IGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE Note: i iti) a MPYE-004 Philosophy of Human Person Give answer of all five questions. All five questions carry equal marks, The answer of questions no. 1 and 2 should be in about 500 words. 1. Discuss and evaluate the idea of human person in Western perspectives). 20 or Discuss and evaluate the Heidegger's idea of dasein and authentic lif. 20 2. What do you understand by Love as the self-actualizing phenomena? Does love has the potential to resolve conflicts between humans? Give arguments to support your answer. 20 or Write a note on existential perspective of human person. 20 3. Give answer of any two questions in about 250 words each. 2*10=20 a) Compare between Bhagvata Gita’s and Buddhist’s idea of rel 10 ) What is phenomenology of death? Explain 10 ) Evaluate Indian Perspective(s) of Human person, 10 d) Write an essay on significance of freedom of choice in the emancipation of individual 10 4, Give answer of any four questions in about 150 words each. 4*5=20 a) Explain “Freedom to be more.” 5 b) Differentiate between Categorical Imperative and Hypothetical Imperative. 5 ©) What is psychological determinism? 3 @) “Animal identity is preserved in identity of life, and not of substance.” Explain. $ ©) Critically evaluate the idea of Participation in Marcel’s philosophy. 5 ) Explain ‘It’ relation in Martin Buber’s Philosophy, 3 5, Write short notes on any five in about 100 words cach. 5*4=20 Dominium sui actus 4 9 4 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE b) Dark Energy ©) Volitional Dynamism 4) “E-Though” relation in Martin Buber’s philosophy ©) Chaos theory ) Animal Symbolicum 8) Facticity h) Absurdity Bee R eRe 10 2 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2023-24) MPYE-004 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON 1. Discuss and evaluate the idea of human person in Western perspective(s). ‘Ans. Western Philosophy refers to philosophical thinking in the Westem or Occidental world, (beginning with Ancient Greece and Rome, extending through central and western Europe and, since Columbus, the ¢yAthericé)cas opposed to Eastern or Oriental philosophies (comprising Indiafiy Chinese, Persian, Japanese and Korean philosophies) and the varieties of indigenous philosophies. In general, this website is limited to a discussion of Western Philosophy, although a brief overviewof Eastern Philosophy and African Philosophy afe “also provided\-Over-the centuries; Western Philosophy has strongly influenced and been influencééby, Western-religion, ‘science, mathematics and politics. Indeed, in an¢ient times, the word “philosophy” was used to mean ALL intellectual endeavours, and, as late as the 17th Century, the natural sciences (physics, astronomy, biology) were still referred to as branches of “natural philosophy”. It has also influenced (and in tun been influenced by) the teachings of the Abrahamic religions (Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and Islamic philosophy), Very broadly speaking, according to some cofhmentators, Western society strives to find and prove “the truth”, while “Eastern sviefyiaccepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the ‘balances \Westernets-piit more stock in individual rights; Easterners in social responsibility. \\. According to this rival school, “body”~and™soul” are not to be conceived as two complete beings in conflict with each other, but as two principles of being complementing each other. In fact, as we have mentioned already, the human person is a composite not of “body” and “soul” but of prime matter and the human soul which, as substantial form, “informs” the former. Hence we have the traditional scholastic definition of the human person as an “animal rationale” (a rational animal, a neat and clear cut definition according to genus and specific differences): the human being (homo) is an animal but what characterizes her! him from other animals of the same genus is the fact that s/he and s/he alone can reason, is endowed with the faculty of abstract thought. Compared to the Platonic conception, this is a much balanced understanding of human being. The material, the bodily is not passed over in embarrassment and regret but is assigned a positive role in human life and activity. 