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Advanced Calculus NTNU Note 09052022

(1) The document discusses number systems including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. It defines their properties such as being an ordered field. (2) The rational number system Q is shown to be an ordered field that is dense in itself and countable. (3) An ordered field F is called Archimedean if for any x in F, there exists a natural number n such that x < n. This property is equivalent to other properties relating ratios and inequalities in F.

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台師大黃靖恩
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58 views3 pages

Advanced Calculus NTNU Note 09052022

(1) The document discusses number systems including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. It defines their properties such as being an ordered field. (2) The rational number system Q is shown to be an ordered field that is dense in itself and countable. (3) An ordered field F is called Archimedean if for any x in F, there exists a natural number n such that x < n. This property is equivalent to other properties relating ratios and inequalities in F.

Uploaded by

台師大黃靖恩
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NTNU MATH 111-1 郭庭榕教授 授課內容 Real Number System

Number System
Reference. 參考用書

(1) Elementary classical analysis (1st Ed 1974, W.H.Freeman) - Jerrold E.Marsden

(2) The Elements of Real Analysis (2nd 1976) - Robert G.Bartle

(3) Mathematical Analysis (2nd Ed 1973) - Tom A.Apostol

(4) Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3th ed 1976) - Walter Rudin

Concept. Number System

(1) Natural Number:


N := {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

(2) Nonnegative Number:


N := Z≥0 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

⋄ Principle of Mathematical Induction


If S is a subset of N satisfying:
(i) 0 ∈ S.
(ii) k + 1 ∈ S for all k ∈ S.
Then S = N .

⋄ N has well-ordering property:


If S is a nonempty subset of N , then there exists a smallest element in S.

(3) Integer:
Z := {..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

(4) Rational Number: {m }


Q := : where m, n ∈ Z and n ̸= 0
n
m
i.e. is the solution of the equation nx = m.
n

Property 1.
The number system Q is an ordered field.

Notation.
Here a set R is said to be an ordered field if it satisfies:

(A) Field Axiom.

(B) Order Axiom.

1 | Advanced Calculus Note I. 2022-09-05 JunWei,Zhang Edit


NTNU MATH 111-1 郭庭榕教授 授課內容 Real Number System

Axiom. (A) Field Axiom (加法、乘法的封閉性)


A field (R, +, −) with addition + and multiplication × provided:

(1) 加法、乘法的交換律：x + y = y + x, x · y = y · x.

(2) 加法、乘法的結合律：(x + y) + z = x + (y + z), (x · y) · z = x · (y · z).

(3) 加法、乘法的單位元素：
There exists a 0 ∈ R such that x + 0 = x = 0 + x.
There exists a 1 ∈ R\{0} such that x · 1 = x = 1 · x.

(4) 加法、乘法的反元素：
For all x ∈ R, there exists a −x ∈ R such that x + (−x) = 0 = (−x) + x.
For all x ∈ R\{0}, there exists a x−1 ∈ R such that x · x−1 = 1 = x−1 · x.

(5) 加法、乘法的分配律：(x + y) · z = x · z + y · z.

Axiom. (B) Order Axiom (任兩元素可以建立大小關係)


If there is a relation denoted by ”≤” such that

(1) For all x ∈ R, we have x ≤ x.

(2) If x ≤ y and y ≤ x, then x = y.

(3) If x ≤ y and y ≤ z, then x ≤ z.

(4) For all pair (x, y), we have either x ≤ y or y ≤ x.

(5) If x ≤ y, then x + z ≤ y + z for all z ∈ R. (+ 和 ≤ 的相容性)

(6) If 0 ≤ x and 0 ≤ y, then 0 ≤ xy. (× 和 ≤ 的相容性)

Property 2.
The number system Q is dense(稠密) in itself i.e.
If x < y ∈ Q, then there exists a z ∈ Q such that x < z < y.

Property 3.
The number system Q is countiable(可數) i.e. Q is 1-1 correspondence with N.

Notation.

1 −1 1 −1 2 −2
Q : 0 1 −1 2 −2 3 −3 ···
2 2 3 3 3 3
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ···
N: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ···

2 | Advanced Calculus Note I. 2022-09-05 JunWei,Zhang Edit


NTNU MATH 111-1 郭庭榕教授 授課內容 Real Number System

Property 4. (Archimedean Property)


If x ∈ Q, then there exists a n ∈ Z such that x < n.

Definition. Archimedean Ordered Field


A field F is called an Archimedean ordered field if it has the Archimedean property.

Theorem.
Let F be a Archimedean ordered field, then the following are equivalent:

(a) If x ∈ F , then there exists a n ∈ Z such that x < n.

(b) If x, y ∈ F with 0 < x < y, then there exists a k ∈ N such that kx > y.
1
(c) If x ∈ F and x > 0, then there exists a n ∈ N such that 0 < < x.
n

Proof.
We show that the following:

a⇒b We consider that y · x−1 ∈ F with y · x−1 > 0:


By part(a), there exists k ∈ Z such that 0 < y · x−1 < k.
Thus, we get y < kx.

1
b⇒c (1) If 0 < 1 < x, then we choose n = 1 such that 0 < = 1 < x.
n
1
(2) If 0 < x < 1, then there exists a n ∈ N such that nx > 1 i.e. x > > 0 by part(b).
n
(3) If x = 1, then we choose n ∈ N with n ̸= 1 such that x = 1 < n.
1
Thus, we get x = 1 > > 0.
n

c⇒a Let x ∈ F , then we consider that:

(1) If x ≤ 0, then we choose n = 1 such that x < n.


1 1
(2) If x > 0, then we know that ∈ F and > 0.
x x
1 1
By part(c), there exists a n ∈ Z such that 0 < < i.e. n > x.
n x

3 | Advanced Calculus Note I. 2022-09-05 JunWei,Zhang Edit

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