save John Chung Designed to get a perfect score on the exam. level 2Dr, Yohu Chuug's SAT II Mathematics Level 2 Good Luck!Dear Beloved Students, With this SAT I Subject Test Math Level 2 Third Edition, | like to thank all students who sent me email to encourage me to revise my books. As | said, while creating this series of math tests has brought great pleasure to my career, my only wish is that these books will help the many students Who are preparing for college entrance. | have had the honor and the pleasure of working numerous students and realized the need for prep books that can simply explain the fundamentals of mathematics. Most importantly, the questions in these books focus on building a solid understanding of basic mathematical concepts. Without understanding these solid foundations, it will be difficult to score well on the exams. These book emphasize that any difficult math question can be completely solved with a solid understanding of basic concepts. ‘As the old proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” I still remember vividly on fifth- grader who was last in his class who eventually ended up at Harvard University seven years later. | cannot stress enough how such perseverance of the endless quest to master mathematical concepts and problems will yield fruitful results, You may sometimes find that the explanations in these books might not be sufficient. In such a case, you can email me at dricmath@gmail,com and | will do my best to provide a more detailed explanation. Additionally, as you work on these books, please notify me if you encounter any ‘grammatical or typographical errors so that | can provide an update version. It is my great wish that all students who work on these books can reach their ultimate goals and enter the college of their dreams. Thank you. Sincerely, Dr. John ChungContents 61 Tips TIP 01 | Identical Equation Page 06 Tip 02 | Remainder Theorem Page 07 Tip 03 | Factor Theorem Page 08 Tip 04 | Sum and Product of the roots Page 09 Tip 0S | Complex Number Page 11 Tip 06 | Conjugate Roots Page 12 Tip 07 | Linear Function Page 13, Tip 08 | Distance from a Point toa line Page 14 Tip 09 | Distance from a Point to a Plane Page 15, Tip 10 | Quadratic Function Page 16 Tip 11 | Discriminant Page 17 Tip 12 | Circle Page 18 Tip 13 | Ellipse Page 19 Tip 14 | Parabola Page 21 Tip 15 | Hyperbola Page 23 Tip 16 | Function Page 25, Tip 17 | Domain and Range of a Composite Function Page 26 Tip 18 | Piecewise-Defined Function Page 28 Tip 19 | Odd and Even Function Page 29 Tip 20 | Combinations of functions Page 30 Tip 21 | Periodic Functions Page 31 Tip 22 | Inverse Functions Page 32 Tip 23 | The Existence of an Inverse Function Page 33, Tip 24 | Leading Coefficient Test (Behavior of Graph) Page 34 Dr John Chung’s SAT I! Math Level 2Tip 25 | Arithmetic Sequence Page 35, Tip 26 | Geometric Sequence Page 36 Tip 27 | Exponential Functions Page 37 Tip 28 | Logarithmic Functions Page 39 Tip 29 | Basic Trigonometric Identities Page 41 Tip 30 | Circle(Trigonometry) Page 43 TIP 31 | Reference Angles and Cofunctions Page 44 Tip 32 | Trigonometric Graphs Page 45 Tip 33 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions Page 46 Tip 34 | Sum and difference of angles Page 48 Tip 35 | Double Angle Formula Page 49 Tip 36 | Half Angle Formula Page 50 Tip 37 | Trigonometric Equation Page 51 Tip 38 | The Law of Sines Page 58 Tip 39 | The Law of Cosines Page 54 Tip 40 | Permutation Page 55 Tip 41 | Combination Page 56 Tip 42 | Dividing Group Page 57 Tip 43 | Binomial Expansion Theorem Page 58 Tip 44 | Sum of Coefficients of a Binomial Expansion Page 59 Tip 45 | Binomial Probability Page 60 Tip 46 | Probability with Combinations Page 61 Tip 47 | Heron's Formula Page 62 Tip 48 | Vectors in the Plane Page 63 Tip 49 | Interchange of inputs Page 65 Tip 50 | Polynomial Inequalities Page 67 Tip 51 | Rational Inequalities Page 69 Tip 52 | Limits Page 71 Tip 53 | Rational Function and Asymptote Page 73 Tip 54 | Parametric Equations Page 76Tip 55 | Polar Coordinates Page 77 Tip 56 | Matrix Page 79 Tip 57 | Inclination Angle Page 81 Tip 58 | Angle between Two Lines Page 82 Tip 59 | Intermediate Value Theorem Page 83 Tip 60 | Rational Zero Test Pages Tip 61 | Descartes Rule of Sign Page 85 Practice Test Test 01 Page 087 Test 02 Page 113 Test 03 Page 141 Test 04 Page 167 Test 05 Page 195 Test 06 Page 223 Test 07 Page 249 Test 08 Page 277 Test 09 Page 303 Test 10 Page 329 Test 11 Page 355 Test 12 Page 381 Dr. John Chungjs SAT lt Math Level 2. Tips Identical Equation An identical equation is an equation which is true for all values of the variable. 10x +5x= 5x is am identical equation because itis always true for all real x. 10x-+5=15 isan algebraic equation because it is te for = only # Identical equation has infinitely many solutions * [nan identical equation, the expressions of both sides are exactly same. Example 1: 5x+5=5x+5 Example 2: ax+b=0 forall real values of x > av+b=Ox+0 > a=0 and b=0 PRACTICE 1. If av—b=3x+2 is always true for all real x , what are the values of a and b? 2. If a(x +1) +b(x-1) =x+9 is true for all real values of x, what are the values of a and b ? 3. If 2x + 6=a(x—1)? +(x +1)+e is true for all real 2x, where a, b, and ¢ are constants, what are the values, of a,b, and c? EXPLANATION 1, The coefficients must be equal 2 actathe-b=(atb)x+a-b, (a+b\v+(a-b)=x+9 Coefficients must be equal a+b=1 and a—b=9 Therefore, a=5, 4. 3. Since 7 + 2x+6=ar +(b-2a)x+a+b+e, then a= Therefore, a=1, b=4,and c=1 Answer: 1. a=3,b 2. a=S,b=-4. Tips Remainder Theorem When polynomial P(x) is divided by (x—a), the remainder R is equal to P(a) Polynomial P(x) can be expressed as follows PQ) =(x-@OQ)+R The identical equation is true for any value of x, especially x =a. Therefore, P(a=R , then you can say that “When polynomial PX) is divided by (x Example: If P(2) the remainder is 5. PRACTICE 1. Ifa polynomial f(x) = 2x? ~3x+5 is divided by (x—1) , what is the remainder? 2. Ifa polynomial g(x)=x° + 2x? +2x+3is divided by (x—1)(—2), then what is the remainder? EXPLANATION 1. R= f(l)=20)P -30)+5=4 2)Ax)+ar+b — When divided by degree 2 polynomial, the remainder is represented by ax+b gQ)=(- Dor At x=1 Therefore, @=15 and 6=~7 The remainder is 15x Also the remainder can be obtained using long-division or synthetic division, Dr John Chung's SAT Math Lovel 2. Tips Factor Theorem If p(a)=0, then p(x) has a factor of (xa). Polynomial p(x) can be expressed with a factor of (x—a) as follows. P(x) =(x—a)Q(X), where O(x) is quotient If (xa) isa factor of p(x), then the remainder after division should be 0. Example: If p(S)=0, then p(x) has a factor of (x5). PRACTICE 1. Ifa polynomial P(x) =x" + kx—B has a factor of (x—2), then what is the value of constant k ? 2. Ifa polynomial f(x) =." +ax* +x+1 has a factor of (x7 -1), what are the values of a and b? EXPLANATION 1, Using the factor theorem, PQ)=0 + P+%R-8-0 +k x+1(x-NOR), fW)=a+b+2=0 and f(-l)=a-b=0 Therefore, a =-1 and 6=—1 Answer: 1. 2. a=-1 and b=-1Tips Sum and Product of the Roots For a polynomial P( * fa an yk" $y gk" ay + tax ta, =0 Sum of the roots. = —2= =“2(-1)", where 1 is the d Product of the roots fee of the polynomial Example |: P(x)=ar? +he+e=0, rand » are the roots of the quadratic equation. Sum of the roots: Difference of the roots: (r—s)" = (r-+ 8)" ~4r-s If rand s are real and > s, then Product of the roots: rs = "(17 = © Example 2; P(x)= Ax’ + Bx? +Cx+D=0 Sum of the three roots Product of the three roots= =9(-1)'=-2 PRACTICE 1. If the roots of a quadratic equation 2x7 +Sx—4=Oare cand # , what is the value of 2x7 43x" 2. What is the sum ofa zeros of a polynomial function P(x) 3. What is the product of all zeros of g(x) = 3x” — Sx? +3) 4. [fone of the roots of a quadratic equation is 2~7, what is the equation? Dr.John Chung’s SAT Meth Lovel 2EXPLANATION Since @+f 3. Because the product of all zeros is 4. The quadratic equation can be defined by x? +4.