3 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE Plato’s philosophical anthropology from Ancient Western philosophy. For him, the human being is primarily a spirit or a soul. The body was nothing but a prison-house into which her/his real self has been locked on account of some crime committed in the fore- life. In his imagery of the two steeds and the cave, he denounced the “body”. He calls for the human being to ever rise above the limitations and the oppressiveness of the body and try, as far, as possible to be those pure spirits that they were meant to be. They were to learn how to rise from mere “opinions” about changeable things of this world to the contemplation of the perfect and unchanging ideal forms in that world shining with light, our true home and natural state which we had forfeited due to that original fault, Or Discuss and evaluate the Heidegger’s idea of dasein and authentic life. Ans. The differences between’ authentic and~inauihelie, lives were contrasted by Heidegger through the agericies of fear set against aitxietysspeech’ contrasted with ‘talk’, genuine wonder, dpposed:to mere novelty; Each disparaté category comes about as. an expected outcome f/the complete antithesis between the ‘self-possession of true Dasein and the collective lack of perception’ of an existence \carried out in terms of ‘oneness’ and ‘theyness”. Heidegger denoted this latter state as ‘Verfall? (‘a falling away from’). Heidegger was careful to point out that the condition of ‘Verfallensein’ (a fallen state) is not sinful, nor is the term meant to cast a moral 'yalue judgement (Critchley 2009). Heidegger wrote, “Dasein has, inVthe first instarice, fallen away [gbgefallen] {rom itself as an authentic potentiality for Being its selfiand has fallen into the ‘world’. ‘Fallenness” into the world means an absorptioncin Being-with-one-anothet, in so far as the latter is guided by idle talk, curiosity.and ambiguity.Through the Jriterpretation of falling, what we have called the ‘inauthenticity’ of Daséin may now b¢ defined more precisely. On no account however do the terms ‘inauthentic’ and-‘nof-authentic’ signify ‘really not’, as if in this mode of Being, Dasein were altogether to lose its Being. “Inauthenticity’ does not mean anything like Being-no-longer-in-the-world, but amounts rather to quite a distinctive kind of Being-in-the-world - the kind which is completely fascinated by the ‘world’ and by the Dascin-with of Others in the ‘they’. Not-Being-its-self [Das Nicht. selbst-sein] functions as a positive possibility of that entity which, in its essential concern, is absorbed in a world. This kind of not-Being has to be conceived as that kind of Being which is closest to Dasein and in which Dasein maintains itself for the most For Heidegger then, ‘inauthenticity’ and ‘fallenness’ are not mere mishaps or erroneous options. Rather they are essential components of existence, because Dasein is always Dasein-with and a Being-in-the-world into which we have been thrown. Acceding to the enticement of living a mundane existence is simply a part of existing itself. ‘Fallenness? 4 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE ‘was a positive for Heidegger in the sense that there must be ‘inauthenticity’, ‘theyness’, and ‘talk’, for Dasein to become aware of its loss of self and strive for its retum to authentic Being. ‘Verfall’ tums out to be the completely essential prerequisite towards the repossession of self, the struggle toward true Dasein (Hornsby 2010). In the first division of “Being and Time”, Heidegger worked out his account of Being-in- the world and used it to ground an insightful evaluation of long-established ontology and epistemology. For Heidegger, human beings are never directly in the world except by way of being in some particular circumstance; it is Dasein that is Being-in-the-world (Dreyfus 1991). 2. What do you understand by Love as the self-actualizing phenomena? Does love has the potential to resolve conflicts between humans? Give arguments to support your answer. 4 : ‘Ans. we see mutually efirithing love as the most selfactualizing phenomenon. The fundamental vision of hihan! beings towards;humantity and the htiman situation could be generally categorized as “appropriativeness” and “abandonment (or “opening-up”). From the category of appropridtiveness we can reflect upon the wars, injustice, and exploitation between human beings and also in the animal kingdom and conclude that all forms of life are fundamentally grasping and self-seeking, In this view, human life and endeavors could be seen to be a continual striving to overcome, consunie, assimilate and master the other, Here Sartre’s words would sometimes find an echo in us: “While I attempt to free myself fiom the hold of the Other, the Other is trying to free himself from the hold of mine; while I seck to enslave, the other, the Other seeks to enslave me"(Sartre 1946). Viewed thus, human life\emerges as a constant tug-of-war between oneself and the other for possession, control, assimilation‘@nd/m “And even morality could be reduced to a means for this very purposeof domini e On the other hand, from the catégory-of. “abandonment.” or opening-up, we also encounter a series of events in our lives pointing to the direction that life is a process of unfolding to (and for) the others. Even within struggles and conflicts, people reach out to each other, promoting the growth and fulfillment of others. Sacrificial gifts of individual creativity constantly emerge in spite of excruciating situations. From this point of view, the whole human society and cosmos could be viewed as the growth of the sacrificial offering of the preceding generations. According to this perspective, people achieve their greatest self-actualization not in conflict, not in appropriating to themselves but in ‘mutual, critical encouragement and interaction. In this chapter we hope to elaborate this latter category leading us to a philosophical understanding of human interrelatedness and human love. Out attempt will lead us to understand that only human can so interact with one another; only they can love (See Kavanaugh 1971). 