Mathematical Foundations for Computing, Probability & Statistics [21MATCS41]

TIE SIMP and Practie questions- 2023

1. Define the following with examples for each: i)Tautology ii) Proposition iii) logical connectives iv)Conjunction
\\v) Disjunction vi) Quantifiers vii) Bound variables viii) open statements ix) Universal specification
&generalization.
2. Find the possible truth values of p, q and r if - i) 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) is FALSE ii) 𝑝 𝖠 (𝑞 → 𝑟) is TRUE.
3. Find the possible truth values if i) 3 + 4 = 12 then 3 + 2 = 6 ii) If Dr.Radhakrishnan was the first president of India
then 3 + 4 = 7.
4. Prove that, for any propositions p, q, r the compound propositions, i) {(𝑝 → 𝑞) 𝖠 (𝑞 → 𝑟)} → {(𝑝 → 𝑟)} ii) {𝑝 → (𝑞
→ 𝑟)} → {(𝑝 → 𝑞) → (𝑝 → 𝑟)} iii) (𝑝 → ( 𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)) ↔ ((𝑝 𝖠 ¬𝑞) → 𝑟) iv) [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟] ↔ [¬𝑟 → ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)] are
tautologies.
5. Prove the following using laws of logic: i) [(∼ 𝑝 ∨∼ 𝑞) 𝖠 (𝐹0 ∨ 𝑝) 𝖠 𝑝] ⇔ 𝑝 𝖠∼ 𝑞
ii) (𝑝 → 𝑞) 𝖠 (¬𝑞 𝖠 (𝑟 ∨ ¬𝑞)) ⟺ ¬[𝑞 ∨ 𝑝] iii) 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∨ (∼ 𝑝 𝖠∼ 𝑞 𝖠 𝑟) ≡ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∨ 𝑟.
6. Simplify the following networks:

7. Define converse, inverse and contrapositive of an implication. Hence find converse, inverse and contrapositive for
the following: i) "∀ 𝑥, (𝑥 > 3) → (𝑥2 > 9)" where universal set is the set of real numbers R. ii) If Kabir wears
brown pant then he will wear white shirt. iii) “If 𝑥 is not a real number, then it is not a rational number and not an
irrational number”. (iv) “if m divides n and n divides p then n divides p ”.
8. Show that 𝑟 ∨ 𝑠 follows from 𝑐 ∨ 𝑑, 𝑐 ∨ 𝑑 → ¬ℎ, ¬ℎ → 𝑎 𝖠 ¬𝑏, 𝑎 𝖠 ¬𝑏 → 𝑟 ∨ 𝑠.
9. Translate into symbolic form and test the validity of the argument- i) If the band could not play rock music or the
refreshments were not served on time, then the new year party could have been cancelled and Alica would have
been angry. If the party were cancelled, then refunds would have been made. No refunds were made. ∴ The band
could play rock music. ii) If Ravi studies, then he will pass DMS. If Ravi does not play cricket, then he will study.
Ravi failed in DMS. Ravi played cricket.
10. Verify if the following argument is valid:
i)
ii)
𝑥, ¬ 𝑝

