11 Mk; tFg;G fzpdp gad;ghLfs;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh- tpil

1. xU fzpg;nghwpapd; mbg;gil ghfq;fis njspthd tpsf;fg;glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff?

fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;

cs;sPl;lfk; fzpj Vuz nrayfk; ntspaPl;lfk;

cs; epidtfk;

fl;Lg;ghl;L ghij
Kjd;ik epidtfk;;
juT ghij

,uz;lhk; epiy epidtfk;;

1. cs;sPl;lfk; 5. ntspaPl;lfk;
2. ikar;nrayfk; 6. Kjd;ik epidtfk;
3. fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; 7. ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk;
4. fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
cs;sPl;lfk; :
cs;sPl;lfk; midj;J tifahd juTfisAk; fzpg;nghwpf;Fs; cs;spl gad;gLfpwJ.
v.fh:- tpirg;gyif> Rl;b.
ikar;nrayfk; :
fzpg;nghwpf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lisfis fzpg;nghwp Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; khw;wp
nrayhf;fk; nra;Ak; Kjd;ikahd gFjpahFk;.
fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; :
 gy fzpg;gPL nray;fis jutpd; kPJ epfo;jJ ; fpwJ.
$l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy;; kw;Wk; jUf;fr; nrayfs; Nghd;w fzpjr; nray;ghLfis
fzpj Vuz nrayfk; nra;fpwJ.
fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; :
ikar;nrayfk;> epidtfk;> kw;Wk; cs;sPL/ ntspaPL rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilNa gupkhwg;gLk;
juit fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,J fzpg;nghwpapd; KO nray;ghLfisAk;; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ntspaPl;lfk; :
gadHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; jftiyj; njuptpf;Fk; ve;jnthU td;nghUSk;
ntspaPl;lfk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: jpiuafk;> mr;Rg;nghwp
Kjd;ik epidtfk; :
juTfis jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpj;J itf;f Kjd;ik epidtfk; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh: RAM
,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk; :
juTfis epue;jukhf Nrkpj;J itf;f ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh: ROM

2. fzpg;nghwpapd; gy;NtW jiyKiwfis tpsf;Ff?

1. Kjy; jiyKiw - 1940-56 - ntw;wplf;Foy;fs;
2. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw - 1956-64 - jpupjilaq;fs;.
3. %d;whk; jiyKiw - 1964-71 - xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;.
4. ehd;fhk; jiyKiw - 1971-80 - Ez;nrayp
5. Ie;jhk; jiyKiw - 1980 - ,d;W tiu - kPg;ngU mstpyhd xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;.
6. Mwhk; jiyKiw - vjpHfhyj;jpy; - nraw;if mwpT

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 1

 Kjy; jiyKiw :
mstpy; ngupaJ
mjpf kpd;rhuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
mjpf ntg;gk; fhuzkhf nraypof;Fk;.
,ae;jpu nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; jiyKiw :
 Kjy; jiyKiwNahL xg;gpLk; NghJ mstpy; rpwpaJ.
Jisapl;l ml;il gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,ae;jpu nkhop kw;Wk; mnrk;gsp nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
%d;whk; jiyKiw :
fzpg;nghwpfs; mstpy; rpwpaJ .
tpiuthf nray;gLk;. mjpf ek;gfjd;ik cilaJ.
caHepiy nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ehd;fhk; jiyKiw 
rpwpaJ kw;Wk; NtfkhdJ .
IBM kw;Wk; APPLE Ez; fzpg;nghwpfs; cUthf;fgl;lJ.
ifalf;f fzpg;nghwpfs; mwpKfkhfpaJ.
Ie;jhk; jiyKiw :
,iz nrayhf;fk; .
epow;glq;fs; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd;.
nraw;if Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; epGzH mikg;G mwpKfk;.
Mwhk; jiyKiw :
,aw;if nkhop nrayhf;fk;
Fuy; mwpjy; nkd;nghUs; cUthf;Fjy;.
nraw;if kdpjHfis cUthf;Fjy;.

3. gpd;tUgdtw;iw tpsf;Fq;fs;: m) ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp M) gy;Y}lfg; gltPo;j;jp

,) gl;ilf; FwpaPL / QR FwpaPL gbg;ghd;
m) ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp :-
ikg;gPr;R mr;Rg;nghwpfs; fUQ;rptg;G > kQ;rs; kw;Wk; rpahd; cs;slf;fpa ikf;Fg;gpia
gad;gLj;jp tz;z rhaiy cUthf;FfpwJ.
xU epw tz;zj;jpy; mr;rpLtjw;F fUg;G ikf;Fg;gpia gad;gLfpwJ.
xU fhfpjj; jhspy; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w ikiaj; njspg;gjd; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ.
,J epkplj;jpw;F 1 Kjy; 20 gf;fq;fis mr;rpLk;.
M) gy;Y}lfg; gltPo;j;jp
gy;Y}lf gltPo;jj
; p fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;il ngupa jpiuapy; jpiuaplg; gad;gLfpwJ.
tFg;giwfspy; my;yJ $l;l muq;Ffspy; tpsf;ff; fhl;rpfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j
gad;gLj;jg;;gLfpwJ.
,) gl;ilf; FwpaPL / QR FwpaPL gbg;ghd
gl;ilf;FwpaPL vd;gJ ntt;NtW jbkd; tupirapy; mr;rplg;gLk; xU tbtk; MFk;.
 gl;ilf;FwpaPL gbg;ghd; gl;ilf;FwpaPl;il gbj;J mtw;iw kpd;Jbg;Gfshf khw;wp fzpg;nghwp
nrayfj;jpw;F mDg;Gk; fUtpahFk;.
fzpg;nghwpapy; jfty;fis tpiuthfTk; gpioapd;wp gjpT nra;aTk; QRgbg;ghd; gad;gLfpwJ.