+£=0 The sum of the roots DHO+= The product of the roots +2-F ‘Therefore, the equation is x° —4+5=0. Proof Sum of the two roots: vp? —4ae , -b-vlb?—4uc _-2b__b 2a 2a daa Product of the two roots: b+Nb bac | 2a | Answer: 1. 10. Tips Complex Number Complex number = Real numbers + Imaginary numbers (3 +4!) Pure Imaginary number = only Imaginary numbers (4i) Complex plane 1, @+bi is complex number, where @ and are real numbers. (Standard form) 2, a —biis the conjugate of a+bi. (a+bi=a—bi) 3. Ifa +bi=c+di, then a=c and b=d . (Equality of Complex Numbers) 4, |atbil=Va? bh? (Distance from the origin) PRACTICE 1, What are the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of the complex number 3~i? 2. What is the value of [3-4/]? 3. Ia +b+(a—b)i=6—4i, what are the values of a and b? EXPLANATION L +i) G-)G+) 10 0-344 Multiplicative inverse: 1. Additive inverse: (3—1) + (a + bi 2, [3-4il=y3? + (ay = 25 =5 3. ash and @—b=—4. Therefore, a Answer, 1. 341, 244) Dr John Chungss SAT II Math Level 2 "Tips Conjugate Roots ‘one variable with real coefficients, and a+ bi is ts conjugate w — bi isalso a root of P(x) 2. A polynomial x7 +5=0 has the roots of #5 and i PRACTICE 1. Lfone of the roots of a quadratic equation /(x) = 0 is -3+27, what is the quadratic equation? 2. [fone of the roots of mux” + (4m —Ix+k=0 is 1-2, where m and & are real numbers, then what is the value of k? EXPLANATION 1. Using the roots. (x-(-3+2i))(x-(3-2))=0 (0+ 3-2/)4342)=0 > (x Therefore, x° +6x-+13=0 Using sum and product of the roots, sum; - 2 =(-3+2i)+(-3-2/=-6 and Product: £ 2 0 The equation is x” +6x+13 (am =1) | 2. Sum: 128+ (-142)=-2, + m= Product: 4 (-1-2iy-1+ 21) im. Therefore, k Answer: 1. a? +6x413=0 2, k= 2Tips ial) Linear Function For two linear functions: yemth and yp=mx+b, 1. If m, =m and fy #bs, then these two lines are parallel (Inconsistent) 2. If m =mig and b =b,, then these two lines coincide. (Dependent) 3, Lf m, my =—1, then these two lines are perpendicular. 4. If my #m, these two lines are intersecting. (Consistent) PRACTICE 1. What is the equation of the line which is equidistant from two points 4(4,0)and 2(0, 2)? 2. the two lines 2v-3y+2=0 and 3y—ky—1= are perpendicular, then & = 3. Ifthe two lines 2v-+ay =1 and ax + (a +4) =2 ate parallel, then a= EXPLANATION 1, The midpoint =(2,1) and the slope of 7H =-. ‘The perpendicular line has slope of 2 and passes through @,1). Therefore, the equation is y = 2x~3. - 23 5 2. Theproduet of the slopesis 1, 22-1 k=-2 4, Theslopesare equal. 2-4» (aa)(a > a=4 or—2. Butthe y-intercepts a nd 4 At a=4, the two y-intercepts are equal (coincide). Therefore, @ Answer: 1. 3 3 Dr John Chung's SATU Math Level 2 13Tips tala Distance from a Point to a Line Distance D froma point (1, »,) toa line ax + hy +e Distance between two straight lines is the minimum distance which is perpendicular to the lines, PRACTICE What is the distance from a point (7,9) toa line 12 -5y = 0? What is the distance from the origin to a line 3+ 4y = 8? ‘What is the distance between two parallel lines 34+ » EXPLANATION [12@)-s@)| 39 Origin (0,0) pO) +40) d the equation of the line is 3x4 4y ~8=0 Therefore, Since they are parallel, m = 6. Choos 2. > 4.0 Distance between (4, 0) and 6x +2 p [6200-4] ag Answer: 1. 3 4Tips Distance from a Point to a Plane Distance from point A(x, 3, 2)to point B(x, ¥4, 2;) in space Distance from a point (x, ¥4,7,)toa plane ax+by-+ez+d=0 |e, +9, +0544 Distance from the origin toa point (a, 4, e) is D= PRACTICE 1. What is the distance from a point (1, 2,—3) toa plane 3x—4y41 2. What is the length of the diagonal of a rectangular solid with dimensions 3, 4, and 12? 3. What is the distance between point .4(1, — yand point B(3, 4,1)? EXPLANATION puy—402) +12 p_BW=42) Fata Dr John Chung's SAT Ii Math Level 2 18. Tips Quadratic Function ¢ mis defined as follows. Polynomial function of x with d PO)= a,x" +4, 4x" +4, 9x2 + ta? +axta, 1 If f( then (x) is a constant function, 2. If f()=ax? thy te, then SQ) isaq ic function Ia>0, fhasa minimum at x=-2. If a<0, f has a maximum at x 3. f(x) = ax" +he-+e ; standard form, 4. (0) =a(x—1 Or): factored form, where x, and xy are the roots of f(x) =0 5. (x)= a(x)’ +é : vertex form Axis ofsymmetry: x=h, Vertex: (I) PRACTICE 1. If f(x)=—x" + 6x—8, what are the coordinates of the vertex? 2. Ifa manufacturer of game computers has daily production costs of C()=1200—24n+0.5n?,, where C is the total cost, in dollars, each day to minimize «iis the number of units produced, how many game computers should be produced ost? EXPLANATION 1. Axis of symmetry x= y=/@)=-¥ +63)-8=1 (24) 20.5) 2. Axis of symmewry minimum at n =24 Therefore, the minimum cost (24) 200 -24(24)—0,5(24") =912 Answer: 1. (3,1) 2. 24 16Tips Discriminant ion ax? +hr+e=0, iscriminant determines the nature of the roots of a quadratic equ: b+ VP —4ac Roots = : Discriminant D =? ~ 4ac 1. If D>0, then the roots are real and unequal 2. If D=0, then the roots are real and equal. 3. If D (k~2¥6)(K +26) <0 . Therefore, D=(k+1) -16=0 > (k+5\k =0. & 3. That means “no x-intersections,” or “imaginary roots.” D=4-12k<0 > 12k>4 > koL , Thesmallestimteger k is Dr. John Chung's SAT Il Math Level 2 7Tips Circle A circle is the locus of points equidistant from a given point, known as the center, The standard equation of a circle whose center is at the point (i, k)is = radius (vay +(y—k) = PRACTICE 1, What is the area of a circle whose equation is a? = 4x-+y?-+2y=11? jeatest possible int 2. Th y? +2ax-4y =0 represents a circle. What is the value of @? graph of the equation 3. What is the circumference of a circle whose equation is x” +y° —6y =16? EXPLANATION is (x2) +(y 41) 1, The standard equs Therefore, the area is zr =16z. 2. ‘The standard equation is (x+ a)" +(y— To form a cirele, a? 40 > (a+2)(a—2)<0 Since -2b (x-Ay a Vertex (x-hP (y-&)? e e 1: Major axis is horizontal eS Vertex ET ey 1: Major axis is vertical 1. ‘Thecenter of the ellipse is at point (1, 4) 2. Length of major axis is 2a, Length of minor axis is 26. 3. If cis the length from the center to the focus, then c* =a? —b” PRACTICE. 1, What is the center of an ellipse whose equation is x7 +4)" -6x+8y +9=07 What is the length of the major axis of the ellipse whose equation is The ellipse is given by 4x7 + y° =36. What are the coordinates of the foci? 4. Ifa line y =x-+4 is tangent to an ellipse whose equation is x7 + what is the value of & Dr: John Chung's SAT lI Math Love! 2 19Tips EXPLANATION 1, The standard equation is (x3) +4(y 41)" Center (3-1) > a=3¥3, Therefore major axis is 2a = 6V3. 3. The standard equation is +2 =1 . (Major axis is vertical) 9°36 Therefore the coordinates of oxi is (0, +303) 4=0 ke + 4, Substitute. dx? +(x+k) =4 > 5x7 nt to the ellipse, its discriminant must be 0, Since the line is ta D=4k —4(5)(k Therefore, k= 4)=0 — 16k? =80 > & iE Answer: 1, (3,1) 2. 6¥3 3. (0,433) 4. +V5Tips Parabola A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed the focus. ne, the directrix, and a fixed point, 1, Thestandard form of the equation with vertex at the origin (0, 0) is Vertical axis 4py Directrix yep = Direetrix y=-p 2 Horizontal axis Directrix dex Pp Direetrix x=p “The standard equations of a parabola with vertex at (/,k) are as follows, (x-Ay =4p(y—k) Vertical axis (y- 8) =4p(x—h) Horizontal axis Dr.John Ghung's SAT II Math Level 2 21Tips L 1, What are the focus and directrix of the parabola whose equation is given by y =x"? 