Statistical Measures

Mean
Median Calculates for
Measures of Mode three types : 1.
Position Simple Data set,
Quartiles
2. SFD 3. GFD
Percentiles

Range
Data Measures of Variance
Summarization Dispersion
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Quartile Deviation

Measures of
Skewness
 EXAMPLES
1. Simple data set : 6,2,7,10,5,7,3,5,8,11

2. SFD: 3. GFD:
Observation Frequency (fi ) C.I. Frequency (fi )
(xi )
25 3 5-9 3
26 5 10-14 5
27 4 15-19 4
12 12
 Mean
Notations:
x -Mean of the data set
x -Individual observation
i
m -Class midpoint
i
fi -Frequency of the corresponding indiviadual observation or class interval
n- Total number of items in the dataset

1. Simple data set : 6,2,7,10,5,7,3,5,8,11 n=10

∑$!"# 𝑥!
𝑥̄ =
𝑛
!"#"$"%&"'"$"("'")"%%
𝑥! = =6.4
%&
2. SFD
Observation Frequency (fi ) fi. xi n
(xi ) åfx
i =1
i i

25 3 3 * 25=75 x= n

åf i
26 5 5 * 26=130 i =1

27 4 4 * 27=108 %!%
𝑥! = !$ =26.08
12 313

3. GFD
n
C.I. Frequency (fi ) mi fi . mi åfm
i =1
i i
x= n
5-9 3 7 3*7 åf
i =1
i
10-14 5 12 5 * 12
!"#
15-19 4 17 4 * 17 𝑥! = !$ =12.42

12 149
• Q1= First quartile (Lower quartile)
• Q3= Third quartile (Upper quartile)
• Median
 Median and Quartiles
Positional values for
Simple data sets & SFDs
n = total number of observations
(number of data points in the data set)
$%# nd
Median position = &
$%# th
Q1 position =
'

$%# th
Q3 position = 3
'
 Median
1. Data array (Simple data set in ascending order)
Value 2 3 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 11 n=10
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

$%# nd #(%# nd
Median position = = = 5.5th
& &
)*+ ,-./0%1*+ ,-./0 1%2
Median = = = 6.5
& &
 Quartiles
1. Data array (Simple data set in ascending order)

Value 2 3 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 11 n=10
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

$%# th #(%#
Q1 position = = th = 2.75th
' '

Q1 =2nd value + (0.75) (3rd value – 2nd value)

= 3 + (0.75) (5-3) = 3 + 1.5 = 4.5
$%# th #(%#
Q3 position = 3 =3 th = 8.25th
' '
Q3 =8th value + (0.25) (9th value – 8th value)
= 8 + (0.25) (10-8) = 8 + 0.5 = 8.5
 2. SFD
x f CF &'! nd (!'!
Median position = $
= $
nd =31st
5 6 6
6 11 17
7 15 32
Median = value corresponding to 31st =7
8 18 50
9 6 56 $%# th 1#%#
10 5 61
Q1 position = = th = 15.5th
' '
Q1 =value corresponding to 15.5th =6
CF- cumulative frequencies

$%# th 1#%#
Q3 position = 3 '
=3 '
th = 46.5th

Q3 =value corresponding to 46.5th =8

 3.GFD Median position =
& nd
=
$))
=100th
$ $
CI fi CF Median CI= 55- 59
10 – 39 14 14 æn ö
ç 2 - F( m -1) ÷
Median = Lm +ç ÷Cm
40 – 49 18 32 ç fm ÷
è ø
50 – 54 29 61 Notations:
Lm -Lower boundary of the median class
55 – 59 45 106
n-Total frequency
60 – 69 54 160 F(m-1) -Cumulative frequency of the class interval immediately before the median class
fm -Actual frequency of the median class
70 – 79 22 182
Cm -Class width of the median class
80 - 89 18 200
100 − 61
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 54.5 + 5 = 58.83
45

& th $)) & th $))

Q1= = =50th Q3= 3 = 3 =150th
" " " "
Q1 CI= 50- 54 Q3 CI= 60- 69
HW: Find the value HW: Find the value
 CI fi CF 𝑛
10 – 39 14 14 𝑄! = 𝐿"! + 4 − 𝐹 "!#! 𝐶"!
𝑓"!
40 – 49 18 32
$ th &''
50 – 54 29 61 Q1 = = =50th
% %
Q1 CI= 50- 54
55 – 59 45 106
50 − 32
𝑄! = 49.5 + 5 = 52.6034
60 – 69 54 160 29
70 – 79 22 182
80 - 89 18 200
3𝑛
− 𝐹 ""#!
𝑄( = 𝐿"" + 4 𝐶""
Position= 𝑓""