4. (m) kpjg;G Gs;sp gjpd;k vz;iz ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wtjw;fhd topKiwfis tptup?
(M) (98.46) 10 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf?
kpjgG
; g; Gs;sp gjpd;k vz;iz ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wtjw;fhd topKiwfs; :
 2 d; njhlH ngUf;fy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp gjpd;k
vz;iz ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;wyhk;.
 kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp gjpd;k vz;iz 2 My; ngUf;fp tUk; tpil kjpg;gpd; KOvz;
gFjpia jdpahf Fwpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 kPjKs;s kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp kjpg;Gfis kPz;Lk; 2 My; ngUf;fp mjd; tpil kjpg;gpd;
KOvz; gFjpiaj; jdpahf Fwpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,Wjp kjpg;G 0 vd tUk; tiuNah my;yJ njhlHe;J rpy ,yf;fq;fs; tiuNah
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nkw;fz;l Kiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
 jdpNa vOjp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s midj;J 0 kw;Wk; 1 fis NkypUe;J fPohf vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
 ,JNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz;Zf;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz; MFk;.
A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 2
 (M) (98.46) 10 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wjy; :
KOvz; gFjpia khw;Wjy; (98)10
2 98
2 49 -0 98 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz; : 11000102
2 24 -1
2 12 -0
2 6 -0
2 3 -0
1 -1

kpjg;G Gs;sp gFjpia khw;Wjy; (0.46)

0.046 x 2 = 0.92 0
0.92 x 2 = 1.84 1
0.84 x 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 x 2 = 1.36 1 (0.46) f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz; : (0.01110.....)
0.36 x 2 = 0.72 0 (98.46) 10 = (1100010.01110…….)2

5. gpd;tUk; gjpd;k vz;fSf;F 1 d; epug;gp kw;Wk; 2d; epug;gpfis fhz;f?

(m) - 98 (M) -135

(m) 2 98 nfhLf;fg;gl;l gjpd;k vz; 98

2 49 -0 ,Uepiy kjpg;G 1100010
2 24 -1 ,Uepiy kjpg;G (8 ,yf;fq;fspy;) 01100010
2 12 -0 1-d; epug;G 10011101
2 6 -0 Fiwe;j kjpg;Gld; 1 ia $l;Ljy; 1
2 3 -0 2-d; epug;G 10011110
1 -1

(M) 2 135 nfhLf;fg;gl;l gjpd;k vz; 135

2 67 -1 ,Uepiy kjpg;G 10000111
2 33 -1 ,Uepiy kjpg;G (8 ,yf;fq;fspy;) 10000111
2 16 -1 1-d; epug;G 01111000
2 8 -0 Fiwe;j kjpg;Gld; 1 ia $l;Ljy; 1
2 4 -0 2-d; epug;G 01111001
2 2 -0
1 -0

6. $l;Lf: (m) 11010102 + 1011012 (M) fopf;f : 11010112 + 1110102

(m) 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 (M) 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 3

7. Ez;nraypapd; gz;G $Wfis tpsf;Ff.
1. fbfhu Ntfk; 2. fl;lis njhFg;G 3. Nth;L msT
1. fbfhu Ntfk; :
xt;nthU Ez;nraypd; cs;NsAk; fbfhuk; cs;sJ.
 ,J fzpg;nghwpapd; fl;lisfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ .
 fzpg;nghwpapd; Ntfk; nkfh n`h;l]; kw;Wk; fpfh n`h;l;]; mstpy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. fl;lis njhFg;G :
fzpg;nghwpapy; juitr; nraw;gLj;j nfhLf;Fk; fl;lis mwpTWj;jy; vdg;gLk; .
juT khw;wk; > vz; fzpj nray;Kiwfs; >jUf;f nray;Kiwfs; >fl;Lg;ghl;L efh;T> cs;sPL
kw;Wk; ntspaPL Nghd;wit fl;lis njhFjpapd;; nrayghL;fs; MFk;.
3. Nth;L msT
Nth;L msT vd;gJ xU jlit Ez;nrayp nraw;gLj;Jk; gpl;Lfspd; msT MFk; .
 ,J Kjd;ik epidtfk; nraw;gLj;Jk; fl;lisapd; msitAk;> Ez;nraypapy; cs;s
Crpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; nghUj;jJ .

8. ROM-d; tiffis gw;wp tpsf;fkhf vOJf.

1. ROM 2. PROM 3. EPROM 4. EEPROM
1. ROM ( gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; ) :
,J mopah tif epidtfk; .
fzpg;nghwp cUthf;fg;gLk;NghNj juTfs; vOjg;gLtjhy; khw;wNt> mopf;fNth KbahJ.
Mdhy; gbf;f kl;Lk; KbAk;.
,J fzpdpia Jtq;Ftjw;fhd kpf Kf;fpa epuy;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ .
2. PROM (epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;) :
 ,J mopah tif epidtfk;.
cUthf;fg;gLk; nghOJ fhypahf ,Uf;Fk;.
,jpy; juTfis xUKiw kl;LNk vOj KbAk;.
PROM Burner ia nfhz;L juTfs; vOjg;gLk;.
3. EPROM (mopf;ff;$ba epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;) :
PROM tifapd; rpwg;G epidtfk;.
 Gw Cjh xspia nrYj;jp PROM-d; cs;slf;fj;ij mopj;Jk;> kPz;Lk; NtW epuy;fis
kWgbAk; vOjyhk;.
4. EEPROM (kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopf;Fk; kw;Wk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;) :
PROM tifia rhHe;j epidtfk; MFk;.
,jpy; cs;s juTfis kpd;rhuj;ij nrYj;jp mopf;fyhk;.
nkJthf ,aq;Fk; epidtfk;

9. ,af;f Neuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epidtf rhjdq;fq;fis VWtupirapy; mikf;fTk;.