2. Find the focus of the parabola gi nd the standard form of the equation of the parabola with the vertex at (1,0) and the focus at (2, 0). EXPLANATION 1. xP =16y > x7 =4(4)y focus (0,4) and directrix. y (44x) | Standard form is 2 ! 2y > (x4 2f = y grog hry > (ey acl 3. Because the axis of symmetry is horizontal, passing through (1, 0) and (2, 0), Diretrix, The standard equation is sO (y= hk) =4p(x—h), where h=1, &=0, and p Therefore the equation is y-0) =4()(w-1) > 1 (y-0y =4()@-1) ) 0.0) 2.0) Focus Answer: 1. (0,4),Tips Hyperbola A hyperbola is the The standard form of the equation with the center at (0, 0)is et of points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from two distinct foci is constant ab Transverse axis is horizontal ‘Transverse axis is vertical Focus(4e,0) : ¢ Focus(0,c) : Asymptotes: y= 42x Asymptotes: y= +45 Transverse axis is horizontal ‘Transverse axis is vertical Dr. John Ghung's SAT Il Math Level 2 23Tips PRACTICE 1, Ifthe equation of a hyperbola is given by =~ t =1, what are the equations of its asymptotes? 2, Find the asymptotes and foci ofthe hyperbola whose equation is == —/-— 1 3. The equation of a hyperbola is defined by 9x7 — Find the center, *—36x—6y+18=0 EXPLANATION 1. Asymptotes: y Since Sand <4, the ssp is yeh 2 Asymptotes: y=+"r. a=4and b > For the foci (0, ¢): +Viova = Therefore, the asymptotes is y 8 +36-9 9(x—2)° -(y 43) Center at (2, -3) Answer: Ley 24Tips Function Afunetion / froma set X to aset ¥ isa relation that ass signs to cach element in set’ exactly one element in the set ¥ Domain is the set of input). Range is the set of ¥ (output) Input x Input x Ww Nv Funetion / eon 2 Ae Output f(x) Output (x) PRACTICE 1. What are the domain and range of the funetion (x 2. What is the domain of the function f(x) 3. What is the range of the funetion f(x)=3)x EXPLANATION L 16-720 > (x+4)(x-4)50 > -4s054 2. x-1020 butx415 > {10s <15}U{x>15} or interval notation: [10,18)U(15,20) 3. Minimumot f is ~4. You ea Answer: 1 Domain: 4 second function Fo)=—, glx= f (g(x)) > final function Domain of starting function g(x) is x # 3, (All real numbers except 3) J 1 3 f(g@s))= » Domain of final function is.x+ 2. 300— +2 Therefore, the domain of (g(x)) is all real numbers x except 2 and 3. Now let's find the range, First find the range of the final function, From the function, we ean find two asymptotes. [ #72: Vertical asymprote Horizontal asymptote But when y =3, the funetior f- > i 1 1 Therefore, the range of {(g(x)) is (-», 0)v{ 0 sh 2). > Alla numbers y except 26Tips PRACTICE 1. if f(x)=V¥ and g(x)=x-1, whatis the domain and range of (go )(x)? 2 if foy=t and g(x) p> Whats the domain ana ge of (go f)(x)? EXPLANATION 1. Domain of /(x) is x20. (go s)(x)=Ve-1: Domain of (go f)(x) is 20. ‘There, the domain of the final functio The range of the final function is y>—1 2. Domain of f(x) is x #0. (All real numbers except 0) (goS)@)= Domain of (go /)(x) is x1. Therefore, actual domain is all real numbers except 0 and 1 Range of (go f)(x) » [ver mmptote: x= 1 | Horizontal asyaptoe: y= lim From the first funetion f(x) x20 — (go f)(0) isundefined. Therefore, the range of g (f(x) is all real numbers except y= —H and y- Dr. John Chungjs SAT II Math Lovol2 27Tips Piecewise-Defined Function A piec se-defined function is a function that is defined by two or more equations over a specified domain, £(x)=[x| is « piecowise-detined funetion as follows. x, when x20 | SH 1 when <0 PRACTICE 1, What are the domain and range of the piecewise-defined function as follows? EXPLANATION Answer: L, Domain: Allteal x, Range: y2—1 — —> Interval notation:Domain(—~«, «) , Range 28Tips Odd and Even Functions A funetion f is even if f(x) =/(-x). A funetion f is odd if f(x) =—f(-x). Symmetric about the y-axis, Symmetric about the origin 1. For f(x) =2" if n=even , then f(x) is even, if n= odd, then f(x) is odd. PRACTICE Determine whether each function is even, odd, oF ni Ls) 2 g@)= 3 W(=e-1 EXPLANATION 1, Since f()=—f(-x), f(x) is odd. 2 Since g0)= g(-x), g(x) is even. 3. h(x) is neither , because M(x) # h(x) or h(x) # M(x) Answer: 1. Odd 2, Even 3, Neither Dr John Chung’s SAT Math Lovel 2 29. Tips Combinations of Functions Sum: (F+8)@)= 0) +40) Difference: (f-g)@)=/@)-2) Product: ()0)= fo-200) Quoti {£)-2. eo te) ee Compositions: (fo g)(x)= f(e(2)) PRACTICE A. UF f(e)=2x+3 and g(x) =2x-3 then ( fe)(4)= 2. AF £(0)=log, (x3) and g(x)=log, (+3), then (f-+2)(6)= BAP f(x)=log, (x? —3x+2 and_¢(x)=log,(x-2), then (f—g)(9)= 4. 1F f(x) =e" and g(x) =3ln(r—3), then f(g(5))= EXPLANATION 1, Since fy = (2x+3)(2 4x? =9, (fe) (4)=35. Or, ((4)=land @(4)=5, S44) 2, Since f + g= log, (x-3)(x+3)=log, (x° -9), (F +g)(6)=log; (36-9) =3log, 3 9 tops(-1) x—2)(x-1) log Therefore, (/-¢)(9) = log: (9-1)=3log, 4. Since f (g(x) =e = (4-3), £(g(8)) = (8-3) = Answer: 1. 55 23 3.3 48 30Tips Periodic Functions ty Ifa function / is periodic if there exists a number p such that S(x-+ p)= (3) for all number x. 1, The smallest period is called the fundamental period of the function, Period 2. Ifa periodic function has period p , then 1) y=6f(s) still has period p. 2) y= f (ex) has period 2. 3. The smallest period is simply called the period, PRACTICE, 1, Ifa function /(x)=sin.x has period 2-7, then what isthe period of the funetion f(x)= sind? 2. What is the period of the funetion 3. Ifa fimetion is defined by (x) = f(x-+2z), what isthe period of the function? EXPLANATION Dr.John Chung’s SATII Math Level 2 34Tips wee Inverse Functions An inverse function is a function that reverses function f. If fis a function mapping x to », then the inverse function of f' maps y back to x T. f(xy=xe5 2 > Fa=x-5 I Ir fQ)=e45 : {(,6),2,7),4,8), 4,9} then f'()=x-S : {6,0 (7,2) 8,3), 4)} Inorder to form inverse function of f just interchange x and y coordinates and express yin terms of x. If the function gis the inverse function of /, 1. f(e(a))=x and g(f09)= © 2. The domain of / is the nge of g \d the range of fis the domain of g. 3. \(x)is areflection of the graph off in the line 4.__[fpoint (a,b) lies on graph off, then_point (b,a) must lie on the graph of f~ PRACTICE 1. What is the inverse function of f(x) 2. If ((A)=35,then f-!(35) EXPLANATION Lx 2 (4,35) Answer: Ley 22Tips Mixes The Existence of an Inverse Function Ifa function / is one-to-one, then its inverse is a function. 1. If f isincreasing on its entire domain, then f is one-to-one. nits entire domain, then f is one-to-one, If fis decreasi If f is increasing on its entire domain, then f ‘is a function, 3 A. If / is decreasing on its entire domain, then “is a function. To check one-to-one, the horizontal line test can be used. f(x) By the horizontal line test, does not have an inverse function. PRACTICE 1. Does the function f(x) = Vr—2 +3 have an inverse function? 2. Does the function g(x)=|v-+ 3|have an inverse function? EXPLANATION y J is one - to- one. g is not one- to- one Its inverse is a function, Its inverse is not a function, Dr John Chung's SAT I! Math Level 2 33Tips Leading Coeffi nt Test (Behavior of Graph) Whether the graph of a polynomial rises or falls can be determined by the Leading Coeff Test as follows. P(x)= ax" +a, yx" +-4ayxta, + dyis the leading coefficient. 1. When 1 is odd and a, is positive, the graph falls tothe left and rises to the right, 2. When 1 is oddand a, is negative, the graph rises to the and falls to the right. 