𝑥, ¬ 𝑠 ;
iii) If a triangle has two equal sides, then it is isosceles. If a triangle is isosceles, then it has two equal angles.
A certain triangle ABC does not have two equal angles. triangle ABC does not have two equal sides.
iv) No engineering student of 1st or 2nd semester studies logic. Ted Raj is an engineering student who studies
logic. Ted Raj is not in 2nd semester.
11. Let 𝑝(𝑥): 𝑥 ≥ 0, q(𝑥): 𝑥2 ≥ 0 and 𝑟(𝑥): 𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0. Then for the universe comprising of all real numbers, find
the truth values of:
i) ∃𝑥, [𝑝(𝑥) 𝖠 𝑞(𝑥)] (ii) ∀𝑥, [𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑞(𝑥)] (iii) ∃𝑥, [𝑝(𝑥) 𝖠 𝑟(𝑥)] (iv) ∀𝑥, [𝑞(𝑥) → 𝑠(𝑥)]
(v) ∀𝑥, [𝑟(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)] (vi) ∀𝑥, [𝑟(𝑥) ∨ 𝑞(𝑥)]
12. Let p(x), q(x) and r(x) denote the following open statements: p (x): x2 – 7x + 10 = 0, q(x): x2 – 2x – 3 = 0, r(x) : x<0.
Determine the truth or falsity of the following statements when the universe contains only the integers 2 and 5. If a
statement is false, provide a counter example or explanation.
i)∀𝑥, [𝑝(𝑥) → ¬𝑟(𝑥)] ii) ∀𝑥, [𝑞(𝑥)→𝑟(𝑥)] iii) ∃𝑥, [𝑞(𝑥) → 𝑟(𝑥)] iv) ∃𝑥, [𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑟(𝑥)]
13. Write the following sentences in symbolic form, and find its negation:
(i) If all triangles are right angled, then no triangle is equiangular. (ii) All integers are rational numbers and some
rational numbers are not integers. (iii) Some straight lines are parallel or all straight lines intersect (iv) For all real
numbers x, if |𝑥 − 3| < 7, then –4 < x < 10.
14. Establish the validity of the statements:
(i)𝑢→𝑟 (ii) →𝑟 (iii)
(𝑟 𝖠 𝑠) → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑡) 𝑟→𝑡
𝑞 → (𝑢 𝖠 𝑠) ¬𝑠 ¬𝑢 ¬𝑡
∼𝑡 ¬𝑢 → ¬𝑡 𝑝
𝑞 𝑝
∴𝑝
15. Identify the bound variables and free variables in each of the following expressions:
(i) ∀𝑦, ∃𝑧, [cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin (𝑧 − 𝑥)] (ii) ∃𝑥, ∃𝑦, [𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑧]
16. Determine the truth value of each of the following quantified statements for the set of all non-zero
integers: i) ii) iii)
iv) v)
17. For each of the following statements, provide- Direct proof, Indirect proof & proof by contradiction:
i) For all integers 𝑘 and 𝑙, if 𝑘, 𝑙 are even, then 𝑘. 𝑙 is even
ii) If n is an even integer, then (n +7)is an even integer
iii) The square of an odd integer is an odd integer
iv) For every integer n, if n2 is odd, then n is odd
18. Prove that for all real numbers x and y, if 𝑥 + 𝑦 > 100 , then 𝑥 > 50 or 𝑦 > 50.
 Mathematical Foundations for Computing, Probability & Statistics [21MATCS41]
TIE SIMP 2023
Note: Questions marked as SIMP
Module 2 – Introduction to Graph Theory

1. Define with example for each: (i) Complete graph (ii) Complete bipartite graph (iii) Induced sub graph (iv)
Regular graph (v) Bipartite graph (vi) Spanning sub graph (vii) Edge - disjoint and vertex – disjoint subgraphs
(viii) Isomorphism of graphs
2. Prove that in a graph, i)The sum of degrees of all the vertices is an even number and is equal to twice the
number of edges in the graph. ii) The number of vertices of odd degree is even.
3. Determine |𝑉 | for the following graphs: (i) G has 10 edges with 2 vertices of degree 4 and all others of degree
three. (ii) G is regular with 15 edges. (iii) G is a cubic graph with 9 edges. (iv) Let 𝐺 =(𝑉 ,𝐸 ) be a connected
undirected graph , What is the largest possible value for|𝑉 |if |𝐸 |=19 and deg (𝑣 )≥4 for all 𝑣 ∈𝑉 ?
4. If G is an undirected graph with n vertices and e edges, let 𝛿 =min𝑣 ∈𝑉 {deg𝑣 } and let △=max𝑣 ∈𝑉 {deg𝑣 } then
prove that 𝛿 ≤2𝑚 𝑛 ≤△.
5. By labelling the graphs, verify whether they are isomorphic-

i) ii) iii)

6. Define compliment of a simple graph. Let G be a simple graph of order n. If the size of G is 56 and the size of
𝐺 ̅ is 80, what is 𝑛 ?
7. Show that there exists no simple graphs corresponding to the following degree sequences:
i) 0, 2, 2, 3, 4 ii) 1, 1, 2, 3 iii) 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6 iv) 2, 2, 4, 6