10. guty; ,af;f mikg;gpd; fUj;JU gw;wp tpsf;Ff .NkYk; mjd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?
b[pl;ly; gpizak; topahf cynfq;fpYk; gy ,lq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L nrayhf;fg;gl;l juTfs;
kw;Wk; gad;ghLfis ,e;j mk;rk; ftdpj;J nfhs;fpwJ.
xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s xU gadH > tiyaikg;gpd; %yk; kw;nwhU ,lj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh
tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
gy fzpdp tsq;fis tiyg;gpd;dypy; vspjhf ,izf;f KbAk;.
thbf;ifahsHfSld; cs;s njhlHGfis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
GutyH/Gutyd; fzpdpapy; cs;s Rikfis Fiwf;fpwJ.

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 4

11. xU ,af;f Kiwikf;fhd gadH ,ilKfj;ij cUthf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba Kf;fpa fUj;JUf;fis gl;baypLf?
 gadH ,ilKfkhdJ ,e;j mDgtj;ij ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gadUf;F
cjTfpwJ.
,ilKfk; gadupd; Njitfis jpUg;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 gadH ,ilKfkhdJ gadupd; tpiykjpg;gw;w Neuj;ij Nrkpf;fpwJ.
 gadH ,ilKfkhdJ thbf;ifahsiu jpUg;jpgLj;JkhW tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 tiufiy $Wfshd gl;bfs;> rd;dy; jpiufs; > jj;jy;fs;> gzpf;Fwpfs; kw;Wk; jl;lr;R
nra;Ak; Ntiyia Fiwj;jy; Nghd;wit ,af;f mikg;gpd; $Ljy; gadhFk;.
 gadH nra;Ak; jtWfis ,ilKfk; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy; gadH Fiwe;j
gapw;rpapYk;> jtWfis jtpHf;Fk; tz;zk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

12 . ,af;f mikg;gpd; nray;Nkyhz;ik newpKiwfis tpsf;Ff?

1. Kjypy; te;jJ Kjypy; nry;Yk; 2. rpwpaJ Kjypy; 3. tl;l tupir 4. Kd;Dupikf;F Vw;g
1. Kjypy; te;jJ Kjypy; nry;Yk; :
tupir El;gj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
El;g uPjpahf tupirapy; Kjypy; EioAk; nray;Kiw Kjypy; CPU- tpy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;L
mLj;jLj;J njhlh;fpwJ.
2. rpwpaJ Kjypy; :
ikar;nrayfj;jhy; ,af;fg;gLk; xU Ntiyapd; msit milg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
ngupa gzpfs; Kjypy; te;jpUe;jhYk; Ntiyapd; msitg; nghUj;J rpwpa gzpfis Kjypy;
nray;gLj;Jk;.
3. tl;l tupir :
Neu gfpHT mikg;GfSf;F rpwg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;l newpKiw MFk;.
Row;rp Kiwapy; xt;nthU gzpf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; xJf;fg;gLk;.
4. Kd;Dupikf;F Vw;g :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiy Kd;Dupik mbg;gilapy; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjpf Kd;Dupik nfhz;l gzpfs; Kjypy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.

13. விண்ட ோஸ் இ஬க்கஅம஫ப்பின் பலவமக஬ோன பதிப்புகமை விவரி.

gjpg;Gfs; Mz;L rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

tpz;Nlh]; 1.x 1985 16 gpl;
L fspy; tiufiy gadH ,ilKfk; mwpKfk; .
rd;dy; jpiuia rpwpjhf;Fjy; my;yJ ngupjhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lghl;Lg;
tpz;Nlh]; 2.x 1987 gyfk; mwpKfk;.
tpz;Nlh]py; gy;gzp fUj;JU mwpKfk;.
tpz;Nlh]; 3.x 1992 256 tz;zq;fis nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; jpwd;.
tpz;Nlh]; NT 1993 tiyaikg;gpy; Nritafkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpz;Nlh]; 95 1995 32 gpl; nrayp mwpKfk;.
tpz;Nlh]; 98 1998 ,iza cytp kw;Wk; nrUfp cgNahfpj;jy; mwpKfk;.
tpz;Nlh]; Me 2000 jhdpaq;F fzpg;nghwp gupNrhjpj;jy; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; kPl;G fUtpfs; mwpKfk;.
kbf;fzpdpapy; ,af;f mikg;ghf nray;gl;lJ.
tpz;Nlh]; 2000 2000
ehd;F gjpg;Gfs; ntspte;jJ.
tpz;Nlh]; XP 2001 32 gpl; nrayp mwpKfk;.
tpz;Nlh]; Vita 2006 tpz;Nlh]; Njhw;wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tpz;Nlh]; 7 2009 fzpg;nghwp njhlq;Fjy; Neuk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tpz;Nlh]; 8 2012 njhlf;f nghj;jhd; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpz;Nlh]; 10 2015 njhlf;f nghj;jhd; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jpiuKfg;G.

14. iul;lupy; gf;f Xuq;fis khw;Wk; topfis gw;wp vOJf?

iul;lupy; gf;f Xuq;fis khw;w ,U topfs; cs;sd.
1. &yupd; cjtpAld; gf;fj;jpd; Xuj;ij khw;Wjy;
2. Page Style ciuahly; ngl;bapd; %yk; Xuq;fis khw;Wjy;