3. When 1 is even and a, is positive, the graph rises to the left and right, 4. When 1 is even and a, is negative, the graph falls to the left a id right. PRACTICE 1, What are the right-hand and left-hand behaviors of the graph of f(x) =x° +2x° -3x+5? EXPLANATION 1. Using the test, leading coefficient is positive and m is odd. ii xS=+00 and lin Answer: The graph falls to the lefl and rises to the right,Tips Arithmetic Sequences IP A sequence is arithmetic if the differences between consecutive terms are the If a, =a and d is the common difference, then the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is a, =a+(n-Dd. And the sum of a finite arithmetic sequence with 1 tetms is ) PRACTICE 1. If the first term of a sequence {a, }is q =3 and a,,, =a, +4, what is 2. three numbers m, a, product of the numbers is 315, what is the greatest number in the sequence? 3. If the first term of an arithmetic sequence is $ and the common difference is terms? EXPLANATION i & form an arithmetic sequence in that order, the sum of the numbers is 21, and the . what is the sum of the first 100 Body =a, =A,and d= 4, dys =a +(n=l)d =34+24-4=99 2 Let three numbers be a—d, a, a+d, Then a-d+atat+d=3a=21 + a=7 In an arithmetic sequence, the middle number (median) is equal to the average. (T=d)-7-(74d)=31S > 49-a* 5,7,9 S> d?=4 od Therefore, three numbers «then dig) =5+(100—1)-3=302 and number of terms is 100. 100(5 +302) Therefore, S, Answer: 1, 99 29 3. 15,350 Dr. John Chung SAT I! Math Level 2 35Tips ivi Geometric Sequences A sequen c is geometric if the ratios of consecutive terms If a =a and the common ratio is 7 then 1) the mthterm of the geometric sequence is. a, = ar" and a(l=r 2) the sum of the sequen ) a iL , i ‘ au-r") 3) The sum of the infinite series is given by lim $, = im It <1, then the sum of the infinite series is as follows, PRACTICE 1, The first term of a geometric sequence {a,} is 2 and a, What is the value of ay ? 2. Ina geometric sequence, the second term is 3 ind fifth term is 24, What is the 8th term? 3. What is the sum of the infinite series 153+ EXPLANATION 1, Since a,=2 and r=2, then 2 a)=ar=3 and a; =a) s 24 > Pas Therefore r=2 and a, = 1 3. Since Answer: 1, 1024 2, 192Tips Exponential Functions A. Laws of Expot If a,b, and c are positive integers. A. tanh aah Multiplication Law Division Law Power Law 4 (9) =34 Power ofa Product Law 5 Power of a Quotient Law 6. Zero Exponent 1 | (r#0): Negative Exponent 8 7 2(25)" + Fractional Exponent B. Exponent ‘unction f with base a : f(x)=a" ,where a@>0,a#1, and x is any real number, C. Graphs of Exponential Functions 1) a> y 2) 00, a>0, and a1 1. lo log, a=! 2 3. log, a" =xlo 4 ax 8. If log, x=log, y then x=y 6. logy t=loge (Common fogarithms) 7. tog, x=Inx (Natural logarithms) 8. x= OB (Change of base) log,a 9. log, (xy) =log,.x+log, » — : (Product property) 10. y (Quotient property) Th : (Power property) 12. (All real 1 except 0) 13. (Reciprocal property) y O), Range: (21,2), Vertical asymptote: x=0 (Dr John Chung's SAT H Math Level 2 39Tips PRACTICE |. Uf In(x 2) + In(2x—3) = ln, then x = ue A, of the 2. $10,000 is invested in an account at an interest rate of 5%, compounded continuously, Th ment at any time is given by the equation A= Pe”, where ¢ represents the number of will it take the balance to double? 3. IE logs x-+logs(x-8)=2, then x= 4. If y =3e" ~2, what is its inverse Function? EXPLANATION Tx+6= 1, In(2x°-7x+6)=Inx? > 2 > (x-6)(x=1)=0 Since x>2, the answer is x=6 only In2 182 213.86 005 . 20,000 = 10,0006"! > Bx=F > (x-9)(x41)=0 , x=9 oF =I =1 cannot be the solution, 2. 13.86 Answer: 1. x=6. Tips Basic Trigonometric Identities Domain Range Period sind Allreal numbers —1 sin? 0-005" 0+ 2sind os = 5 > 142sindeosd > 142sin dcosd=+ + sindeos = is 2 cos _sin?O+e0s°@_ sind cosdsind_cosOsin? 42 =Oare sind and cos@ , what is the positive value of k ?Tips Circle (Trigonometry) sing=">0 sind=2>0 cosa= "9 wang=* >0 @is the terminal angle from initial side, PRACTICE 1. If cos £ and tand > 0, then what isthe value of sin? 2. Inthe interval 0° <.x<360°, sin = cos.x where xis 3. If tanx =—= and cosx <0, then what is the EXPLANATION “anes 3 1, Since the angle terminates in Quadrant IIl, sin @ = —= 2. ‘They are equal in Quadrant | and It 3. The angle is in Quadrant IL -f_3) Therefore, Answer: 1. Dr. John Ghung's SAT I Math Lovel 2 43Tips a Reference Angle and Cofunction ie angle 8" formed by the terminal side of @ If @ is the terminal angle, its reference angle is the and the horizontal axis. Initial Side Terminal Side“... Cofunetion: Any trigonometric function of an acute angle is equal to the Cofunetion of its complement If A+B=90", then sind=cosB, secd=eseB, and tan d=cotB PRACTICE |. Rewrite cos258° as a function of a positive acute angle 2. Write an expression equivalent to cot(—118°) as a funetion of an acute angle whose measure is less than 45 3. I is an acute angle and csc(@+15°)=sec45°, then sind = EXPLANATION o 8-180 =78 , cos 258° — cos 78" Z —sin 12’ — 2. O =180-118=62 cot(—118°)= cot62° = tan 28" 4. Cohantoc: ovise4s=00 + i0=d0 > ane’! Answer 1. —eou78*or sinl2” 2. tm28. Tips Trigonometric Graphs 1. y=asin(he—e)+d and y=acos(be—c) +d Amplitude: [al Period p= Middle line : y=d 2, y=tan(bx—c) +d Amplitude : Does not exist Period : p= Middle line : y=d PRACTICE 1, Find the period and amplitude of the function _/(1) = -Scos- 2. Whatis the period and amplitude of y =4sin.xeos.x—1? 3. If the height is given by h =-30sin values of the height? EXPLANATION +15 , hat are the maximum and minimum, = 24 and amp = a2 2sin 2x1 2. y=4sin.xeos.x— Therefore, amp is 2 and p naximum = 30+ 30=-15, 3. Since amplitude i and minimum =15 Answer: 1. p=24.and amplitude=5 2. p=, amplitude=2 3. maximum = Dr. John Chung's SAT Ii Math Laval 2 45Tips Inverse Trigonometric Functions Inverse Sine Function y=sinx i i i i y =sin.x has an inverse function only on this interval. Inverse Cosine Function (0.1) y=cosx Inverse Tangent Function y=cosx has an inverse function only on this interval. y= tan has an inverse funetion only on this interval, y= arecos.x (1.0) y= arctan xTips The ranges of the inverse functions Compositions of Functions: 1. sin(aresin x) =x 2. cos(arceos 3. tan(aretan x) PRACTICE 1. What is the value of tan arctan(—3))? 2. EXPLANATION 1. Let arctan(-3)=x, > tanxy=—3 . Therefore tan (arctan(—3)) = tan.x 2 sint= 3 ( 3)) 4 > siny=-2 + Therefore eos{ aresin{ 2} =oos:s= 2 Answer: 1. Dr dobn Chung SAT It Math Level 2 a7Tips Sum and Difference of Angles nctions of the Sum of Two Angles Funetions of the Difference of Two Angles sin(A+ B)=sin Acos B+ cos Asin B sin(4 ~B)=sin AcosB—cos Asin B cos( A+ B)= cos Acos B sin Asin B c0s(4~B) =cos Acos B+sin Asin B tan A+ tan B tan(A+B) tan( 4-2) Te tan PRACTICE 1. If sinx=+ and cosy = 4, where and y are positive acute angles, what is the value of cos(x— y)? 2 tan(180° —y) = 3. Msin d= 06, sinB=-08, 2 y= 60 Answer: 1 3. 60. Tips Trigonometric Equation PRACTICE 1. In the interval 0° (2cosx-1) cosx=— > x= 60", 300 1 2. (I=sin? x) +2sin.x—1=0 — sin? x—2sinx=0 » sin x(sinx—2)=0 sinx=0or sinx=2 (reject) Therefore, x=0", 180" 3. Since see’ Te tan? x, 2(1+ tan? x) —3tan.2— (2mns-t)(une=t)=0 + tance oc tnx! If tanx= 0.5, then x=tan'(0.5)=0.46 or x= 0.46 + Remember:For these questions, Wf tanx=1, then x= tan” 10.79 or x=0.79 + 1 =3.93, You can use a calculator. Therefore, x=0.46, 3.60, 0.79, 3.93 |Graph and find the zeros, 4. Itsiny=2(l-sin?x) > 2sin?atsiny-1=0 > L (2sinx—1)(sinx +1) =0 sin x=" or sin.x=~1.. Therefore, the positive acute angle is 30° Answer: 1. 60°, 300° 2. 0°, 180° 3.0.46, 0.79, 3.61, 3.93 4, 30 Dr John Chung's SAT Il Math Level 2 51Tips The Law of Sines Area of a Triangle: If ABC is a tis Area = besin A _absinC _ aesin B c a ch _e(bsin) bes 6 nro =f lesind)_ desi Law of Sines: If ABC is a triangle with sides a, b, and c, then abe Sind sinB sinc PRACTICE 1. In BBC, what isthe ratio a:b if Z24=30° and 2B =45°? 2, and 2B =20°? 