Learning Objectives: Arithmetic

Operators

Recognize the symbols for arithmetic operators

Use the printf() command to print doubles and integers

Demonstrate how to increment and decrement a

variable

Perform string concatenation

Apply PEMDAS rules to arithmetic operations

Addition

The Addition (+) Operator

The addition operator works as you would expect with numbers. Copy and
paste the code below into the text editor on the left. Make sure your code is
in between the //add code below this line and //add code above this
line comments. Then click the TRY IT button to see what is outputted by
the code.

cout << 7 + 3 << endl;

You can also add two variables together. Modify the code to look like what’s
below and then click the TRY IT button again.

int a = 7;
int b = 3;
cout << a + b << endl;

challenge

What happens if you:

Make a of type double (e.g. double a = 7.0;)?
Change a to double a = 7.1;?
Make b a negative number (e.g. int b = -3;)?
Make b an explicitly positive number (e.g. int b = +3;)?
important

IMPORTANT
You may have noticed that when you add an int of 3 to a double of 7.1
you get 10.1. However, when you add an int of 3 to a double of 7.0, you
get 10 instead of 10.0. This occurs because by default cout does not
print zeros after a decimal point unless those zeros are enclosed by
other non-zero digits.

Examples:
* cout << 7 + 3.14; prints 10.14
* cout << 7.0 + 3.00; prints 10
* cout << 7.00 + 3.01400; prints 10.014

==Note== that when an int and a double are added together, the result
will be a double because the program will take on the data type that is
more flexible.
Printing Floating Point Numbers

cout
The cout command is considered to be non-specific because you can use the
same syntax for all of your printing needs (e.g. cout << 1;, cout <<
"Hello";, and cout << true;). However, for printing certain numbers, it is
not always clear if what’s printed is an int or a double sometimes.

int a = 1;
double b = 1.0;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;

Even though you are printing a double of 1.0, the system will disregard the
decimal and the trailing zero when cout is used. There is another print
command called printf() that also prints text to the console.

printf()
printf() originates from the C language and, unlike the cout command, it
is considered to be specific. This means that you must specify what type of
data you want to print before you can use the command successfully.

int a = 1;
double b = 1.0;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
printf("%d \n", a);
printf("%f \n", b);
 challenge

What happens if you:

Remove the \n from printf("%d \n", a);?
Replace %d with %f in printf("%d \n", a);?
Replace %f with %d in printf("%f \n", b);?

important

IMPORTANT
When printf() is used, a specifier is needed in order to tell the system
what type of data you want to print. The %d tells the system to print an
integer and %f tells the system to print a floating point number. If you
use an incorrect specifier, you will receive an error message. By
default, floating point numbers contain six zeros after the decimal
point if they are printed using printf().

The \n in printf() is equivalent to endl. They both print a newline

character. Removing the \n from printf("%d \n", a); will delete the
newline character and cause the variables a and b to be printed side-
by-side.

cout vs. printf()

Unless you want to be specific with how your data is printed, you should
always default to using cout. Only use printf() when formatting is
important.
Incrementing Variables

Incrementing Variables
Incrementing a variable means to increase the value of a variable by a set
amount. The most common incrementation you will see is when a variable
increments itself by the value of 1.

int a = 0;
a = a + 1;
cout << a << endl;

How to Read a = a + 1
The variable a appears twice on the same line of code. But each instance of
a refers to something different.

.guides/img/Increment

The ++ and += Operators

Since incrementing is such a common task for programmers, many
programming languages have developed a shorthand for a = a + 1. The
result is a++ which does the same thing as a = a + 1.

int a = 0;
int b = 0;
a = a + 1;
b++;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
In the cases where you need to increment by a different number, you can
specify it by using the += operator. You can replace b++; with b+=1; in the
code above and still get the same result.

challenge

What happens if you:

Replace b++ in the code above with b+=2?
Replace b++ in the code above with b+=-1?
Replace b++ in the code above with b-=1?
String Concatenation

String Concatenation
String concatenation is the act of combining two strings together. This is
done with the + operator.