5 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE Human beings, just like any other animals, have an internal dynamism as a unified organism towards its fullest realization. We need to validate our existence, We need to question ourselves and our identity. As questioners, knowers and wanters, our basic identity involves an openness and direction to the other. Consequently “our identity as {human beings] - our nature — involves the unique situation that self-fulfillment and actualization occur only when the self is directed outward from itself to the world of things and persons.” (Kavanaugh 1971). Thus we attain our self-realization not by collecting and adding things (or talents or persons) to ourselves but bybeing genuine to the basic outward dynamism in us. The primary need of every organism to fulfill its finality and purpose finds its fulfillment in human beings, but in a unique and other oriented manner. We can understand this aspect from.our intellectual faculty of knowledge. Knowing thrusts me, in an act of intentionally, towards the- thé? - not in order to appropriate it or control it, but in order that Icmight be invaded by its presenée,and brought out of my own encapsulation by the other The drive emerging from thistype-of knowing is not one of grasping, but of wanting the other fol be just diesway he or she“is because of the basic goodness in the other. I'dé not want to-make the other part of ine. I would rather become art of it (or him or her)/but primarily not by changing it, but by being with it and in it. Such a union cannot be enforced. It can only “happen” by a free gift of the self to the other. This gift-nature is the foundation of any loving relaticiship, The other cannot buy me, collect me, force me or coerce me. I must freely accept the invitation in an act of self-giving and self-receiving. Thus the only thing that another carinot take by force from me is love. That is the greatest thing about hurfian love. Precisely because of this unique nature, love is the only thing @ human being€an. give — giving the only thing a person can fully possesses, i.c., one’s dwn self. Vex Write a note on existential perspective of human person. Ans. Existentialism in the broader sense is a 20th century philosophy that is centered upon the analysis of existence and of the way humans find themselves existing in the world. The notion is that humans exist first and then each individual spends a lifetime changing their essence or nature. In simpler terms, existentialism is a philosophy concemed with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. The belief is that people are searching to find out who and what they are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences, beliefs, and outlook. And personal choices become unique without the necessity of an objective form of truth. An existentialist believes that a person should be forced to choose and be responsible without the help of laws, ethnic rules, or traditions. Existentialism takes into consideration some of these basic concepts like: Human free will; Human nature is 6 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE chosen through life choices; A person is best when struggling against their individual nature, fighting for life; Decisions are not without stress and consequences; There are aspects of life that are not rational and Personal responsibility and discipline is crucial. In Existentialist thinkers, the traditional distinction between soul and body is completely eliminated; thus the body is a lived-through experience that is an integral part of man’s existence in its relationship with the world. According to Jean Paul Sartre, “In each project of the For-itself, in each perception the body is there; it is the immediate Past in so far as it still touches on the Present which flees it.” As such, however, the body is not reduced to a datum of consciousness, to subjective representation, Consciousness, according to Sartre, is constant openness toward the world, a transcendent relationship with other beings and thereby with the in-itself, Consciousness is existence itself, or, as Karl Jaspers says, it is “the manifestation, ofybeing,” In order to avoid any subjectivistic equivocation, Martin Heidegger \went “So far’ ast; renounce the use of the term consciousness, preferring