2. How many possible triangles can be constructed if a =10, b =Tips How many distinct triangles can be constructed if the measures of two sides are 4 and 6 and the measure of the angle opposite the smaller side EXPLANATION 1. Law of sines: a >, ai sing" sinds' 2 sin a= 10820" 6.28: ZA ties in Quadrant lor I Sind sin20 2 4=sin'0.28%16° or 164 1Osin20=34 or ZA 7 Zz a=19 16 20 a sa 164 20 No triangle Therefore, only one ti be constructed 2 Since b= 12s greater than 10, one trang 3. Sg sing -283° 26.75; ZB ties in Quadrant Lor IL sin30° sin B Asin”! 0,75 =49° or 131 AA Fa x 6sin 30° = 30 49 lor 30! II 19° Therefore, two triangles can be constructed, Since 3<4.<6, two triangles. Answer: 1. 2 Onetriangle 3. Two triangles Dr John Chung's SAT I Math Lovel 2 53Tips key) =6The Law of Cosines Law of Cé a? =b" +¢° ~2becos A cos PRACTICE 1, In A4BC, if a= Band 6 =1, and ZC=30°, then ¢ = 2. [ftwo forces of 30 pounds and 40 pounds act on a body with an angle of 120° between them, what is the magnitude of the resultant? EXPLANATION 1, The Law of cosines: 2 =(V5J +(I)* -2( VE) ayeos30 > c=1 > o=1 2. Ina parallelogram, two consecutive angles are supplementary and opposite sides are =. 40. Tips Permutation A permutation of a set of valu: an arrangement where order is important. The number of ways of obtaining an ordered 7 elements from 1 elements is given by n (nr)! PRACTICE 1, In how many ways can a class with 15 students choose a president, a vice-president, and treasurer? 2. In how many different orders can the program for a music concert be arranged if6 students are to perform? 3. How many 8-letler arrangements can be made from the letters in the word PARALL EXPLANATION Permutations with repetition: This is a permutation of 8 letters taken at a time when 2A and 3L are identical Therefore, = A al 360 213!” 2131 Answer 1. 27302, 720-3 3360 Dr John Chung's SAT H Math Level 2 55Tips Combination A selection in which order is not important is called a combination, The number of combinations of mthings taken rata time is PRACTICE 1. There are 10 novels and 6 biographies in a book reading list. If student chose 5 novels and 3 biographies to read, how many different combinations can be chosen? 2. There are 6 boys and 5 girls in a chess club, In how many ways can 2 boys and 3 girls be selected to attend the regional toumament? 3. ft, =120 and |” 20 , then what is the value of 1? EXPLANATION > Therefore, r=6 > r=3Tips iyam §6Dividing Group When we divide group into several groups, 1) Each group has different number of people How many ways to divide group of 10 people into one group of 7 people and the other group 3 people? ‘The number of ways = jC, x ,C, = 120 2) Some groups has same number of people How many ways to divide of 10 people into two groups of 3 people and one group of 4 people? The number of ways Because two groups has the same number of people, \yC; x >C, x 4C; should be divided by 2! Ifthe number of people n=a+a+a+b+b-+c , then the number of ways divides into the groups of a, a, a, b,b andc is (n—3a)(n~3a—b\(n~3a~2h) shia | GN asi The number of way PRACTICE 1, How many ways are there to divide 8 people into two groups of three people and one group of two people? 2. Eight people are divided into one groups of 5 people and the other group of 3 people. How many ways are there? EXPLANATION Dr. John Chung's SAT II Math Level 2 87Tips ike Binomial Expansion Theorem Formula for expanding (+ y)" for positive integers is bt 9) = 6.090) +609" OY + GO) OY t+ .Ca)' OYE. GENO) 1. For any binomial expansion of (+ y)" there are n +1 terms, "0. where PRACTICE 1, What is the third term of the expansion of («a -2b)'? 2, What is the middle term of the expansion of (x 2)"? 3. Inthe expansion of | ~—5)} «What is the value of the constant term? ve) EXPLANATION (4) 2 1. The third term is {|@r( 6) % 2. The mide tems (§)(e)'(-2»)' =-160¢y* 2 ()CeFEey (Jerre (eye, a0-te0 10) s Therefore, the constant erm {'? | -1)* =-252 Answer: 1. 240" 2. 1600 y* 3a 252Tips Sum of Coefficients of a Binomial Expansion From Binomial Expansion Theorem below (x+y) = G09")! + 5 (x) "(y+ Cal)" OY t+ CO) OY + GOOF Sum of Binomial Coefficients (SBC) is Cot Gt Ct st Ca tert Crt aly ant Since Binomial expansion is true for all real values of x and y, when you put x=1 and y=I in the expansion, (LLY = 6, (1) (P+ 6G (UY (+ a (I) (UF He Sy) (I) +, (0) or Cyt Gt Co tert Cyst aC Therefore, SBC=2". Example 1: What is the sum of coefficients in the binomial expansion of (2x—3y)° ng x=land y=1, SBC =(2-3)'=-1 Check: (2x-3y)' =8x9 ~36x2y + S492 - 279" » SBC = 8+ (-36) + S44+( PRACTICE 1. What is the sum of coefficients in the binomial expansion of (1 2x)" ? 2. What is the value of G+ ,C, + ,€.+ Cyt Cp tert Cyt aCy? EXPLANATION 1, Putting x=1: SBC =(1-2)°=(-1)*=1 2 (xt y)" = .C,(3)" (0) + G0) (n+. (2) OP H+ Ca) OY" (a) (v) Putting x =1 and y=1: SBC =(1+1)' =2" Answer: 1 1 2 2 Dr.John Chung's SAT I! Math Level 2 59Tips Binomial Probability IF the probability of success is p and the probability of failure is 1- p =q, then the probability of exactly r successes in 1 independent trials is P= ,Cpy PRACTICE 1. Ifa fair coin is tossed 10 times, what is the probability of rolling a head exactly 7 times? 2. Ifa fair coin is tosses 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining at most 3 heads? 3. A coin is loaded so that the probability of heads on a sing the probability of at most 3 heads when the coin is tossed 6 times? throw is th es the probability of tails. What is EXPLANATION Or, binomedf(S, 0.5, 3)=0.8125 (Graphing Calculator) 3. Since P(H)=0.75 and P(7) = 0.25 , the probability is aC (0.75)" (0.25)° + gC, (0.75)'(0.25)* + .C,(0.75)*(0.28)' + .C; (0.78)* (0.25) = binomedf (6, 0.75, 3)= 0.16943359 ~0.17 aS 2 5B or 08125 3. 0.17 Ey 16 Answer: 1. 60Tips Probability with Combinations 1f5 cards are drawn at random from a standard deck, what is the probability that all $ cards are hearts? Method 1: 2-card deck, the probability that the first card drawn is a heart is 42 and the Since there are 13 hearts in the probability that the second card drawn is a heart is +, Therefore, continuing in this way, the probability is Method 2: Gi Using combinations: —_P(all hearts) = 2 = 0,000495 PRACTICE 1, Lf three marbles are picked at random from a bag containing 4 red marbles and 5 white marbles, what is the probability that exactly 2 marbles are red? EXPLANATION 1, Method 1; There are three ways to pick: RR, RIVR, WRR The probability of RW: 4.3.3 a8 Bach has the same probability. Therefo Method 2: Using combinations sOXsC_30_ 5 CG 14 P Answer: 1 Dr. John Chung's SAT Wt Math Lovel 2 61. Tips Heron’s Formula with sides a, 6, and ¢ , the area of the triangle is given by Given any tria Area = f(s ayie— bea), where ¢ =" PRACTICE 1. Find the area of a triangle having sides of lengths 5, 12, and 15. EXPLANATION Using Heron's Formula: S412 15 - - s =P 16, Area = J6U6— 3612615 Using the law of cosines: Inthe figure, find angle @ using the law of cosines. S415*=12? 106 (106 coso=S 21S NP 106, 9 = cost 18) - 45.036 2505) 150 150) ‘The area ofthe triangle = 2b8in@ 15 _(5)U5)sin 45.086 _ 4, 5 : Answer: 1. 26.53 62Tips Vectors in the Plane Fora vector F egment Directed Line Initial Point Terminal Point Ifthe vectors have the same magnitude and direction, then they are equivalent. 2, Magnitude of a vector is the length of the segment: Distance formula, UF A=(0,0) and 8 =(), ten [|= fO=07 ==" 3. Ifa vector has an initial point in the origin, then the vector is ania positon sun postion and P| = Yo? + 9 P = (vj,v5) is the component form 4. Unit vector i has a magnitude of | and the same direction as 7 Divide a vector by its length PRACTICE 1. Find the unit vector in the diteetion of 7 = (3,4). 