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 5

 1. &yupd; cjtpAld; gf;fj;jpd; Xuj;ij khw;Wjy; :-
&yupd; kq;fyhf cs;s gFjpNa xuq;fshFk;.
 Rl;bapd; Rl;bia rhk;gy; epwg;gFjpf;Fk; nts;is epwg;gFjpf;Fk; ,ilNa itj;jhy;
Rl;bapd; Rl;bahdJ ,Ujiy nfhz;l mk;GFwpahf khWk;.
Rl;nlypapd; ,lJGw nghj;jhid mOj;jpf; nfhz;Nl Rl;nlypia Xuq;fspd; kPJ efHj;jp >
Njitahd ,lj;jpy; mOj;Jjiy tpLtpj;jhy; Gjpa Xuq;fs; mikAk;.
2. Page Style ciuahly; ngl;bapd; %yk; Xuq;fis khw;Wjy; :-
gf;fj;jpy; VNjDk; Xuplj;jpy; Rl;nlypapd; tyJ nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; Nky;kl
P ;Gg;
ngl;b Njhd;Wk;.
 mjpy; Page NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ page style ciuahly; ngl;bapy; Page
njhFjpiaj; NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 Margins ngl;bapy; ,lJ > tyJ> Nky; kw;Wk; fPo; Xuq;fSf;F cupa kjpg;ig jl;lr;R nra;J
Ok nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

15. jiyg;G kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;G vd;why; vd;d? ,tw;wpy; vt;thW gf;f vz;fis NrHg;gha;?
jiyg;G vd;gJ gf;fj;jpd; Nky;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; .
,jpy; jiyg;G kw;Wk; E}yhrpupaH ngaHfis NrHf;fyhk;.
mbf;Fwpg;G vd;gJ gf;fj;jpd; fPo;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; .
,jpy; Njjp> Neuk; kw;Wk; gf;f vz;fis NrHf;fyhk;.
jiyg;G NrHf;f : Insert Header  Default vd;w fl;lisia fpspf; nra;aTk;.
mbf;Fwpg;G NrHf;f : Insert Footer  Default vd;w fl;lisia fpspf; nra;aTk;
 nrUFk; Gs;spia mbf;Fwpg;G gFjpapy; fpspf; nra;J Insert  Fields  Page Number vd;w
fl;lisia gad;gLj;jp vy;yh gf;fq;fspYk; gf;f vz;fis NrHf;fyhk;.

16. xgd; M‡gP]; iul;lupy; xU nrhy;iy Njb kw;nwhU nrhy;yhf khw;Wk; topfisg; gw;wp vOJf?
Edit ->Find & Replace my;yJ Ctrl+ F ia fpspf; nra;aTk;.
Find & Replace ciuahly; ngl;b Njhd;Wk;.
Search for ngl;bapy; Njl Ntz;ba nrhy;iy jl;lr;R nra;aTk;.
Replace with ngl;bapy; khwp tu Ntz;ba nrhy;iy jl;lr;R nra;aTk;.
Find nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; me;j nrhy;iy fz;Lgpbj;J caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
Find All nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; me;j nrhy; tUk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; fz;Lgpbj;J
caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
Replace nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;l nrhy;iy khw;wyhk;.
Replace All nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;l nrhy; tUk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
fz;Lgpbj;J caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
Close nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;aTk;.

17. iul;lupy; gf;f tbT+l;ly; gw;wp tpupthf vOJf?

gf;f tbT+l;ly; vd;gJ gf;fj;jpd; Xuk;> gf;f vz;> gf;f mikg;G > jiyg;G kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;G
Nghd;w gf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfis tbT+l;ly; nra;tjhFk;.
Format  Page vd;w fl;lisia NjHT nra;jhy; Page Style ciuahly; ngl;b Njhd;Wk;.
Page njhFjpia fpspf; nra;aTk;.
gf;f msit khw;w :- Paper format FOtpy; A4, A3, Legal Nghd;w tbT+l;ly; NjHTfis
gad;gLj;jp gf;f mikit khw;wyhk;.
gf;f Xuq;fis khw;w :- Margins ngl;bapy; ,lJ> tyJ> Nky;> fPo; Xuq;fSf;F cupa kjpg;ig
jl;lr;R nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gf;f mikit khw;w :- Orientation FOtpy; ePsthf;F my;yJ gf;fthf;F nghj;jhid NjHT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gf;fj;jpd; gpz;zdp epwj;ij khw;w :- Page Style ciuahly; ngl;bapy; cs;s Background
njhFjpapYs;s color tz;zj;jl;by; ,Ue;J Njitahd epwj;ij NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
vy;iyia khw;w :- Page Style ciuahly; ngl;bapy; cs;s Borders njhFjpia NjHT
nra;J Njitahd vy;iyfspd; msT > vy;iy NfhLfspd; ghzp kw;Wk;
vy;ifspd; epwj;ij khw;wyhk;.

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 6

  jiyg;G kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;ig NrHf;f :-
Insert Header  Default vd;w fl;lisia jiyg;gpw;Fk;
Insert Footer  Default vd;w fl;lisia mbf;Fwpg;gpw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.

18. fhy;f; -y; neLtupirapd; mfyj;ij vt;thW khw;wyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

topKiw 1: -
ve;j neLtupirapd; mfyj;ij khw;w tpUk;Gfpd;NwhNkh me;j neLtupiriaj; NjHT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 Format Column Width vd;gij NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Column Width ciuahly; ngl;bapy; Njitahd msit nfhLj;J OK nghj;jhid
fpspf; nra;aTk;.
topKiw 2: -
mfyk; khw;wgl Ntz;ba neLtupirj; jiyg;gpy; Rl;bia itj;J tyJ fpspf; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
 Column Width ciuahly; ngl;bapy; Njitahd msit nfhLj;J OK nghj;jhid
fpspf; nra;aTk;.
topKiw 3: -
neLtupirapd; mfyj;ij khw;w Ntz;LNkh > me;j neLtupiria > mLj;j
neLtupirapy; ,Ue;J gpupf;Fk; Nfhl;bw;F Rl;bia vLj;Jr; nry;yTk;.
 Rl;nlypapd; Rl;b ,Ujiy mk;GFwpahf khWk;.
 me;j epiyapy; fpspf; nra;J Rl;bia ,lg;Gwk; my;yJ tyg;Gwk; ,Oj;J mfyj;ijf;
Fiwf;fNth my;yJ $l;lNth nra;ayhk;.

