.

Example, a study of tribal customs by an anthropologist by taking part in

tribal activities like folk dance. The person who are observed should not be

aware of the researcher’s purpose. Then only their behaviour will be

‘natural.’
Non - Participant Observation : in this method, the
observer stands apart and does not participate in the

phenomenon observed. Naturally, there is no emotional

involvement on the part of the observer. This method calls

for skill in recording observations in an unnoticed manner.

Example : use of recording devices to examine the details of

how people talk and behave together.

Direct Observation: This means observation of an event
personally by the observer when it takes place. This method is
flexible and allows the observer to see and record subtle aspects of
events and behavior as they occur. He is also free to shift places,
change the focus of the observation.

Example: Observer is physically present to monitor

Indirect Observation : This does not involve the physical

presence of the observer, and the recording is done by mechanical,
photographic or electronic devices.

Example : Recording customer and employee movements by a

special motion picture camera mounted in a department of large
store.
Controlled Observation : Controlled observation
is carried out either in the laboratory or in the field. It
is typified by clear and explicit decisions on what,
how, and when to observe. It is primarily used for
inferring causality, and testing casual hypothesis.

Uncontrolled Observation : This does not

involve over extrinsic and intrinsic variables. It is
primarily used for descriptive research. Participant
observation is a typical uncontrolled one.
Planning observation
The use of observation method require proper planning.
The researcher should carefully examine the relevance of
observation method to the data need of selected study.
He must identify the specific investigative questions which call for
use of observation method. These determine the data to be collected.
He must decide the observation content, viz., specific conditions,
events and activities that have to be observed for the required data.
For each variable chosen, the operational definition should be
specified.

cont….
 contin…………

The observation setting, the subjects to be observed, the

timing and mode of observation, recording procedure,
recording instruments to be used, and other details of the
task should be determined.
Observation should be selected and trained. The persons
to be selected must have sufficient concentration powers,
strong memory power and unobtrusive nature. Selected
persons should be imparted both theoretical and practical
training.
Advantages of observation method
 Reliable and objective
 Natural setting
 Useful for young and shy children
 No need of equipment or tool
 Useful for individuals as well as groups
 Immediate detection of problems
 Most direct measure of behavior
 Provides direct information
 Easy to complete, saves time
 can be used in natural or experimental settings
Disadvantages of observation
method
 Subjectivity
 Less accuracy
 Interference
 Objective recording
 Lack of competency
 Unnatural situation
 Expensive
 Slow and laborious
 Biased
 Lack of cooperation from peoples
 Favoritism
Disadvantages of observation
method
 May require training
 Observer’s presence may create artificial situation
 Potential to overlook meaningful aspects
 Difficult to analyze
 In some cases, the use of observational methods
may be unethical, as in observing people without
their knowledge or consent.
Observation tools and recording
devices
Observation guides

Recording sheets or checklist

Schedule

Field observation log

Mechanical devices
Observation guides : These are printed forms that provide
space for recording observations. They are particularly useful
when several observers are involved or when you wish to
obtain comparable information from several sites/ observation
points or observations of many people. The more structured the
guide, the easier it will be to tally the results.

Recording sheets or checklist : These forms are used to

record observations as in YES/NO option (present – not
present) or on a rating scale to indicate extent or quality of
something. Checklists are used when there are specific,
observable items, actions or attributes to be observed.
Schedule : The data requirements are identified by analyzing the core of

the problem, the objectives of the study, the investigative questions,

hypothesis and the operational definition of concepts and out of the data
requirements, items of data to be collected through observation are
identified. A schedule is then constructed, covering those items of data.

Field observation log : This may take the form of a diary or cards. Each
item of observation is recorded under appropriate subheading.

At the time of observation , rough noting may be made, and at

the end of the day, fully log may be made. The card system is flexible and
facilitates arrangement and re-arrangement of items in any desired order.
Mechanical evices : These may include cameras, tape

recorders, videotape and electronic devices. Still, motion

, sound, colour and time lapse cameras give a

permanent record of events. Microscopic and telescopic

lens may be used in cameras. Eye cameras are common

in advertising and package research. The camera makes

a record that can be analyzed later and may be used to

illustrate your evaluation report.

 Conclusion
Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of
investigator‘s own direct observation without asking from the respondent.
For instance, in a study relating to consumer behavior, the investigator
instead of asking the brand of wrist watch used by the respondent, may
himself look at the watch. The main advantage of this method is that
subjective bias is eliminated, as such is relatively less demanding of active
cooperation on the part of respondents as happens to be the case in the
interview or the questionnaire method. This method is particularly suitable in
studies (i.e. respondents) who are not capable of giving verbal reports of
their feelings for one reason or the other.
 Reference
• Kothari, C. R. (2008). Research methodology. (2 ed., p. 418). New
Delhi: New Age Publications.
• Krishnaswamy , O. R. (2002). methodology of research in social
science . (p. 529). Delhi: Himalaya Publishing house.
• Ronald , R. P., & Lynn , S. C. (2004). Basic research methods for
librarians (library and information science text series). (4 ed., p.
200). New Delhi: Libraries Unlimited.
• Taylor, E. (n.d.). Collection evaluation data: direct observation .
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