3) to Q=(-2,8), whatis the magnitude of 2. If A is represented by the directed line segment from P- vector A? 63 Dr.John Chung's SATII Math Level 2EXPLANATION 1. is in standard position and the initial point is at (0, 0) W=Vear +4 (-0.6, 0.8) Or, use distance formula: D= (2-27 +6-8" = 3. 2a+b= 3) + (4,0) (0,12) Therefore, Answer: 1. (-0.6, 0.8) 2 Vat zB 12Tips Interchange of Inputs Example 1. Uf (3) =5x-2, what is (5)? 4 y= fe) —— Input Output —_ y= fer-5) _— Input Output ye of input means replacement x with x — If flx)=Sx-2, then f(x-5)=S(x-5)-2=Sx-27. The best way to interchange the input is as follows. Step 1: Change the input variable of original fumetion: (Kk) =Sk Step 2: Find relationship between two inputs: & = x with a new input and simplify: f(x -S)=S(x—5)— Step 3: Replac Example 2. If f(x+5) then f+) = Step 2: k4S=u4] > kax—4 Step 3: f(x +1) PRACTICE 1. If fox what is 2. (24) =2043, then f00)= ta} Dr John Chung's SAT I Math Lovel 2 65Tips then f(2x-+1)= EXPLANATION > fRky=h 45 4x > k=4x4l > f(X)=8r+5 k=dy-8 Step 3: f(2x+1)=(4x-8)° > f2x+1)=16x7 64x +63 Answer: Lf 5 f)=8x+5 3 +1) =16x7 -64x +63Tips Polynomial Inequalities Graphical Solution: 1. Solve (x 4)(x~2\(x+2)>0 Step 1. Find eri points, (x—4)(x—2(r+2)=0 iraph y =(x—4)(x— 2(x+2) Step 2. Step 3) From the graph above, find the intervals for > 0. The solution is -24 2. Solve (x-4)(x- P(x+2)<0 Step 1. Find the eritical points, (x—4)(x—2)"(x+ Step 2. Graph y-=(x-4)(x-2)*(+ 2) Zeros: 2 (two equal roots), and x= 2 Step 3. Find the intervals for y<0. The solution is -2 —12? EXPLANATION 1, Graphical solution: use graphing utility From the graph, the solution set is (2, I] (1, 22) 2. By using a graphing utility y ‘The solution set is (3.06, 0.48) (4.08, s0) . Answer 1. x<-l of (3.06, 0.48) v (4.08, 0) 68Tips eG Rational Inequalities Graphic Solution: (D+), 1. Solve the rational inequality using critical Method 1, Test value Critical points from the equation: © + x=Land x=-2 (closed) Critical points from undefined: x=2 (open) There are four possible solution set Satisfied 0 Satisfied Solution; -22 Method 2. Using the graph Since (x-2)" > 0, multiply both sides by (x2) > (x=2)(x-1)(xt Dr John Chungs SAT Il Math Level 2 69PRACTICE ; ( 1. Solve the inequality 2-3) ey ee) EXPLANATION 1, Method 1) Multiply both sides by (x—1)*(x+2)' which is positive. (e=DGr+ 2)(e=2y W-3y=6 > Wr=3y+6 =(39+6)) > Ae ay? =9y? 300436 4x° Sy" —36p-36=0. Hyperbola 6. 3x-6y+2=0 > Hrcos6)—6(rsind)+2=0 > rBcos#—6sin)=—2 ~ 3cos@—6sind > and x=rcos@. Therefore, =G6reos0 + r=6cosd ge(uz] ase $8. 4x” -Sy" -36y-36=0,Hyperbola 6. r 24s? 28,cirle 4. x=1 Answer: 1. (0,5) 2.( ee 3cos- sind 78Tips LT dist) Matrix A. Order of Matrix: An mxn (m by ) mats isa rectangular array of mumbe: arranged in m rows (horizontal lines) and n columns (vertical lines) ‘This matrix has three rows and two columns, The order of the matrix is 32 (3 by 2) B. Addition of Matrices: If two matrices have the same order, then you can add two matrices by adding their corresponding entries, D. Scalar Multiplication and Matrix Subtraction: | 4 4 6) ~6 12) [4 -8 9 6) [3B 0. Mul Row by Column Multiplication The number of columns of the first matrix must equal to the number of rows of the second matrix. 2 Eee) iplication of Matrices: Dr. John Chund's SAT! Math Level 2 79Tips x B = 4B mxn nxp mxp Order of A Order of B Order of 4B F, Determinant of a 2x2 matrix la a =ad ~be le PRACTICE 2 -3) 1. What isthe determinant of the matrix A=] 7 |? 2. Ifmatices 4, B,C, and Dhave orders of 2x3, 2x3, 3x2, and 2x2, respectively, what are the orders of following operations? ) AQB) I) De I) (BC-D)A EXPLANATION 2 1) AQB) > (2x3)(2x3): Invalid 2) D(A-3B) > (2%2)(2%3)=(2«3) 3.(BC-D)A > BC: > (2«3)(3«2) (BC-D)A: > (2«2)(2%3)Tips ination Angle tae) Inc Inclination angle is the angle measured counterclockwise from the x-axis to the line. m= tan 9 =Inclination angle | Horizontal line: @=0 iat Vertical ine: @=90 Inclination Angte:{ Yettcal lin | Positive slope : @= Acute angle | Negi tive slope: @ =Obtuse angle PRACTICE 1. Ifa line has an equation of 2x—3y 5, what isthe inclination angle of the line? EXPLANATION Answ Dr John Chung's SAT W Math Lovel 2 81Tips P58 Angle between Two Lines y= mx tb, y=mx+b, 2. tand, tan, T+ tan@tanQ 1+ mgm, m, 3. tan 0, =m, 1 _ mm tand = tan (0 —4)= A, an ifm " Therefore, 0 PRACTICE 1. Find the « ile between the two lines y=—x+2 andy EXPLANATION ‘m; = tan, =-1 and_m, = tand, =2 tan = Temmn 1+ 2) 8 = tan !3=71.56505118 = 71.6 Or, find the angles directly an "(1 35° and @ =tan '(2)=634° > 8 =135° - 634° =71.6 82Tips eS Intermediate Value Theorem If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and k isany number between f(a) and /(), then there is at least one number ¢ in [a,b] such that f(c) =k. Lf f(a)>0 and f(b) <0on a closed interval [a,b], then there are at least one real zeros somewhere between @ and b PRACTICE 1. If P(x)=x° —4x? +6, what are the intervals needed to guarantee real zeros? (Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to find intervals of length 1.) PRACTICE raphic utility, Since f(-2)=—18<0 and f(-1)=1>0, there is a zero betwee f()=3>0 and f(2)=-2<0, there is a zero between Land 2 £Q)= <0 and f(4)=6>0, there is a zero between 3 and 4 Answer: 1. (2, -1),(1, 2), (3 4) Dr John Chung’s SAT! Math Loval 2 83. Tips Rational Zero Test Ifthe polynomial f(x)= a,x" +a,..x"4 + the possible rational zeros of fare fi factors of leading coefficient tors of constant term Possible Rational Zeros PRACTICE 1, What is all possible rational zeros of (x x41? 2. Find the possible rational zeros of f (x)= 22° +3x° —8x+3 PRACTICE Factors ofeonstant tem £1 _ Factors of leading coefficients +1 see that neither works. By testing these zeras, you ca f()=1 and f(-1)=1 Therefore, you can conclude that the polynomial function has no rational zeros, The real zero is x =—1,324718--- irrational root, raphing utility, you can find the real rational zeros of f y=lx=—,and.x=-3. Tips Descartes Rule of Sign If f)=a,x" +a, 4x") +--+a,x-+a, with real coofficients and dy #0, 1. The number of positive zeros of is either equal to the number of variations in sign of (x) or less than the number by an even integer. 2. The number of negative zeros of is either equal to the number of in sign of f(x) or less than the number by an even integer. PRACTICE ‘ind the possible real zeros of f(x) = 4x3 - 6x7 +3x-3? PRACTICE 1. Check the number of variations in sign of f(x) =4x° — 6x" +3x—3 4-6 6 a Three variations in sign, Check the number of variations in sign of f(-x)=—4x" —6x" —3x-3 No variations in sign, Conclusion: 1) Three positive zeros and no negative zeros. 