COMPUTER

SCIENCE
SUBJECT TEACHER:
12 RASHAD MAHMOOD

CMA (Managerial) MBA-IT & Business

(MS Access and C) Cisco Certified Network Administrator
Microsoft Certified System Engineer
Linux Operating System Certified
CHAPTER 9: Elements of C Language
Comptia Computer Hardware Certified

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Topic
s
• Identifier and Types of Identifiers
• Keywords
• Variable
• Rules for Naming Variable
• Variable Declaration
• Variable Initialization
• Constant
• Data Types ( Integer, Float & Character)
• Overflow and Underflow
• Problems with floating point numbers
• Exponential Notation
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Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Topics (continued)

• Range and Precision

• Operator and Expression
• Unary and Binary Operators
• Arithmetic Operator and Expression
• Data type of an expression
• Assignment Statement
• Lvalue and Rvalue
• Compound Assignment Statement
• Compound Assignment Operators
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Relational Operators and Expression
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Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Topics(continued
)
• Compound Condition
• Logical Operators ( AND, OR & NOT)
• Operator Precedence and Associativity of Operators
• Comments
• Type Casting ( Implicit and Explicit)

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Superior
Series College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
www.itseries.com.pk
 Q24 Explain Compound condition with the help of
example
A type of comparison in which more than one conditions are evaluated is called compound condition
 Example Program inputs two numbers to displays OK if one number is greater than 50 and second
number is less than 100.
 Compound condition is executed by using logical operators.

Relational Operator

(Number > 50 && Number < 100)

Logical Operator Relational Operator

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q25 What are logical operators? Discuss different
logical operators in C language.
The logical operators are used to evaluate compound conditions.
Types of logical operators
&& and
|| or
! not
AND Operator (&&)
 Used to evaluate two conditions
 Produces true result if both conditions are true
produces false result if any one condition is false
Example
Two variables A = 100 and B = 50
 Compound condition (A>10) && (B>10) is true
 Compound condition (A>50) && (B>50) is false

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 OR Operator (| |)
Used to evaluate two conditions
 Produces true result if either conditions is true
Produces false result if both conditions are false
Example
Two variables A = 100 and B = 50
 Compound condition (A>10) | | (B>10) is true
 Compound condition (A>50) | | (B>50) is true
 Compound condition (A>200) | | (B >100) is
false

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 NOT Operator (!)
Reverse the result of a condition
 Produces true result if conditions is false
Produces false result if condition is true
Example
Two variables A = 100 and B = 50
Result of condition (A==B) is false but NOT operator converts it into true
 Condition !(A==B) is true.
 Condition !(A>B) is false.
Result of condition (A>B) is true but NOT operator converts it into false

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q26 Explain operator precedence and
associativity
The order in which different types of operators in an expression are evaluated is known as operator
precedence.
 also known as hierarchy of operators
 Any expression given in parentheses is evaluated first
 In case of parentheses within parentheses,
the expression of the inner parentheses will be evaluated first

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Example
Operator precedence Operator associativity

* and / have equal

precedence. These
expressions will be
evaluated from left to right.
Similarly, + and - also have
equal precedence.

 First of all, the expression 5–2 will be evaluated. It gives a value 3

 Secondly, 24 will be divided by the result of last line i.e. 24 / 3 giving value 8
 Thirdly, 10 will be multiplied by 8 i.e. giving a result 80
 Finally, 80 will be added in 13 and the last result will be 93.

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q27 Describe comments and their use in C
prohrams.
 Explanatory lines of a program that help user to understand the source code.
 Make programs easy to read and modify
 Are ignored by the compiler.
 Can be added anywhere in the program.
 Comments can be added in programs in two ways:
1. Sing-line Comments
2. Multi-line Comments

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

  Begin with // and continue to the end of line.

// Program 2.5: Finding the area of rectangle

int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in
inches int area; // calculated
area
// Calculate rectangle area
area = length * width;

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

  Begin with /* and end with */
 Can span multiple lines.
/* Program 2.7
Description: Finding the area of circle
Written by: Abdullah */
 Can also be used as single-line
comments.
int area; /* Calculated area */

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)

 Q28 What is Type Casting?
 Way of changing a value of one type to a value of
another type.
 Two types of casting: It is always
recommended to
1. Implicit Type Casting convert the lower
value to higher for
 Performed automatically by the C++ compiler avoiding data loss.
 when value of one type is automatically changed to
another type
Example
 Operations are performed between operands of the int x=20;
same type.
char y=‘a’
 If the data types of operands are different, the value
with lower data type is converted into higher data // y
type. implicitly
converte
d to int.
ASCII
// value of 'a' is 97
x = x + y;
Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)
printf(“x= %d” , x);
 2. Explicit Type Casting
 Explicit casting is performed by programmer
 C allows the programmer to convert the type of an expression
 It is performed by using cast operator
Syntax
(type) expression;
 Placing the desired type in parentheses before the expression
 When casting from double to int,
the decimal portion is just truncated – not rounded.
Example
double x=3.6;
int sum;
// Explicit conversion from double to int
sum = (int) x + 1;
printf("sum = %d", sum);

Copyright @ Superior College Kharian Rashad Mahmood (IT-Specialist)