19. 5>10>20.........2560 vd;w vz;tupiria cUthf;Fk; topKiwia tpsf;Ff?

 vz; tupiria cUthf;f Njitahd Ez;ziwfis NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 Edit→Fill→Series fl;lisia NjHT nra;aTk;.
 Fill Series ciuahly; ngl;b Njhd;Wk;.
 Direction : Down vd;gij NjHT nra;aTk;.
Series type : Growth vd;gij NjHT nra;aTk;.
Start Value : 5 ia cs;splTk;
End value : 2560- ia cs;splTk;
Increments : 2 ia cs;splTk;.
 Ok nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;aTk;.
 5,10,20.........2560 vd;w vz;tupiria cUthFk;.

20. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizia cw;W Nehf;fTk;.

A B C D E
1 Year Chennai Madurai Trichi Coimbatore
2 2012 1500 1250 1000 500
3 2013 1600 1000 950 350
4 2014 1900 1320 750 300
5 2015 1850 1415 820 200
6 2016 1950 1240 920 250

2012 முதல் 2016ம் ஆண்டுகைில், த஫ிழகத்தின் முக்கி஬ நக஭ங்கைில் விற்பமன செய்஬ப்பட்

குைிரூட்டி஬ின் விவ஭ங்கள் சகோடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ைது.இந்த த஭வுகைின் அடிப்பம ஬ில்,
பின்வருவனவற்றுக்கு வோய்போடுகமை எழுதுக.
(1) 2015ம் ஆண்டின் ச஫ோத்த விற்பமன .
(2) 2012 முதல் 2016 வம஭ டகோ஬ம்புத்தூரின் ச஫ோத்த விற்பமன.
(3) 2015 ஫ற்றும் 2016-ம் ஆண்டுகைில், ஫தும஭ ஫ற்றும் திருச்ெி஬ின் ச஫ோத்த விற்பமன .

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 7

 (4) 2012 முதல் 2016 வம஭ சென்மன஬ின் ெ஭ோெரி விற்பமன .
(5) டகோமவம஬ ஒப்பிடுமக஬ில் சென்மன஬ில் 2016 ல் எத்தமன குைிரூட்டிகள் விற்பமன
செய்஬ப்பட் து.

(1) =SUM(B5:E5) (2) =SUM(E2:E6) (5) = B6 - E6

(3) =SUM(C5:D6) (4) =AVERAGE(B2:B6)

21. VNjDk; 5 ,iza Nritfis gw;wp tptup?

(1) fk;gp ,y;yh ,izg;G (2) ifg;Ngrp (3) gpuhl;Ngz;l; (4) nraw;ifNfhs;
(5) tlq;fs; (6) lhq;fps;];/ juT ml;il
(1) fk;gp ,y;yh ,izg;G :
njhiyNgrp my;yJ fk;gp tlk; ,izg;GfSf;F gjpyhf NubNah miyfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
(2) ifg;Ngrp :
Fuy; top miog;G trjpAld; $ba ,iza Nritfis toq;FfpwJ.
ey;y Ntfj;Jld; ,izaj;ij mZFtjw;F ifg;Ngrp top ,iza ,izg;ghdJ
gad;gLfpwJ.
(3) gpuhl;Ngz;l; :
gpuhl;Ngz;l; ,iza ,izg;G vd;gJ njhiyg;Ngrp epWtdq;fshy; tlk; %ykhfNth
my;yJ njhiyg;Ngrp %ykhfNth mjpNtj;Jld; toq;ff;$ba ,izg;ghFk;.
(4) nraw;ifNfhs; :
gpuhl;Ngz;l; ,iza ,izg;G toq;fg;glhj rpy gFjpfspy; ,iza ,izg;ig toq;f
nraw;if NfhshdJ gad;gLfpwJ.
(5) tlq;fs; :
tlq;fs; topahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,iza ,izg;ghdJ gpuhl;Ngz;l; mikg;ig Nghd;wJ.
fk;gp top NkhlkhdJ ,izaj;ij mjpNtfkhf mZFtjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
(6) lhq;fps;];/ juT ml;il :
,d;iwa ehl;fspy; gy lhq;fps;fs; fk;gp ,y;yh ,iza trjpia toq;Fk; jpwid ngw;Ws;sd.

22. VNjDk; 5 ,iza gad;ghLfs; gw;wp jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptup?

(1) ,iza njhiyNgrp :
,izaj;jpd; %ykhf eilngWk; midj;J Fuy; top gupkhw;wq;fSk; VOIP newpKiwapd;
mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. v.fh : Skype
(2) Ntiy Njly; :
,izaj;jpd; %yk; NtiyNjLk;NghJ tpiuthfTk; NkYk; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; cs;s ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd fhypgzpapl tptuq;fis ngw KbAk;. v.fh : monster.com
(3) ,izaj;jpy; nghUs;fis thq;Fjy; :
Nritafq;fs; %yk; nghUs;fis gw;wpa tptuq;fisNah my;yJ toq;Fk; Nritfs; gw;wpa
jfty;fisNah tiyjsj;jpy; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. v.fh : amazon.com
(4) gq;F re;ij gw;wpa jfty;fis ngWjy; :
,izaj;jpd; %yk; tPl;by; ,Ue;jbNa epWtdq;fspd; gq;Ffis thq;fNth > tpw;fNth KbAk;.
v.fh : moneypore.com
(5) gazq;fs; :
Rw;Wyh jsq;fis gw;wpa tptuq;fis xUtH ,izaj;jpd; %yk; Nrfupf;f KbAk;.
v.fh : olacabs.com
(6) Muha;r;rp :
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,yf;fpa Ma;T gw;wpa ,jo;fs; ,izaj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

23. ghlGj;jfj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s tiy cyhtpfs; jtpu VNjDk; 5 tiy cyhtpfs; gw;wp tptup?
1. Opera :
tpz;Nlh]; kw;Wk; ypdf;]; ,af;f mikg;GfSf;F Opera Software As vd;w
epWtdj;jhy; Vg;uy; 1995 y; ntspaplg;gl;l cytp.
rpwg;gk;rk; : tpsk;gu tbfl;ly; > Nkhrb ghJfhg;G .