2) One positive real zero and no negative zeros, (One positive teal zero and two imaginary roots) Answer: 1, Three positive real zeros or one positive real zero and has no negative real zeros. Dr.John Chung's SAT W Math Level 2 85Test 1 Dr. John Chung’s SAT II Mathematics Level 2 Dr. John Chung's SAT II Math Level 2 Test 1 87MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST REFERENCE INFORMATION ‘THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE IN ANSWERING SOME OF THE QUESTIONS IN THIS TEST Volume of a right circular cone with radius r and height Vecarh Lateral Area ofa right circular cone Volume of a sphere with radius + Surface Area of a sphere with radius =4ar? Volume of a pyramid with base area B and height / v Bh2 Dr. John Chung’s SAT II Math Level 2 Answer Sheet 1 Q@OOOO 28 QOOOO 022 @OOOO 27 @Q@OOO 0% @O©OOO 28 QOOOO 4 @OOOO 22 @OOOO % @OOOO 30 @©OOO % @OOOO 31 @©OOO 917 @OO@O 32 @©OOO 0% ©OOOO 33 @O©OOO 07 ©OOOO 34 @©OOO 10 @OOOO 35 @©OOO 11 @@OOO 36 @©OOO 12 @@OOO 37 ©O©OOO 13 @OOOO 38 @O@OOO 14 @@O0O 39 @O©OOO 18 @OOOO 40 @©OOO 16 @OOOO 41 @@OOO 17 @OOOO 42 @@OOO 18 @©OOO 4 @©OOO 19 @©OOO 44 @©@OOO 227 ©OOOO 45 QQOOO 21 @OOOO 46 @@OOO 22 @OOOO 47 @@OOO 23 @OOOO 48 ©@©OOO 24 @@OOO 49 Q@@OOO 23 ©©OOOO 59 Q@©OOO The number of right answers: The number of wrong answers: 1 # of comet 4” # of wrong Raw score Dr John Chung's SAT Math Lavel2 Test 1 89Score Conversion Table Raw Score | S784 | RawScore| SA | Raw Score| Scaled 50 800 2 640 6 480 49 800 2 630 5 470 48 800 2 620 4 470 a7 800 25 620 3 460 46 800 2 610 2 460 45 800 B 610 1 450 44 800 2 600 0 450 3 800 2 600 42 800 20 590 a 800 19 590 40 780 18 580 39 760 17 570 38 750 16 560 37 740 18 550 36 720 14 540 35, 710 13 530 34 700 12 520 33 590 1 510 32 680 10 500 31 670 9 490 30 560 8 490 29 650 7 480—2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST For each of the following problems, decide which is the BEST of the choices given. If the exact numerical value is not one of the choices, select the choice that best approximates this value, Then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet (2) For some questions in this test you may have to decide whether your calculator should be in the radian mode or the degree mode. (3) Figures that accompany problems in this test are intended to provide information useful in solving the problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific problem that its figure is not drawn to scale. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. (4) Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function fis assumed to be the set of all real numbers x for which (x) is a real number. The range of fis assumed to be the set ofall real numbers f(x), where x is in the domain of f (5) Reference information that may be useful in answering the questions in this test can be found on the page preceding Question | USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK, A. Af a(x +2)+b0e=1)=3 forall x, then a= -1 (BO (1 (W2 «3 2 fatb=2 and ab=-1, then a? +h = (A)4 (BS (C)6 (DB (E) 10 3. Ifthe graph of 3x+4y-=5 is perpendicular to the graph of ke+2y=5, then k= (A) 2 (B) -2.67 (©) 215 (D) 3.20 ©) 4 Dr. John Chung's SAT Math Level 2 Test 1 14. 2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. If log 3=a, then log 90= (A) 142 (B) 10a (C) 10424 (D) 30a (2) 1043a I f(x) =3Iny and g(x then g(f(x))= (A) 3x (Be © & @) (est ircular cone is 20 em In Figure 1, the slant height of a regular and the radius of the base is 10 cm. Find the volume of the cone? (A) 1813.8 em? (B) 3000.S em’ (C) 4120.4. em? (D) 7024.8 em’ (D) 7046.6 em’ Figure | ‘GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE > 922 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 8 If 2-j is one of the zeros of the polynomial p(x), then a factor of p(x) could be (A) 7-2 (B) xe -4 (C) -4x+4 (D) xv -4x+5 (E) x + 4e43 9. When a polynomial function f(x)= 1? +5x—k is divided by (x2), the remainder is 5. What is the value of &? (A) 19 (B) 18 (©) 16 (D) 10 (E) 9 10. Figure 2 shows a cube with edge of length 6, what is P the length of diagonal PQ ? (A) 18 (B) 15 (C) 66 Q (D) 63 (BE) 6v2 Figure 2 11. An equation of line ¢ in figure 3 is t (A) 3x-4y-4=0 > (B) 3x+4y—4=0 (C) 4x- (D) 4x43 (B) 4x+3y- x Figure 3 (0. ONTO THE NEXT PAGE > Dr. Jonn Chung's SAT Ml Math Level 2 Test 1 9312, 14, 15, 2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK, The mean score of 10 students of an algebra class was 85. When two new students enrolled, the mean increased to 86. What was the average of the new students? (A) 88 (B) 89 (C) 90 (D) 91 (F) 92 sind + cos =, then tand-+60t0 = (A) 4.12 (B) 2.67 (©) -135 (D) 267 (B) 4.12 What is the period of the function f, where f(x) = a) > (B) 3 Find all of the asymptotes of y (A) v=1 (B) x=1, x (©) rh (D) x=-1 (B) x=-1, x=1, and2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 16, If f(2x)=*, then (x)= Flax) =F, then f(x) ®) = © + 3 & ox 3 6 17. If three numbers loga, logb, and loge in that order form an arithmetic progression, which of the following is true? (A) b=ae (B) c=ab (&) Pate 18, The point of set (x, y') such that x? —y* =0 is (A) A circle (B) An ellipse (C) A hyperbola (D) A point (E) Two lines 19, What is the sum of the (A) 30 (B) 25 (C) 20 (p) 19 (&) 18 20. Which of the following is an equation whose graph is the set of points equidistant from the point (0, 4) and (2, 2)? (A) y=2 (B) x=2 (© y=x () y=x42 (E) y GO ON TOTH PAGE Dr. John Chung's SAT Math Level 2 Test 1 952 2 THEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 21, The solution set of [3x ~3|<10 is (A) {x>5} (B) {x>-5} © {Sexes} (D) J x>Sorx< () {x<-Sorx>15} 22, In the graph in Figure 4, which of the following could be the equation of the graph? (A) y=sinx $3 (B) y=sin2x (C) y=3sinx+3 (D) y=3sin2x+3 ©) yo3sin bess Figure 4 23, What is the range of f(x) = x46? (A) 20 @) © (D) vs (E) All real numbers 24, IL sin(x-10)° =cos(2x +28)", then which of the following could be the value of x? 0 (8) 10 (C) 20 (D) 24 (E) 30 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE25. 26. 27. 28, 2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. Which of the following is the equation of the inverse of yas a) =log.,3 (B) y=log(x)~1 (3) (D) y=log;(x)+1 (B) y=log,(x-1) If f(x) =x" +ke+9 is always greater than 0 for all real x, which of the following could be the value of &? (A) -10 @) 5S) (© 0 (DR &) 13 Which of the following is the center of a circle x by? +10x+6y=102 (A) (-5,-3) (B) (5.3) (C) (10,6) (D) (-10,-6) (E) (10,-10) What is the domain of the function defined by 3x42 (A) All real numbers except 1 (B) All real number exept 2 (C) All real numbers except and 2 (D) x>5 (E) x25 Dr. John Chund’s SAT Il Math Lovel 2 Test 4 9729, 30, 3. 2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued If? +y?=20 and x? =, then x= (A) {3} (B) (2 © (4 (D) {10} (E) {4,10} I f(x) = log, (x—1)+2, then f-' (x)= (Ay 2" (B) x +1 «© 27 (D) 241 (E) 242841 jure 5 shows a right triangle. If the length of AD is 8 and the length of BD is 4, then the length of AC is (A) 15.23 (B) 16.42 (C) 17.89 (D) 18.44 (E) 20.25 Ifeomplex number = =4~ 67, then (A) 587 (B) 632 (C) 638 () 7.21 (&) 731 The coefficient of the middle term of the expansion (x-3y)° is (A) -540 (B) -270 (©) 135 (D) 270 (E) 540 98 SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. B GO ONTO THE NEXTPAGE >i2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. = Which of the following is the solution? (E)_ No solution 35. A sequence is defined asa, = and a, Which of the following is the th term of this sequence? (A) 3n-2 (B) 4n—3 © (p) ©) 36. If f(x)=x° +2x—4 for x20, whatis the value of f"(Ay2 (A) 2 (B) 4 © (D) & (E) 10 . b= 6N3,and ZA =30". Whatis 37. Intriangle ABC, 4 the measure of ZC? (A) 30° only (B) 90° only (C) 30° oF 90) (D) 120° only (E) 60° oF 120 ‘GO ONTO Dr. John Chungs SAT Il Math Level 2 Test 1 99.2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 3=b, then log, V75 38, 1 (E) ash 39. Which of the following could be the graph of the parametric equations represented by x =3sin@ and y=4cos0? y y a) ®) 4 4 fp __,. x lo lo oO » @ ’ 4 > > lo lo () y 4 jal * 100i2 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 40. If the three sides of a triangle are 4, 5, and 7, then the area of the triangle is (A) 9.80 (B) 992 (C) 10.2. (D) 11.43. (F) 11.56 (nD! (1 4. If = 56, what is the value of ? (A) 6 (B)7 Os (D) 10 (B) 12 42. The radius of the 4 the slant height of the cone is 10, What is the surface area of the cone? ase of a right circular cone is (A) 502 (B) 687 (©) 707 (D) 752 (E) 807 43. If the 1 1th term o term is 0, what ‘an arithmetic sequence is 30 and the 21st the 10th term of the sequence? (A) 30 (B) 33 (C) 36 (D) 39 (B) 42 44. tim 4 wot Int (A) 0 (BY) 1 (©) 2 (D) 4 CE) Limit does not exist ‘GO ON TO THE Dr. John Chung's SAT Il Math Level 2 Test 1 10146. 