Computer Science An Overview

13th Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 4
Networking and
the Internet

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Chapter 4: Networking and the Internet

• 4.1 Network Fundamentals

• 4.2 The Internet
• 4.3 The World Wide Web
• 4.4 Internet Protocols
• 4.5 Simple Client Server
• 4.6 Security

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4.1 Network Fundamentals

• Network Software allows users to exchange information

and share resources
– Content
– Software
– Data storage facilities
• Network software has evolved into a network-wide
operating system

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Network Classifications

• Scope
– Personal Area Network (short-range)
– Local Area Network (building/campus)
– Metropolitan Area Network (community)
– Wide Area Network (greater distances)
• Ownership
– Closed versus open
• Topology (configuration)
– Bus (Ethernet)
– Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)
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Figure 4.1 Two popular network
topologies (1 of 2)

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Figure 4.1 Two popular network
topologies (2 of 2)

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Protocols

• Rules by which activities are conducted on a network

– Example: Coordinating the transmission of
messages between computers
▪ Need to avoid all machines transmitting at the
same time
• Allows vendors to build products that are compatible
with products from other vendors

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Protocols for Transmitting Messages

• CSMA/Collision Detection
– used in Ethernet
– both machines stop and wait for a independent,
random time
• CSMA/Collision Avoidance
– used in WiFi, where not all machines can hear each
other (hidden terminal problem)
– give advantage to the machine that has already
been waiting

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Figure 4.2 Communication over a bus
network

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Figure 4.3 The hidden terminal problem

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Combining Networks

• Repeater: passes all messages across two busses

• Bridge: passes only messages that are destined for
computers on the other bus
• Switch: acts like a bridge, but with connections to
multiple busses
• Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an internet

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Figure 4.4 Building a large bus network
from smaller ones

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Figure 4.5 Routers connecting two WiFi
networks and an Ethernet network to form
an internet

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Methods of Process Communication

• Client-server
– Many clients, one server (executing continuously)
– Clients make requests of other processes
– Server satisfies requests made by clients
• Peer-to-peer (P2P)
– Two processes communicating as equals
– Processes execute on a temporary basis

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Figure 4.6 The client/server model compared
to the peer-to-peer model

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Distributed Systems

• Systems units that execute as processes on different

computers
– Cluster computing
▪ Independent computers work closely together
instead of a single, much larger machine
– Grid computing
▪ Millions of home PCs (not connected to each
other) work on a complex problem
– Cloud computing
▪ Provide services, hide the details

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4.2 The Internet

• The Internet is an internet that spans the world

– Original goal was to link a variety of networks into a
connected system unaffected by local disasters
– Today, it is a commercial undertaking that links a
worldwide combination of PANs, LANs, MANs, and
WANs involving millions of computers

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Internet Architecture

• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

– Tier-1 (Internet backbone)
– Tier-2
• Access or Tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the
Internet
– Hot spot (wireless)
– Telephone lines
– Cellular
– Cable/Satellite systems

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Figure 4.7 Internet Composition

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Internet Addressing

• IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented

in dotted decimal notation
• Mnemonic address:
– Domain names (mu.edu)
– Top-Level Domains
▪ .org, .gov, .com, .mil, .net, .au, .ca, .biz, ….
• Domain name system (DNS)
– Name servers
– DNS lookup

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
& Numbers (ICANN)

• Allocates blocks of IP addresses to ISPs who then

assign those addresses within their regions.
• Oversees the registration of domains and domain
names.

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Early Internet Applications

• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet and Secure Shell (SSH)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Electronic Mail (email)
– Domain mail server collects incoming mail and
transmits outing mail
– Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to
clients via POP3 or IMAP

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SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
220 mail.tardis.edu SMTP Sendmail Gallifrey-1.0; Fri, 23 Aug 2413
14:34:10
HELO mail.skaro.gov
250 mail.tardis.edu Hello mail.skaro.gov, pleased to meet you
MAIL From: [email protected]
250 2.1.0 [email protected]... Sender ok
RCPT To: [email protected]
250 2.1.5 [email protected]... Recipient ok
DATA
354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
Subject: Extermination.

EXTERMINATE!
Regards, Dalek
.
250 2.0.0 r7NJYAEl028071 Message accepted for delivery
QUIT
221 2.0.0 mail.tardis.edu closing connection
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More Recent Applications

• Voice Over IP (VoIP)

• Internet Multimedia Streaming
– N-unicast
– Multicast
– On-demand streaming
– Content delivery networks (CDNs)

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4.3 World Wide Web

• Hypertext combines internet technology with concept

of linked-documents
– Embeds hyperlinks to other documents
• Browsers present materials to the user
• Webservers provide access to documents
• Documents are identified by URLs and transferred
using HTTP

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Figure 4.8 A typical URL

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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Encoded as text file

• Contains tags to communicate with browser
– Appearance
▪ <h1> to start a level one heading
▪ <p> to start a new paragraph
– Links to other documents and content
▪ <a href = . . . >
– Insert images
▪ <img src = . . . >

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Figure 4.9 A simple webpage

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Figure 4.9 A simple webpage (continued)

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Figure 4.10 An enhanced simple webpage

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Figure 4.10 An enhanced simple Web page
(continued)

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Extensible Markup Language (XML)

• XML: A language for constructing markup languages

similar to HTML
– A descendant of the Standard Generalized Markup
Language
– Opens door to a World Wide Semantic Web

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Using XML to encode music
<staff clef = “treble”> <key>C minor</key>
<time> 2/4 </time>
<measure> < rest> egth </rest> <notes> egth G,
egth G, egth G </notes></measure>
<measure> <notes> hlf E </notes></measure>
</staff>

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Figure 4.11 The first two bars of
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony

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Client Side Versus Server Side

• Client-side activities (browser)

– Javascript
– Java applets
– Macromedia Flash
• Server-side activities (webserver)
– Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
– Servlets
– JavaServer Pages (JSP) / Active Server Pages
(ASP)
– PHP

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4.4 Internet Protocols
• Control how messages are transferred over the Internet
• This software must reside on every computer in the
Internet
• Accomplished by a multi-level hierarchy

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Figure 4.12 Package-shipping example

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Internet Software Layers

• Application: Constructs message with address

• Transport: Chops message into packets
• Network: Handles routing through the Internet
• Link: Handles actual transmission of packets

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Figure 4.13 The Internet
software layers

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Figure 4.14 Following a message through
the Internet

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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Transport Layer
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Network Layer
– Internet Protocol (IP)
▪ IPv4
▪ IPv6

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Figure 4.15 Choosing between TCP and
UDP

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4.5 Simple Client Server Program

• Socket: an abstraction for processes at the application

layer to connect to the network via the transport layer
– Needs to know
▪ Source Address name (localhost)
▪ Source Port number(1023…65535)
▪ Destination Address
▪ Destination Port number

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Client Script in Python

import socket
Sock = socket.socket()
Server_address

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Server Script in Python

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4.6 Cybersecurity

• Forms of Attack
– Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware,
phishing software)
– Denial of service (DoS)
– Spam (common medium for delivering malware)
• Protection and Cures
– Firewalls
– Spam filters
– Proxy Servers
– Antivirus software

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Cryptography

• HTTPS for secure Internet access

• Public-key Encryption (asymmetric)
– Public key: Used to encrypt messages
– Private key: Used to decrypt messages
• Certificate Authorities
– Trusted to maintain lists of public keys
– Provide Certificates to clients containing a party’s
name and its public key

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Figure 4.16 Public key encryption

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Legal Approaches to Network Security

• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

• Electronic Communication Privacy Act
• USA PATRIOT Act
• Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
• Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act

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