($ th &''
Q3 = =3 =150th
% %
Q3 CI= 60- 69
!)'#!'*
𝑄( = 59.5 + 10 = 67.6481
)%
 Percentiles
Q1 à 25th percentile
Median à 50th percentile
Q3 à 75th percentile
 Percentiles

40𝑛
100 − 𝐹 ##$ $%
𝑃!" = 𝐿##$ + 𝐶##$
𝑓##$
65𝑛
100 − 𝐹 #%& $%
𝑃&' = 𝐿#%& + 𝐶#%&
𝑓#%&
Inclusive CI Exclusive CI
CI CB CW fi CF
CI fi CF
10 – 39 9.5 – 39.5 30 14 14
10 – 40 14 14
40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 10 18 32 40 – 50 18 32
50 – 55 29 61
50 – 54 49.5 – 54.5 5 29 61
55 – 60 45 106
55 – 59 54.5 – 59.5 5 45 106
60 – 70 54 160
60 – 69 10 54 160 70 – 80 22 182
80 - 90 18 200
70 – 79 22 182

80 - 89 18 200

Class width (CW) = Upper boundary (UB) – Lower Boundary (LB)

CW = UB – LB = 59.5 – 54.5 = 5
 Mode
• Most frequently occurred value
1. Simple data set
Values 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 10, 11 n=10
Mode= 5 or 7 à this data set is bi-modal

2. SFD:
Observation Frequency (fi ) Mode= 26
(xi )
25 3
26 5
27 4
12
2. GFD
CI f æ D1 ö
Mode = Lmod e +ç ÷ Cmod e
è D1 + D2 ø
10 – 39 14
40 – 49 18 Modal CI= CI with highest frequency = 60 -69
D1 = 9
50 – 54 29 D2 = 32
55 – 59 45 9
D1 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 59.5 + 10 = 61.70
60 – 69 54 9 + 32

70 – 79 22 D2

80 - 89 18

Notations:
Lmode -Lower boundary of the mode class
D1 -Difference between the mode class frequency and the frequency immediately before it
D2 -Difference between the mode class frequency and the frequency immediately after it
Cmode -Class width of the mode class
Measures of Dispersion
Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
 #
• Variance= 𝑆𝐷
 Standard Deviation (SD)
Notations:
xi - individual observation
mi - mid point of the class interval
x - meanof the data set
fi -Frequency of the corresponding indiviadual observation or class interval
n- total number of items in the data set

1. Simple data set : 6,2,7,10,5,7,3,5,8,11 n=10

2
∑x = !!
"#!
"$!
"%&!
"' !
"$!
"(!
"'!
")!
"%% !
= 48.2
%&
!"#"$"%&"'"$"("'")"%%
𝑥! = = 6.4
%&
n

å x i2
2 = 48.2 − 6 ⋅ 4! = 2.69
i =1
or SD = -x
n
 Standard Deviation (SD)
2. SFD
%!%
xi fi fi. xi fi. xi2 𝑥! = !$ =26.08

25 3 3 * 25 = 75 3*25
n
2 = 1875
n

å fi ( xi - x ) å
2
fi xi 2
26 5 5 * 26 = 130 5*26 2 = 3380
SD = i =1
n
or SD = i =1
n
- x2
27 4 4 * 27 = 108 å
4*272 = f2916
i =1
i åf
i =1
i

12 313 8171 +!,!

𝑆𝐷 = !&
− 26.08& = 0.87
 Standard Deviation (SD)
3. GFD
C.I. fi mi fi . mi fi . mi2 !"#
𝑥! = !$ =12.42
5-9 3 7 3 * 7 =21 3 n* 72 = 147 n

5å ( ) åfm
2 2
10-14 5 12 5 * 12 = 60 f
* 12
i 2m - x
=i 720 i i
SD = i =1 n or SD = i =1
n
- x2
15-19 4 17 4 * 17 = 64 4 * 17å
2 = 1156
fi åf i
i =1 i =1
12 149 2023
2023
𝑆𝐷 = − 12 ⋅ 42&
12

= 3.79
Coefficient of variation
Øalso known as coefficient of dispersion
ØRatio of the standard deviation of a
distribution to the mean of the distribution.
*+
ØCoefficient of variation (CV) = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎%
-̅
Quartile Deviation

Ø it is the average amount by which the quartiles differ from

the median .
Ø it is sometimes known as semi-inter-quartile range.
Q3 - Q1
Quartile Deviation =
2
Q1 = first quartile, Q3 = third quartile
Ø when the value of quartile is very small, it describes high
uniformity or small variation.
Ø Inter-quartile range = Q3 – Q1