the t#im-Dasein, which-is_m6ré,appropriate for designating ‘human reality in its totality’ For the same reasons, théraditional opposition between subject and object, or between the self anh the fiohselG loses all sense in his existentialist understanding of humai pérson. Dasein.is always particular and individual. It is always a self; but it is also always a project of the world that includes the self, determining or conditioning its modes of being. All of the Existentialists are in agreement on the difficultypof communication; i.c., of well-grounded intersubjective relationships. Karl Jaspers has pethaps been the one to insist most on the relationship between truth and communication, Truths are and can be different from existence, But if fanaticism and“dogmatism (which absolutize a historical truth) are avoided on the one,hand while’felativism and skepticism (which affirm the equivalence of all truths) are avoided oft the othei,then the orily other way is a constant confrontation between the “different. truths»through an Always more extended and deepened intersubjective commiinication? 3. Give answer of any two questions in about 250 words each. a) Compare between Bhagvata Gita’s and Buddhist’s idea of rebirth. ‘Ans. Re-incarnation or Punah janama is at the nucleus of Hindu philosophy of faith. ‘There remains great deal of debate among followers of Hinduism as regards truth in the concept of re-incamation. Nevertheless it is highly accepted as true by majority of Hindus, and even atheists. Hindus believe that soul (Atma) is in-destructible and eternal; it can neither be destroyed nor be created. A human body is like the base on which soul is paced. With death soul leaves the old body and enters into a new body, and a new birth takes place, and the same process goes on. There is a strong belief among Hindus that a person (even God) is answerable to almighty for his /her wrong doings, and conversely rewarded for good deeds in terms of service to man-kind and 7 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE God. Deeds and mis-deeds not only include visible and quantifiable actions, but also thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, wisdom, and ignorance. Thus a person will re-incamate, not only to serve the punishment term for wrong doings, or to get rewards in terms of happy life for doing good things for man-kind and unquestioned devotion to God in last- life, but also to fulfil un-fulfitled heart-felt desires. It is widely believed in Hinduism, that dedicated and deep love for another human being, be it father, mother, child, brother, sister, friend, romantic partner, or even pets can be the cause of reincarnation of human beings. b) What is phenomenology of death? Explain. Ans, The most important task of Levinas’s difficult representative work “Death and Time” is to clarify the similarities ) and differences between his views and Phenomenology. The central problent-i8 to undetstahd LEvina’s concept of death. There is no metaphorical signification here-and the term simply dénotes its original meaning of What we can think of = thas, have the ability of think of < frofl the gates of death. If someone is dead, his'lively face becomes vague, his appeatunie vanishes, We cannot have “experience” of our death but can we Rave “experience” ofthe death of others ? We have to make use of quotation marks on the term experience, with a function like that of the bracket in Husserl’s phenomenology. I do not know the content, perse, in the bracket, I cannot directly experience what death is because it happeris.to me only once. But this does not mean that I cannot form opinions about death. When I do this, however, I do something that foes beyond my ability. “of phenomenology, that is the conception of intention. The key of intention is nok its Objectivity but its origtability. This orientability does not affect the meaning that the intention iidicates, ever if the object of the intention does not exist. Husserl takes san ‘exafiiple the squaré round that cannot exist. The problem of intention involves Husserl’s important conception of transcendence, although this conception if obscure and Levinas’s transcendence is not the same as Husserl's Levinas rejects Husserl’s transcendence as real transcendence on the grounds that Husserl’s transcendence is still an internality that does not go beyond the bounds of pure consciousness. This problem concerns the original ©) Evaluate Indian Perspective(s) of Human person. Ans. The Brahminical or orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy, especially the Vedantins and the Nyaya-Vaisesika argue that the self or Atman is a substantial but non. material entity. The Katha and Chandogya Upanishads, for example, define the Brahminical conception of the self as follows: The light of the Atman, the spitit is invisible, concealed in all beings. It is seen by the seers of the subtle, when