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 8

 2. UC cyhtp :
UC cyhtpahdJ UC Web vd;w rPd nkhigy; ,iza epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
tiy cyhtp MFk;.
rpwg;gk;rk; : cs;epidtfjpwd; > juTr; RUf;fk;> Ntfkhd cyhTjy;.
3. Mosaic cyhtp :
cyfpd; Kjy; tiy cyhtp nkhrha;f; MFk;.
,J khHf; Md;lHrd; vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;nghOJ ,J gad;ghl;by; ,y;iy.
4. Micro Soft Edge :
,J ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L tpz;Nlh]; 10 ,af;f mikg;GfSld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiy cyhtp MFk;.
5. Maxthon :
,J ek;gfkhd gadH ,ilKfj;JlDk; gy rpwg;gk;rq;fSk; nfhz;l xU Ntfkhd
,ytr cyhtp MFk;.
,J Maxthon Ltd vd;w rPd epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

24. ,iza cyhTjypy; nra;a Ntz;baitAk; > nra;af;$lhjJk; gw;wp tptup?

1. cq;fs; jdpg;gl;l jftyhd tPl;L Kftup > njhiyNgrp vz;fs;> ngw;NwhH gzpg;GupAk;
,lj;jpd; Kftup Nghd;wtw;iw ,izaj;jpy; gjpaf;$lhJ.
2. jdpkiw mikg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp jhq;fs; gjptpLk; Gifg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfis
ez;gHfs; kw;Wk; cwtpdHfs; kl;LNk ghHf;FkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jdpkiw mikg;ig rupghHj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
4. flTr;nrhy;iy mikf;Fk; NghJ ahUk; vspjpy; A+fpf;f Kbahjjhf ,Ug;gj;ij cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
5. miyg;NgrpahdJ flTr;nrhw;fs; %yk; ghJfhg;ghf cs;sij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6. me;epaHfSld; Md;iydpNyh my;yJ M~g;iydpNyh njhlHG nfhs;s $lhJ.
7. ngupatHfspd; Ngr;ir Nfl;L Ntz;Lk;.
8. ghJfhg;gw;w my;yJ njupe;jpUf;fhj tiyj;j jsq;fspy; ftdKld; ,Uq;fs;.
9. Md;iydpy; nghUs; thq;Fk; NghJ NeHkiwahd kw;Wk; mwpag;gl;l tpw;gidahsiug;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
10. kpd;dQ;ry; > cldb nra;jpfs; my;yJ r%f tiyjsq;fspy; tUk; ,izg;Gfs; ekf;F
njupe;jtHfsplk; ,Ue;J te;jit vd cWjpahf njupahj tiu mtw;iw fpspf; nra;a$lhJ.

25. m£ltiz <table> x£Ll‹ ga‹gL« g©ò¡TWfis g‰¿ és¡Ff.

<table> x£Ll‹ ga‹gL¤J¥gL« g©ò¡TWfŸ :-
Cellspacing, Cellpadding, Border, Bordercolor, Bgcolor, Height and Width MF«.

Cellspacing - m£ltizæš cŸs Á‰wiwfS¡»ilna Ïilbtë mik¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

Cellpadding - Á‰wiw¡FŸ cŸs bghUsl¡f¤Â‰F« Á‰wiwæ‹ všiy¡F« Ïilna
Ïilbtë mik¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
Border - m£ltizia R‰¿ všiynfhLfë‹ jok‹ msit F¿¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
Align - tiy cyhéæ‹ r‹dš Âiuæš m£ltizia xG§FgL¤J»wJ.
Bordercolor - všiynfhLfë‹ ãw¤ij F¿¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
Bgcolor - m£ltizæ‹ Ã‹òw t©z¤ij mik¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
Height and Width – m£ltizæ‹ cau¤ijÍ« mfy¤ijÍ« F¿¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

26. jFe;j HTML epuYld; gl;baypd; tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff?

gl;bay;fs; 3 tifg;gLk; .
1. tçir¥gL¤j¥g£l g£oaš 2. tçir¥gL¤j¥glhj g£oaš 3. tiuaiw¥g£oaš

1. tçir¥gL¤j¥g£l g£oaš :
ÏJ <OL> k‰W« </OL> v‹w Ïiz x£Lfshš cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.
 g£oaèš xU cU¥goia nr®¡f <LI> x£lhdJ ga‹gL»wJ.
 <OL> x£L Type k‰W« Start g©ò¡Tiw¡ bfh©LŸsJ.
 ÏJ cU¥gofis v©tçir¥gonah mšyJ mfu tçir¥gonah g£oaè£L fh£L«.

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 9

 v.fh : <OL> btëpL :
<LI> ENGLISH 1. TAMIL
<LI> ECONOMICS 2. COMPUTER
</OL>
2. tçir¥gL¤j¥glhj g£oaš :
ÏJ <UL> k‰W« </UL> v‹w Ïiz x£Lfshš cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.
g£oaèš xU cU¥goia nr®¡f <LI> x£lhdJ ga‹gL»wJ.
<OL> x£L Type v‹w g©ò¡Tiw¡ bfh©LŸsJ.
ÏJ v©fS¡F gÂyhf Áw¥ò òšy£ F¿pLfis K‹djhf bfh©oU¡F«.

v.fh : <UL> btëpL :