string a = "This is an ";

string b = "example string";
string c = a + b;
cout << c << endl;

challenge

What happens if you:

Concatenate two strings without an extra space (e.g. remove the
space after an in string a = "This is an";)?
Use the += operator instead of the + operator (e.g. a+=b instead of a
+ b)?
Add 3 to a string (e.g. string c = a + b + 3;)?
Add "3" to a string (e.g. string c = a + b + "3";)?
Subtraction

Subtraction
Copy the code below and TRY IT.

int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int c = a - b;
cout << c << endl;

challenge

What happens if you:

Assign b to -3?
Assign c to a - -b?
Assign b to 3.1?
Change b to bool b = true;?

important

IMPORTANT
Did you notice that you were able to subtract a bool from an int?
Recall that a bool of true is actually an integer of 1 and false is actually
0. Thus, the system is able to add and subtract bools and ints. In
addition, assigning b which is of type int to 3.1 will force the variable
to adopt the integer value of 3 instead. Remember that all ints
disregard decimal places.

The -- and -= Operators

Decrementing is the opposite of incrementing. Just like you can increment
with ++, you can decrement using --.
 int a = 10;
a--;
cout << a << endl;

Like +=, there is a shorthand for decrementing a variable, -=. For example,
if you want to decrement the variable a by 2 instead of 1, replace a-- with
a-=2.

Subtraction and Strings

You might be able to concatenate strings with the + operator, but you
cannot use the - operator with them.

string a = "one two three";

string b = "one";
string c = a - b;
cout << c << endl;
Division

Division
Division in C++ is done with the / operator.

double a = 25.0;
double b = 4.0;
printf("%f \n", a / b);

challenge

What happens if you:

Assign b to 0.0?
Assign b to 0.5?
Change the code to…

double a = 25.0;
double b = 4.0;
a /= b;
printf("%f \n", a);

Hint(s)
/= works similarly to += and -=.

important

IMPORTANT
Division by zero is undefined in mathematics. In C++, dividing by an
integer of 0 results in an error message. However, dividing by a
double of 0.0 results in inf which is short for infinity.

Integer Division
Normally, you use double in C++ division since the result usually involves
decimals. If you use integers, the division operator returns an int. This
“integer division” does not round up, nor round down. It removes the
decimal value from the answer.

.guides/img/IntDivision

int a = 5;
int b = 2;
cout << a / b << endl;
Modulo

Modulo
Modulo is the mathematical operation that performs division but returns
the remainder. The modulo operator is %.

.guides/img/Modulo

int modulo = 5 % 2;
cout << modulo << endl;

challenge

What happens if you:

Assign modulo to 5 % -2?
Assign modulo to 5 % 0?
Assign modulo to 5 % 2.0?
Multiplication

Multiplication
C++ uses the * operator for multiplication.

int a = 5;
int b = 10;
cout << a * b << endl;

challenge

What happens if you:

Assign b to 0.1?
Assign b to -3?
Change the code to…

int a = 5;
int b = 10;
a*=b;
cout << a << endl;

Hint(s)
*= works similarly to +=, -=, and /=.
Order of Operations

Order of Operations
C++ uses the PEMDAS method for determining order of operations.

.guides/img/PEMDAS

By default, there are no operators for exponents and square roots.

Instead, functions such pow( , ) and sqrt() are used to calculate powers
and square roots respectively. In order to use these functions, they must be
imported by including #include <cmath> at top of the program header. For
exponents, the base number goes before the , in pow( , ) and the exponent
goes after the ,. For example, pow(4, 2) calculates and pow(4, 0.5)
calculates or . For square roots, the number goes inside the () in
sqrt(). An example is sqrt(4) which calculates .

cout << pow(2, 2) << endl;

cout << pow(25, (1 / 2)) << endl;
cout << pow(25, (1.0 / 2.0)) << endl;
cout << sqrt(25) << endl;

pow(25, (1 / 2)) vs. pow(25, (1.0 / 2.0))

pow(25, (1 / 2)) results in 1 because integer division is performed within
(1 / 2). 1 divided by 2 returns in an integer of 0 and computes to 1. On
the other hand, pow(25, (1.0 / 2.0)) involves double division which is
why 5 was computed.