their vision is keen and clear. The Atman is beyond sound and form, without touch and taste and 8 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE perfume. It is eternal, unchangeable, and without beginning or end: indeed above reasoning. The Upanisads puts it succinctly: “An invisible and subtle essence is the Spirit of the whole universe. That is Reality. That is Truth. THOU ART THAT.” As Peter Pravos (2010) indicates, the Brahminical view on the nature of the self as portrayed in the Upanishads can be summarised as four major theses: 1) The self exists; 2) The self is immortal and without beginning or end; 3) The self is essentially non- material and; 4) The self is identical with Brahman, the highest reality. d) Write an essay on significance of freedom of choice in the emancipation of individual. ‘Ans, Freedom is very much an “in” topic thesedays. We find the word emblazoned on everything from T-shirts to wall-postérs. Advertisements appeal to potential customers by stressing how this brand of cigarette-or this make-of jeans,proclaims freedom and the casual, uninhibited look, Graffiti often features freedom; liberty and spontaneity as key inspirations. New styleSn_aft;and literature;rehearse) bold, “free”, new ventures, forays into uninhibited self-expression with 2 minimum of rules and planning. And the most insulting words we can use against anyone today are “Capitalist” and “Fascist” (or imperialist,” a slight variation) and all these terms imply a person who has scant (if any.) respect for freedom. On the other hand, many of those who present themselves as champions of freedom seem to show scant respect for anyone who is not quite prepared t9:toe the line as far as their understanding of “what is freestfand best”. Apart from terrorists and freedom fighters (one man’s freedom fighter is another man’sfanarchist.), there iy subtle as well as not-so~ subtle manipulation of public opis nd systems by/the media. Scientific and technological progress has often béen hamessed-to refine techniques of brain-washing and “populationprogramming” in.such eafefully hidden ways that few would realise how the decision-process is being quietly taken away from them. And science and technology is ever discovering new and more efficient means for Big Brother and his efficient thought-police to observe and flush out dissenters — not to mention speedier methods to isolate, punish and silence non-conformists. Even in relatively innocent matters like fashions of dress and fads in art, how much does real “freedom of choice” operate and how much is it a matter of artificial needs and wants created by “decision-makers” who enjoy almost unlimited power and whose sole goal is profit? 4, Give answer of any four questions in about 150 words each. a) Explain “Freedom to be more.” ‘Ans, Our unconscious (or sub-conscious) determine us far more than we realise and at times are the causes of what we had been thinking were our personal, arbitrary and 9 Read GPH Help Book for IGNOU ExamIGNOU ALL SOLVED ASSIGNMENT PDF AVAILABLE ORDER NOW- 9350849407 HAND WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT HARD COPY (By Courier) & PDF FILES AVAILABLE whimsical choices. It might well be that all our so-called “decisions” stem not so much from our free choice but from obedience to past conditioning of which we are yet unaware. Then again, if — as pious believers put it - “everything is in the hands of God”, if all that happens has been already predestined by Her/ Him, then where does our freedom and initiative come in, if at all? Finally, just what is freedom anyway? In fact, the problem is rendered all the more complex because we can speak about “freedom” in various contexts — in psychology, politics, religion and so on, In the texts quoted at the beginning of this chapter, for instance, Topol and Manuel are not speaking of the same freedom as Mme Roland or Orestes. And even when we are all speaking of freedom in the same context, not everyone is in agreement as to what is meant by the word. For instance, while many people argue for the need for political freedom ~ that the State should not take away one’s freedom and, on the contrary protect it — they may actually differ with each other while appearing to be great adyocates of freedom. This could arise, for instance, from the fact that oné group is thinkinig’about the “freedom to have more” (therefore uncontrolled capitalism etc.) And another grouiplis more concerned about the “freedom to be more” (s6:Controlled capitalism or no capitalisin at all). And that is just one example. CCE b) Differentiate between Categorical Imperative and Hypothetical Imperative, Ans, German philosopher Immanuel Kant, founder of critical philoSophy is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the source of morality. Kant created the concepts of categorical and hypothetical impefatives, which are two very different things. sot; ;