<LI> ENGLISH  ENGLISH
<LI> ECONOMICS  ECONOMICS
</UL>
3. tiuaiw¥g£oaš :
ÏJ <DL> k‰W« </DL> v‹w Ïiz x£LfS¡FŸ tiuaW¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
tiuaiw¤ jiy¥ghdJ <DT> k‰W« </DT> v‹w x£LfS¡FŸ ju¥gl nt©L«.
jiy¥Ã‹ és¡fkhdJ <DD> k‰W« </DD> v‹w x£LfS¡FŸ ju¥gl nt©L«.
v.fh : btëpL :
<DL>
<DT> IP: </DT> IP:
<DD> Internet Protocol </DD> Internet Protocol
</DL>

27. Ïiz¥ò v‹whš v‹d? Ïiz¥òfë‹ tiffis és¡Ff.

tiy Mtz§fS¡F Û¤bjhL¥òfis cUth¡f Ïiz¥ò ga‹gL»wJ.
Ïiz¥òfis cUth¡f e§Tu x£L </A> cl‹ href g©ò¡TW ga‹gL»wJ.
Ïiz¥òfis cUth¡f Ïu©L K¡»a¡ TWfŸ njit.
(1) Ïiz¡f¥gl nt©oa nfh¥ÃDila Kftç mšyJ URL Kftç
(2) Ïiz¥Ãid click brŒa¥ ga‹gL« ciu.
(v.fh) : <a href = “abcd.html”> LINK </a>
cŸ Ïiz¥ò : –
xU Mtz¤Âš Ïl«bg‰WŸs F¿¥Ã£l gF¡F Ïiz¥òfis cUth¡FtJ cŸ Ïiz¥ò
vd¥gL«.
cŸ Ïiz¥òfis cUth¡Ftj‰F </A> e§Tu x£Ll‹ bga® g©ò¡TW ga‹gL»wJ.
btëÏiz¥ò : –
tiy Mtz¤Â‹ btëna cŸs tiy¥g¡f§fSl‹ Ïiz¥ig V‰gL¤j ga‹gL»wJ.

28. CSS-š cŸs vG¤J k‰W« ciu cW¥ò g©òfis mj‹ kÂ¥òfnshL g£oaè£L és¡fΫ.

toñ£lš g©òfŸ kÂ¥òfŸ v.fh

ciuãw« Color Predefined_Color _Name Color : pink;
ciu ÏirÎ Text-align Centre/ Left / Right / Justify Text-align : center;
vG¤J tif Font-family Font_Name Font-family: ”Arial” ;
vG¤J ghâ Font-style Normal / Italic Font-style : Italic;
vG¤J ghâ
(jo¤j) Font-weight Normal / Bold Font-weight : Bold;

vG¤J msÎ Font-size size in pixels Font-size : 15px;

Ëòw ãw« Background Color Predefined_Color _Name Background – color : pink;

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 10

29. #hth°»ç¥£oš cŸs nkšÛ£ò ciuahlš bg£ofŸ g‰¿ éçthf és¡Ff?
ciuahlš bg£ofis nkšÛ£ò bg£ofŸ v‹W« miH¡fyh«. 3 tiffŸ cŸsd.
1. Alert ciuahlš bg£o 2. Confirm ciuahlš bg£o 3. Prompt ciuahlš bg£o
1. Alert ciuahlš bg£o :-
 gadU¡F v¢rç¡if brŒÂia bfhL¡f Alert ciuahlš bg£o ga‹gL»wJ.
 Ïš xnu xU Ok bgh¤jhid k£L« bfh©oU¡F«.
 mij ga‹gL¤Â mL¤j ãiy¡F bršyyh«.
 f£lis mik¥ò :- Alert(“Message”); (or) window.alert(“Message”);
2. Confirm ciuahlš bg£o :-
 VnjD« xU éU¥g¤Â‰F gadç‹ x¥òjš bgw Confirm ciuahlš bg£o ga‹gL»wJ.
 Ïš Ok k‰W« cancel v‹w ÏU bgh¤jhid bfh©oU¡F«.
 Ïš Ok bgh¤jhid mG¤Âdhš bkŒ v‹w kÂ¥ò« cancel bgh¤jhid mG¤Âdhš bghŒ v‹w
kÂ¥ig Confirm ciuahlš bg£o ÂU¥Ã mD¥ò«.
 f£lis mik¥ò :- Confirm (“Message”); (or) window. Confirm (“Message”);
3. Prompt ciuahlš bg£o :-
 gad® cŸÇL brŒtj‰fhd jftiy¡ bfhL¡f Prompt ciuahlš bg£o ga‹gL»wJ.
 Ïš Ïu©L msòU¡fŸ cŸsd.
1. ciuahlš bg£o njh‹W« brŒÂ 2. ciu¥bg£oæš njh‹W« bfhlhãiy ru«.
 Ïš Ok k‰W« cancel v‹w ÏU bgh¤jhid bfh©oU¡F«.
 Ïš Ok bgh¤jhid mG¤Âdhš cŸÇL brŒj kÂ¥ig ÂU¥Ã mD¥ò«.
 Ïš cancel bgh¤jhid mG¤Âdhš Null v‹w kÂ¥ig ÂU¥Ã mD¥ò«.
 Prompt f£lis mik¥ò :- (“Message”, “defaultValue”);

30. fâj bra‰F¿ g‰¿ jFªj vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ éçthf vGJf?