47. 2 Z MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued i THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. If one of the roots of a polynomial function /( Which of the following could be f(x)? (ay 4x46 (B) +10 (C) 3° +6x-4 (D) 4x? -8x+7 (E) 5x? 10247 If p(x) =x° — 2x7 +e +2 is divisible by x7 —3x+2, what is the value of m ? (Ay 2 (B) © (p) (E) If f(x) =cosx and g(x)=.7 +3 , which of the following is not true? (A) (2): g(%)+2 is an even function, (B)_f(x)+ g(a) is an even function (C)_g( £09) is an even function. (D) f(x) g(x) +2 is an even function (E) f(x-1)+.g(e—1)is an even function Under which of the following conditions is <0? (x-1)(x+2 (A) x<0 or x>2 (B) x (©) x<1 or x>0 or x1 (D) x<-2 or O1 1022 2 MATHEMATICS LEVEL 2 TEST - Continued USE THIS SPACE FOR SCRATCHWORK. 49. What are the asymptotes of the hyperbola whose equation is lox vy? =400=07 50. If ke” +4x-2=0 have two different real roots, which of the following is the values of &? (A) k>2 (B) k< (C) -20 (D) 2 (at hyy+2a—b=3 a+b=0 and 2a— faz 3 ae 2 (©) * 4b? +2ab Therefore, a? +b* =4—2ab=4-2(-1)=6. 3.8 kos (B) and kv+2y=5 + y=—Zass erg 2°"2 the product of the two slopes should be =I 2.67 4. (B) Since K AB or AB~ KB=(A-K)B. ‘Therefore, (A) Since log90 = log(3x3x10)=log3 +log3+logl0 , log3=a and logi0=1, log90=a+a+1=2a41 6 (D) g(fQ))=e"™ = Dr. John Ghung's SAT M Math Level 2 Test 1 1054 ps 7. (A) By Pythagorean Theorem the height of the cone is ¥20° 10° = ¥300 = 103. Therefore, the volume of the cone is 200m arth #(l0) (10V3) 7" ~1813.8em', Figure 1 8. (D) Since 2~/ is one of the roots, the other root must be 2+/ (conjugate). Therefore, the equation with these two roots is [x ~(2~A)][x-(2 +i) =[(7—2)+ ][(x—2) -]= 0. P=0 9 x -4ee441=0 > x7 4x45 (x2) 9. (B) Remainder Theorem xk =(x-2)0(x)+ R, where Q(x) is quotient and R=5, When x=2, both sides have the same number. Since 2° +5(2)— + k=9 Or, (1) use long division, Therefore, & =9. Tx-k Tx-14 -k+14= (2) Synthetic Division. k 4 Therefore, the remainder is 14—-k=5 > k=9 17 14-k Ve +6 Vi08 = v3. 10. (D) The length of diagonal PO’ If cand barex- and y-intercept respectively, the equation of the line is +f 1 ab xy 304 Since the equation is 4x-+3y =12. Therefore, 4x+3y—12=0. 12. (D) The sum of scores of 10 students is 85 10 = 850, Let the average of score of two student be x 10685042: 86 > 850420 Since 2(86) > 2v=182 , sin@ | cos@ _sin*@+cos 13, (B) tan d+ cot= an sco et cos8 sin@— sin@cos@ sin cos (sind +c0s0)" =142sinde0s0 = > sindcos0 Substitute (2) into (1) 3 14, (C) The frequency of the periodic function is because the funetion can be expressed as follow. ie where the coefficient of ‘ris the frequency 2a _4n Therefore, the period of the function is == = x=1) (Dae oxet Denominator: x+1=0 > x=~1(vertical asymptote) @- (D) Since y there is n yymptote al x For other asymptote: x) x 16. (©) Since f(2x)=~ (© Since f2x)=5 x, then Sg 5 $ 5 " wpe nla 17. () «are arithmetic progression, loge —logh = log b -loga 18, y=x, That represent two lines, ometric series is $= lim 19, (C) The sum of g s Where a is the first term and ris the 0 _ 10 common ratio. When |r| <1, the sumis §=>*—. Therefore, § =P a20, 7 Dr. John Chung’s SAT Il Math Level 2 Test 1 107ys 2 20, (D) Line m which is equidistant from two points must be perpendicular bisector of the line segment (042 442) e 4-2 ‘The midpoint is | "5=,“F= |= (1,3) and the slope ofthe segment is 5—>=-1 t m Therefore, the slope of line mis +1. 3 The equation of line m is y-3=1a-l > y=xt2 (2,2) oO x 21.(© > -10<3x-S<10 9 -S<3x<15 22. (E) From the graph, the middle line is 3, amplitude is 3, and period is 4.7. The frequency is y=Asin(Bx)+C — Azamplitude Bs frequency C:middle line Period = f r 1 ‘Therefore, the equation of the trigonometric graph is y =3sin Lx +3 23. (B) The graph of y =x? —5x+6 is concave up which has a minimum on axis of symmetry The axis of symmetry is x= Therefore, the minimum of y is Qs 5)+6 Or, by completing squared form, y= (x-2.5)* 0.25. You can use a graphing calculator. 0.25. The rangeis y 2 -0.25 24, (D) — Cofunetion: Since sin(x—10) and cos(2x +28) are cofunctions, x=10+2x+28=90.Therefore, 3x 4. 2x 25. (C) Switch xand y, then express yin terms of x, Therefore, yea"! =logsx > y=logyx og; x —log. 26. (B) Since f(x) is greater than 0 for all x, f(x)=0 cannot have x-intercept ( zeros). Therefore, discriminant must be negative (imaginary roots), D=b* —4ac=k*-4(1(9)<0 + (F+6\(k-6)<0 > -6 (x45) 4 (43h = 44 Therefore, the center is (—5,-3) 10828. (E) 29, (B) 30. (D) 32. (B) 33. (A) 34, (E) 35. (A) 36. (A) 37.) Domain of the polynomial function is 2x-1020 and (x-2)(x-1) 40 Therefore, {x25} {x #2,1} = {x25}. Switch xand y: x=log;(y-1)+2 > x-2 Therefore, y— By the formula, BD- DC AC D-CB >» AC e-2)= [4-67 Gi, The middle term is the 4" term. The 4" term is ,C,(x) (-3y¥) =-540x3)3 Ricersen) If x2-3, x43=" > 3= 1.5. But x20. No solution. +3), then [y+ 3) No solution Wex<-3, - is not less than -3. No solution From the recursive equation a,,., —a, =3, itis arithmetic sequence with common difference 3 and the first t Therefore, «, m1. + (n-Ved = 1+ (n=) =3n From original function, you can find f~'(4). The input of /~'was the output of f. ex $2x-4=4 x 42x-8=0 + (x4 4\x-2) + ¥=2 (420) This value of «xis the output of f-. Therefore, f'(4)=2. The law ofsines: 230 S08, in p _ S¥S8in30_ VI v3 6 Therefore, B= 60or 120, Now find ZC A: 3030 B60 120 £C=90 oF 30. c:90 30 Dr. John Chungs SAT Math Lovel 2 Test 1 109py Pe 38. (E) Since log, $=a and log; 3=h, log, 75 = Llog, 75 = K(loes 1 x3) = (log, $ log, Slog, 3) a+b) =a rhb 39. (D) Parametric equation: x =3sin@ and y=4c0s0 From cos” @+ sin? @ = I (Pythagorean identity), sin@ > and cos # =1 > Ibis ellipse and major axis is on the y-axis. Graph (D) is correct. 40. (A) Three sides ofa triangle are given, Heron’s formula: The area of the triangle is = Yeas Dye =e). where s =P *e Therefore, s=4*5*7 _§ and the area is. RB=ANN-SHR=T) ~ 9.80 net (nel ! i 4) ADL ODD yy ame S6 > (n4tha—T)=0 (I (uth! Since n#-8, n=7. 42. (D) AY Since the circumference of the base is 10z and the circumference of the lateral side is 207, lateral side is exactly a semicircle which has a central angle 180° . Therefore, the surface area is 252 +502 = 752. Or, use the formula 5, , sis.a slant height. 2(5)(10) +.2(5°) = 752 a+ 20d =0 Since a), =a+10d =30 and ay a+10d =30 a+20d=0 0d =30 Therefore, ayy =a+9d = 3 and a 60. 0-27 =33. Or, since ayy +(-3)=a,,, then a,, =30-(-3)=33 11044.0) tim fim @= Den De +1) _ 5, 2D Doha +) _ 22 i(Va=t) 2! npn t Dt 1 45. (D) (conjugate). Therefore, x-l+ ' med. x2 1 When simplified, x7 -2e+°=0 isequivalent to 41° -8r+7=0, Therefore, f(x) = 4x7 —8x +7. Or, 1) Use sum and product of two root. ‘The equation is defined by ax? +6x+c0=0 > Sum of roots = ‘ 3 > x -2vel=-2 4 2 1 ri Therefore, the equation is a? -2x+7=0 — dx -8e+7=0, 46. (B) Remainder Theorem: Let x3 When x When x -a) m=-1 and n=2 , you can solve it using long-division and synthetic division x=Ix=2)Q(x), where Q(a) is the quotient, a) 1=2() + mil) + 2(4) +m(2)+n 0 > mtn > Im+n=0 Dr. John Ghung's SAT Il Math Level 2 Test 4 1147. (E) 48. (D) 49. (C) 50. (©) END 12 x41 mx+n xo 3x Therefore, m=-1 and n=2. v4(m—2xtn art (m+ 1x4 (12) It f(x) and g(x) areeven, fxg=even, f+ ¢=even,and fg (£) is not even, because itis translated to the right by 1 b+ Vb? -4ac 2a ven, Multiplying both sides by (x —1)° (x +2) , it will be simplified as follows. (IPOs —— , 400400 16x7 Since a=5 and b=4, the asymptote is In order to have two different real roots, discriminant D ac >0 Since 16-4k(-2)> 0, k>—2. But the leading coefficient of quadratic equation cannot be zero. k #0. Therefore, -20,