Module 2 – Relations & Functions

1. If A and B are finite sets with |A| = 𝑚, |B| = 𝑛 and if there are 2187 functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 and |B| = 3, then
determine|A|.
2. If 𝑓 is a real valued function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 1 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find the images of the following:
i) 𝐴1 = {2, 3} ii) 𝐴2 = {−2, 0, 3} iii) 𝐴3 = {0, 1} iv) 𝐴4 = {−6, 3}.
3. Let f: R → R be defined by, f(x) = {3x – 5, if x > 0 and 1 − 3x if x ≤ 0. Find 𝑓 (5/3) , f−1(0), f−1(1), f−1(−1),
f−1(3), f−1(−3), f−1(6), f−1([−6, 5]) and f−1([−5, 5]).
4. Define function, 1to1 function, onto function. Let A = R, B ={𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥≥0}. Is the function 𝑓:𝐴→𝐵
defined by 𝑓(𝑎)=𝑎2 an onto function? Is it a one to one function?
5. Define Stirling’s number of 2nd kind and evaluate S (5, 4).
6. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} i) How many functions are there from A to B? ii)How many of
these are one to one? iii) How many are onto? iv)How many functions are there from B to A? v)How many of
these are onto? vi)How many are one to one?
7. Let 𝑚, 𝑛 be positive integers with 1 < 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚, then prove that 𝑠(𝑚 + 1, 𝑛) = 𝑠(𝑚, 𝑛 − 1) + 𝑛 𝑠(𝑚, 𝑛).
8. Let f, g, h be functions from R to R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find f ∘ 𝑔,
g ∘ 𝑓, f ∘ 𝑓 , ℎ ∘ g and 𝑓 ∘ h.
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions from R to R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2. If (g ∘ f)(x) = 9𝑥2 − 9𝑥
+ 3. Determine 𝑎 and 𝑏.
10. Define a invertible function. Solve the following:
i) Prove that the function f: A → B is invertible iff it is one to one and onto. ii) Consider the function 𝑓:
𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5. Let a function 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 1/2 (𝑥 − 5). Prove that
𝑔 is an inverse of 𝑓.
11. State the pigeonhole principle. i) Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with AB = 1. Show that if we select five
points in the interior of this triangle, there must be at least two whose distance apart is less than 1⁄2.
ii) Show that if any seven numbers from 1 to 12 are chosen, then two of them will add to 13

Relations

1. Define Cartesian product of two sets. For A, B, C ⊆ U, prove that i) A × (B – C) = (A×B) – (A×C).(A ∩ B) ×
C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
2. Define the following with an example each: i) Reflexive ii) Irreflexive iii) Antisymmetric
iv)Transitive v) Partition set vi)Equivalence class
For A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, let R and S be the relations on A defined by R={(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (4, 4)} and S = {(1,
1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}. Find R ∘ S, S ∘ R, R2, S2 and write down their matrices.
3. For 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}, let 𝑅 = {(1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 3) (3, 3) (3, 4)} be a relation on 𝐴. Draw the directed graph 𝐺
on 𝐴 that is associated with 𝑅. Do likewise for 𝑅2, 𝑅3.
For each of the following relations, determine if the relation R is reflexive, symmetric, anti-symmetric or
transitive: i) On the set of all lines in the plane 𝑙1𝑅𝑙2 if line 𝑙1 is perpendicular to line 𝑙2 ii) On Z, 𝑥𝑅𝑦 if 𝑥 −
𝑦 is even.
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} and define 𝑅 on 𝐴, by 𝑥𝑅𝑦 if 𝑥|𝑦 . Draw the Hasse diagram for the POSET (𝐴, 𝑅).
Also write the matrix of relation.
6. Let R be an equivalence relation on set A and 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴. Then prove the following are equivalent:
7. 𝑎 ∈ [𝑎] ii) 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 iff [𝑎] = [𝑏] iii) If [𝑎] ∩ [𝑏] ≠ ∅, then [𝑎] = [𝑏]
8. Draw the digraph and Hasse diagram representing the positive divisors of 36. Hence find its i) least element
ii) greatest element.
9. Consider the Poset whose Hasse diagram is given in fig (v). Consider B = {3, 4, 5}. Find i) all upper bounds of
B ii)all lower bounds of B iii) the least upper bound of B iv) the greatest lower bound of B v) Is this a Lattice?

10. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {w, x, y, z} and C = {p, q, r, s}. Consider 𝑅1 = {(1, 𝑥), (2, 𝑤), (3, 𝑧)], a relation from
A to B,𝑅2 = {(𝑤, 𝑝), (𝑧, 𝑞), (𝑦, 𝑠), (𝑥, 𝑝)}, a relation from B to C.
i) What is the composite relation R1 ∘ R2 from A to C
ii)Write the relation matrices M(𝑅1), M(𝑅2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀(R1 ∘ R2)
iii)Verify M(𝑅1) ∙ M(𝑅2) = 𝑀(R1 ∘ R2)
11. Show the following is an equivalence relation:
i) relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)}is an equivalence relation on set A
= {1, 2, 3, 4}. Also determine the partition induced by R on A.
ii) Let S be the set of all non-zero integers and 𝐴 = 𝑆 × 𝑆 on 𝐴. Define the relation 𝑅 by (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) if and
only if 𝑎𝑑 =𝑏𝑐.
12. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and define a relation R on A×A by (x1, y1) R (x2, y2) iff 𝑥1 + 𝑦 1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2.
i)Verify that R is an equivalence relation on A ii)Determine the equivalence classes [(1, 3)], [(2, 4)], [(1, 2)],
[(2, 5)] and [(1, 1)]. iii)Determine the partition of A × A induced by R.
 Mathematical Foundations for Computing, Probability & Statistics [21MATCS41]
TIE SIMP 2023
Note: It is important to practice all the types, ALL ARE SIMP
Module 5 – Joint Probability Distributions & ST