T£lš, fê¤jš, bgU¡fš , tF¤jš k‰W« tFÛ ngh‹w mo¥gil fâj bra‰F¿fŸ
všyht‰iwÍ« #hth°»ç¥g£ Mjç¡F«.

fâj bra‰F¿ bghUŸ vL¤J¡fh£L éisÎ

+ T£lš var a=10 + 10 a = 20
- fê¤jš var b=10 - 10 b=0
* bgU¡fš var c=10 * 10 c = 100
/ tF¤jš var d=10 / 10 d=1
% tFÛÂ var e=10 % 10 e=0

31. switch case vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ és¡Ff?

 if –else T‰W¡F kh‰whf switch T‰iw #hth°»ç¥£ më¡»wJ.
 nfhitæš cŸs všyh éisÎfisÍ« rçgh®¡f switch T‰W cjλwJ.
f£lis mik¥ò vL¤J¡fh£L
switch (expression) $n=3;
{ switch ( n)
case label1: {
statement1; case 1:
break; document.write(“one”);
case label2: break;
statement2; case 2:
break; document.write(“Two”);
case label n: break;
statement-n; case 3:
break; document.write(“Three”);
default: break;
statements; default:
} document.write(“error”);
}

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 11

32. for kl¡if xU vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ és¡Ff?
 for kl¡F K‹tiuaW¡f¥g£l v©â¡ifæš Û©L« Ïa§F«.
 for f£lis mik¥Ãš 3 gFÂfŸ cŸsd.
 mit K¡fh‰ òŸëahš Ãç¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
 mit :- 1. kh¿¡F bjhl¡f kÂ¥ÃU¤J«. Ϫj kh¿ f£L¥gh£L kh¿ .
2. ãgªjid T‰W : kl¡F v¤jid Kiw Ïa¡f¥gL« v‹gij Ô®khå¡F«.
3. f£L¥gh£L kh¿æ‹ kÂ¥ò v›thW kh‰w¥gL« v‹gij Ô®khå¡F«.
f£lis mik¥ò vL¤J¡fh£L

for (initialization; condition; increment / decrement) for (var n=0;n<=5; n++)

{ {
Body of the loop; document.write(n+ “<br>”);
} }

33. fzpg;nghwp gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gy;NtW Fw;wq;fs; ahit?

,iza Fw;wk; vd;gJ mwpTrhh; nts;is fhyh; Fw;wkhFk;.
,e;j Fw;wq;fs; nra;Nthh; nghJthf fzpg;nghwpia jpwd;gl ,af;Fgtuhf ,Ug;ghh;fs; .
1. jPk;nghUs;:- gy;NtW ,izatop njhe;juT nray;fshd jpULjy;> kiwahf;fk; nra;jy;> Kf;fpa
juTfis ePf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy; (m) fzpg;nghwpapd; nkhj;j nray;ghLfis elj;Jjy;>
nray;ghLfis mDkjp ,y;yhky; fz;fhdpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;Ak; jPq;fpiof;Fk; epuyhFk;.
2.muz; cilj;jy; (Harvesting) :- rl;ltpNuhjkhf mLj;j gadhpd; gadh; ngah; kw;Wk;
flTr;nrhy;iy Nrfhpj;J gadhpd; fzf;Ffspy; Eioe;J gadiljy;.
3. ];Ngk; :- Njitaw;w kpd;dQ;ry;fis mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,iza js gadh;fSf;F
mDg;Gjy;.
4. N`f;fpq; :- fzpg;nghwp cupikahsupd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; jdpg;gl;l juT my;yJ flTnrhy;iy
Fw;wk; rhHe;j eltbf;iff;Nfh my;yJ nghOJNghf;fpw;Nfh jpULjy;.
5. nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L :- xU jdpg;gl;l my;yJ xU epWtdj;jhy; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
nkd;nghUis gjpg;Gupik yhgj;jpw;F gad;gLj;JtjhFk;.

34. fsthly; vd;why; vd;d? fstlhypd; tiffs; ahit kw;Wk; mij vt;thW jLf;fyhk;?
 nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj nkd;nghUs; efy; MFk;.
 mjhtJ xU jdpg;gl;l my;yJ xU epWtdj;jhy; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUis
gjpg;Gupik ngwhky;> rl;ltpNuhjkhf FwpaPLfs;> jfty;fs;> epuy;fs; kw;Wk; gpw jfty;fis
jpULjy;.
fsthlypd; tiffs; :-
1. gjpg;Gupik ngw;w epuy;fis efnyLj;J tpw;gid nra;jy;.
2. ,izajsj;jpd; topahf rl;l tpNuhjkhf gjptpwf;fk; nra;jy;.
fsthliy jLf;Fk; mZFKiw:-
1. nkd;nghUs; jpUl;il jLf;f nkd;nghUs; gfpHkhdk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. gfpHkhd nkd;nghUs; gjpg;gfj;jhH gadHfisAk;> rf CopaHfisAk; epuy; MrpupaHfSf;F
Neubahf xU gjpT fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jp epuy;fis efnyLf;f Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

35. ,izajs jhf;Fjypd; tiffs; ahit?

jPkn; ghUs; nkd;nghUs;fs; rl;l tpNuhj mZfy; kw;Wk; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; tifapy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU tif nkd;nghUs; MFk;.
1) er;R epuy; :- er;R epuy;fs; jd;ikjhNd kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xU fzpg;nghwpapypUe;J kw;nwhU
fzpg;nghwpf;F gpw Nfhg;GfSld; ,ize;J guTfpwJ. l;Nuh[d; xU er;r epuy; MFk;.
2) thh;k] ; ; :- fzpdp epuy;fspd; cjtpapd;wp Rakhf jpUk;g jpUk;g te;J ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
,it njhlh;e;J ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fp gytPdq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J thh;k] ; pd; epuyUf;F
njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
3) ];igNth; :-
fzpg;nghwpapy; ,izg;Gfis fpspf; nra;J jpwf;Fk;NghNjh my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l
nkd;nghUis gjptpwf;fk; nra;tjd; %yNkh ];igNth; nkd;nghUs; jhdhfNt
; fzpg;nghwpapy; epWtg;gLk;.
4) Nud;rk;Nth; :-
xU fzpg;nghwp mikg;gpy; ,iza jhf;Fjiyj; njhlq;fpa gpwF> gzk; Nfhup jPq;F
,iof;fj; jpl;lkplf;$ba xU tif jPkn ; ghUs; MFk;.
---------------------------------------------- ALL THE BEST ------------------------------------------------------------

A.KAVITHA , Computer Instructor Gr-1 ,GGHSS SENDAMANGALAM Page 12