COMPUTER SCIENCE

12
SUBJECT TEACHER:
RASHAD MAHMOOD
CMA (Managerial) MBA-IT & Business
Cisco Certified Network Administrator
(MS Access and C) Microsoft Certified System Engineer
Linux Operating System Certified
Comptia Computer Hardware Certified

CHAPTER 9: Elements of C Language

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Topics

• Identifier and Types of Identifiers

• Keywords
• Variable
• Rules for Naming Variable
• Variable Declaration
• Variable Initialization
• Constant
• Data Types ( Integer, Float & Character)
• Overflow and Underflow
• Problems with floating point numbers
• Exponential Notation
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Copyright@@IT
Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Topics (continued)

• Range and Precision

• Operator and Expression
• Unary and Binary Operators
• Arithmetic Operator and Expression
• Data type of an expression
• Assignment Statement
• Lvalue and Rvalue
• Compound Assignment Statement
• Compound Assignment Operators
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Relational Operators and Expression
Copyright
Copyright@@IT
Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Topics(continued)

• Compound Condition
• Logical Operators ( AND, OR & NOT)
• Operator Precedence and Associativity of Operators
• Comments
• Type Casting ( Implicit and Explicit)

Copyright
Copyright@@IT
Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Q19 What is meant by data type of an expression?
 The data type of each variable must be specified in its declaration, but how does C determine the data type of
an expression?
 What is the type of expression x+y when both x and y are of type int?
 The data type of an expression depends on the type(s) of its operands
 The result of expression is evaluated to larger data type in the expression
 If both are of type int, then the expression is of type int.
 If either one or both is of type double,
then the expression is of type double.

 An expression in which operands are of different data types is called mixed-type expression.
 An expressions that has operands of both int and double is a mixed-type expression

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q20 What is assignment statement?
A statement that assigns a value to a variable is known as assignment statement.
 When an assignment statement is executed, the expression is first evaluated; then the result is
assigned to the variable to the left side of assignment operator
Syntax
Assignment operator

variable = expression;

Examples
A = 100; A constant, variable or combination of
C = A + B; operands and arithmetical operators
X = C – D + 10;

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

  An lvalue is an operand that can be written on the left side of assignment operator =
 An rvalue is an operand that can be written on the right side of assignment operator =
 Lvalues must be variables
 rvalues can be any expression
Example
 distance = rate * time;
lvalue: "distance"
rvalue: "rate * time"
 All lvalues can be used as rvalues but all rvalues cannot be used as lvalues
 x = 5 is valid but 5 = x is not valid.
 C = A + B is valid but A+B=Cis invalid.

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q21 Describe Increment Operator
 Increment operator, ++ is a unary operator and works with single variable.
 Used to increase the value of variable by 1 and is denoted by the symbol ++
A++; is equivalent to A = A + 1;
 Increment operator cannot increment the value of constant and expressions
Example 10++ , (a+b)++ or ++ (a+b) are invalid
Prefix and Postfix Increments
 No difference if ‘alone’ in statement:
 A++; and ++A;  identical result
 The value of the expression (that uses the ++ operators) depends on the position of the operator
 Example - Result of two statements x=a++ and x=++a are different
Postfix increment in Expressions
 Uses or assign current value of variable, THEN increments it
If ++ is after the variable, as in
a++, the increment takes place
after the expression is
evaluated

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Example:
Variable Initialization

Variable Declaration

Assign value to result

Display the value of result

 This code segment produces the output:
4 If ++ is after the variable, as in
n++, the increment takes place Newline characters move the
3 after the expression is cursor to the next line
evaluated

 Since postfix increment was used

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Prefix increment in Expressions
 Increments variable first, THEN uses new value
If ++ is before the variable, as in
++a, the increment
takes place before the expression is
evaluated
Example:

 This code segment produces the output:

6
3
 Since pre-increment was used

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q22 Describe decrement Operator
 Decrement operator, is a unary operator and works with single variable
 Used to decrease the value of variable by 1 and is denoted by the symbol - -
A--; is equivalent to A = A – 1;
 Decrement operator cannot decrement the value of constant and expressions.
Example - -10 , (a+b) - - or - - (a+b) are invalid
Prefix and Postfix Decrements
 No difference if ‘alone’ in statement: A--; and --A;  identical result
 The value of the expression (that uses the -- operators) depends on the position of the operator.
Example Result of two statements x = a-- and x = --a are different.
Postfix decrement in Expressions
 Uses current value of variable, THEN decrements it

If - - is after the variable, as in a- -, the

increment takes place after the
expression is evaluated

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Example:
Variable Initialization

Variable Declaration

Assign value to result

Display the value of result

Newline characters move the

 This code segment produces the output: cursor to the next line
4 If -- is after the variable, as in
1 n--, the decrement takes place
after the expression is
evaluated

 Since postfix decrement was used

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Prefix decrement in Expressions
 Decrements variable first, THEN uses new value
If -- is before the variable, as in --a,
the decrement
takes place before the expression is
evaluated

Example:

 This code segment produces the

output: 2
1
 Since pre-decrement was used

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q23 Define relational operators. How many relational operators are
provided in C language? Also describe relational expression.
 Used to specify conditions in programs
 Condition is an expression that is either false (represented by 0) or true (represented by
1). e.g., “grade > 60” is a condition.
 Conditions contain relational operators, and have the following forms
variable relational-operator variable a>b
variable relational-operator constant marks > 75
 Also called comparison operators as they test conditions that are either true or false
Operators Used in Conditions

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 A type of expression that consists of constants, variables and relational operators is called relational
expression.
 Expressions are used to compare the values Number > 50
 The result of a relational expression can be true or false
Examples
Suppose the value of A = 10 and the value of B = 5.
Relation Expression Result
A >B True Relational
A <B False Variable operator Constant
A <= B False
A >= B True

A == B False
A != B True

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)