Joint probability
1. The joint distribution of two random variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 is as follows: Determine i) marginal
distribution of 𝑥 and 𝑦 ii) 𝐸 (𝑥 ) and 𝐸 (𝑦 ) iii) E(xy) iv) COV(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) v) 𝜌 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )

𝑦 -4 2 7
𝑥
1 1/8 1/4 1/8
5 1/4 1/8 1/8

2. Compute i) 𝑝(𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2) ii) 𝑝 iii) 𝑝 iv) 𝑝 ,using

3. Let 𝑋 be the random variable with the following distribution and 𝑌 is defined by 𝑋 2:

𝑋 (= -2 -1 1 2
𝑥 𝑖)
𝑓 (𝑥 𝑖 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
)
Determine the i) distribution of 𝑔 of 𝑌 ii) joint distribution of 𝑋 and 𝑌 iii) 𝐸 (𝑋 ), 𝐸 (𝑌 ),
𝐸 (𝑋 𝑌 )
4. A fair coin is tossed thrice. The random variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are defined as follows: 𝑥 = 0 or 1
according as head or tail occurs on the first toss. 𝑦 = number of heads. Determine
i) the marginal probability distribution of 𝑥 and 𝑦 . ii) the joint distribution of 𝑥 and 𝑦 .
iii) 𝐸 (𝑥 ), 𝐸 (𝑦 ), 𝐸 (𝑥 𝑦 ) iv) 𝜎 𝑥 , 𝜎 𝑦

Sampling Theory

1. Define the terms: i) Null hypothesis ii) Type-I and Type-II error iii) Confidence limits
iv)Significance level.
2. A certain stimulus administered to each of 12 patients resulted in the following change in blood
pressure 5, 2, 8, -1, 3, 0, 6, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4 (in appropriate unit). Can it be concluded that, on the whole,
the stimulus will change the blood pressure. Use 𝑡 0.05(11) = 2.201.
3. The theory predicts the proportion of beans in the four groups 𝐺1, 𝐺2, 𝐺3, 𝐺4 should be in the ratio
9:3:3:1. In an experiment with 1600 beans, the numbers in the four groups were 882, 313, 287 and
118. Does the experimental result support the theory? (at 5% LOS for 3 d.f=7.815)
4. Nine items have values 45, 47, 50, 52, 48, 47, 49, 53, 51 . Does the mean of these differ significantly
from assumed of mean 47.5. (𝜈 = 8 , 𝑡0.05 = 2.31)
5. A set of five similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result is as shown in table. Test the hypothesis that the data
follow a binomial distribution. [Given 𝜒02.05(5) = 11.07]
No. of heads: 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 6 27 72 112 71 32

6. Genetic theory states that children having one parent of blood type M and the other of blood type N
will always be one of the three types M, MN, N and that the proportions of these types will on an
average be 1: 2: 1. A report states that out of 300 children having one M parent and one N parent, 30%
were found to be of type M, 45% of type MN and the remainder of type N. Test the theory by 𝜒 0 2.05
(Chi square) test.

7. Two types of batteries are tested for their length of life and the following results are obtained:
Battery A: 𝑛 1 = 10, ̅1̅ = 500 hrs, 𝜎 12 = 100
Battery B: 𝑛2 = 10, ̅𝑥2̅ ̅ = 560 hrs, 𝜎 22 = 121. Find students ‘𝑡’ and test whether there is a significant
difference in the two means. (𝑡0.05 = 2.10 and 𝑡0.01 = 2.88)

8. Ten individuals are chosen at random from a population and their heights in inches are found to be 63,
63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 71, 71. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the universe is 66 inches.
(Given that 𝑡0.05 = 2.262 for 9 𝑑. 𝑓.)
9. Four coins are tossed 100 times and the following results were obtained:
10. No. of 11. 0 12. 1 13. 2 14. 3 15. 4
heads
16. Frequency 17. 5 18. 29 19. 36 20. 25 21. 5
2
Fit a binomial distribution for the data and test the goodness of fit. [ 𝜒 0 .05 = 9.49]
10. Fit a binomial distribution for the following data:
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 2 14 20 34 22 8
Test the goodness of this fit at 5% level of significance.