The code below should output 10.000000.

int a = 2;
int b = 3;
int c = 4;
double result = 3 * a - 2 / (b + 5) + c;
printf("%f \n", result);
Explanation

The first step is to compute b + 5 (which is 8) because it is surrounded

by parentheses.
Next, do the multiplication and division going from left to right: 3 * a is
6.
2 divided by 8 is 0 (remember, the / operator returns an int when you
use two ints so 0.25 becomes 0).
Next, perform addition and subtraction from left to right: 6 - 0 is 6.
Finally, add 6 and 4 together to get 10.
Since result is of type double, 10.000000 is printed.

challenge

Mental Math
5 + 7 - 10 * 4 / 2
Solution
-8
5 * 8 - 7 % 2 - 18 * -1
Solution
57
9 / 3 + (100 % 100) - 3
Solution
0
12 - 2 * pow(2, 3) / (4 + 4)
Solution
10
Type Casting

Type Casting
Type casting (or type conversion) is when you change the data type of a
variable.

int numerator = 40;

int denominator = 25;
int number = 0;
cout << boolalpha << (bool) number << endl;
cout << numerator / denominator << endl;
cout << (double) numerator / denominator << endl;

numerator and denominator are integers, but (double) converts numerator

into a double. You can use (double), (int), and (bool) to cast any double,
integer, or boolean between each other. Note that casting an integer of 0 or
a double of 0.0 to a boolean will result in false. Any other integer or
double values will result in true.
 challenge

What happens if you:

Assign number to 5?
Cast only denominator to a double?
Cast both numerator and denominator to a double?
Cast the result to a double (e.g. (double) (numerator /
denominator)?
Change the code to…

int numerator = 40;

int denominator = 25;
int number = 5;
cout << boolalpha << (bool) number << endl;
cout << numerator / denominator << endl;
cout << (double) numerator / denominator << endl;
printf("%d \n", numerator / denominator);
printf("%f \n", (double) numerator / denominator);
printf("%f \n", (double) (numerator / denominator));

More information
If either or both numbers in C++ division are doubles, then double division
will occur. In the last example, numerator and denominator are both ints
when the division takes place which results in an int of 1. An integer of 1
converted to a double is 1.000000 but cout removes the decimal point and
all of the trailing zeros.

Data Type Compatibility

Do you know why the code below will not work?

int a = 5;
string b = "3";
cout << a + b << endl;

In C++, you can add a combination of ints, doubles, and bools together.
Remember that a boolean is either 1 if it’s true or 0 if it’s false. In the
example above, adding a string to an integer results in an error. That’s
because a string has no numerical value and can only be added to other
strings. However, you can convert the string b to an integer to fix the
problem by using stoi(). stoi() acts as a function to convert a string into
an integer. The string or string variable goes into the () to be converted.
See below for a list of type-conversion functions.

int a = 5;
string b = "3";
string c = "3.14";
bool d = true;
cout << a + stoi(b) << endl;

List of commonly used type-conversion functions

Output
Function Input Type Example
Type
stoi() string int stoi(“10”)

stod() string double stod(“12.34”)

int, double, to_string(10), to_string(12.34),

to_string() string
or boolean or to_string(false)

challenge

What happens if you:

Replace stoi(b) with stoi(c)?
Replace stoi(b) with stod(c)?
Replace stoi(b) with to_string(d)?
Replace a + stoi(b) with b + to_string(d)?

important

IMPORTANT
You can convert the string "3.14" to an integer using stoi() which will
result in an int of 3. To retain the decimal places, use stod() instead. In
addition, the to_string() function will convert a boolean into the
string form of its numerical value. to_string(true) will convert true to
"1" instead of 1. This is why adding b, which is a string of "3", to
to_string(d) resulted in the string of "31".
Formative Assessment 1
Formative Assessment 2