IMPACT 4.07.

170 23/07/2023

Chassis ID Path
AA 318045 59/Description, Design and function//Anti-lock braking system (ABS), system description

Model Identity
FM (4) 163055239

Publish date ID/Operation

08/03/2022

Anti-lock braking system (ABS), system description

ABS
System overview
General information
Fault indication
Tilt prevention
Fading warning
Lining wear prediction
Control unit
Solenoid valves
Trailer control
Declutchable axle, drive axle bogie lift
Service braking system
Parking braking system
Proportional braking
Trailer braking system
Auxiliary braking
Load sensing valve electrical (LOADST-E)
Electronic brake force distribution (EBD)
Brake lights
Brake pressure sensor (lights)

Pneumatic, components
Trailer brake valve
Relay valve, service brake
Relay valve, parking brake
Regulation valve, FBREG-RP
Load sensing valve, LOADST-M

Related information

ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)

Overview, electrical

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

A03 Instrument panel

A12A Control unit, ABS
A161 Control unit, HMIIOM (Human Machine Interface I/O Module)
A163 Control unit, CCIOM (Centre Chassis I/O Module)
A164 Control unit, RCIOM (Rear Chassis I/O Module)
A173 Brake lever, hand control
A177 Control unit, APM (Air Production Modulator)
A187 Control unit, VMCU (Vehicle Master Control Unit)
B12 Sensor, vehicle speed
B13A....... Sensor, wheel speed
18A
B237 Sensor, brake pressure rear circuit
B237A Sensor, brake pressure front circuit
(have been added recently, not present on earlier vehicles)
Y11A........ Solenoid, valve unit, ABS
Y16
Y134A/B Air valve, trailer brake
S24 Stalk switch, trailer brake
(S275)

Service braking, chassis

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

F Front brake circuit, air tank

R Rear brake circuit, air tank
1 CCIOM (A163)
2 RCIOM (A164)
3 ABS (A12A)
4 ABS, solenoid valve (Y11A, Y12A, ........, Y16)
5 ABS, wheel speed sensor (B13A, B14A, ........, B18A)
6 APM (A177)
7 Foot valve (Fv)
8 Relay valve (Rf, Rr, Rp)
9 Regulation valve (Rv)
10 Load sensing valve, mechanical (Ls)
11 Tailer valve (Tr)
12 Air valve trailer (Y134)
13 Brake pressure sensor, rear circuit (B237)
Brake pressure sensor, front circuit (B237A)
(have been added recently, not present on earlier vehicles)
14 Dog clutch sensor (B306)
15 Load sensor, electrical (B28B)

System overview

Brake system variants

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

Variant symbol Variant description

BSYS-CON Brake system, conventional
BSYS-EBS Brake system, electronic

Antilock brake system

Variant symbol Variant description

ABS Antilock brake system
UABS Without antilock brake system

General information
The ABS is basically an assistant to the conventional braking system that controls the braking force
at each individual wheel.
The wheel speed is constantly monitored by the ABS, which is prepared to engage when the vehicle
is braked.
The ABS prevents the wheel from locking by pulsing the solenoid valves.
This is done several times per second, which results in the typical ABS battering sound.

An active ABS triggers the following:

● The ABS symbol is lit in the display.

● The TECU (Transmission Electronic Control Unit) disengages the clutch and prevents gear
changing during wheel slip.

● The ACM (Aftertreatment Control Module) deactivates the retarder torque.

● The "Auxiliary" brakes are disengaged.

Fault indication
The system can disengage the ABS function in a faulty circuit without affecting the ABS function in
the other circuit. The braking force is not affected.
The ABS control unit constantly checks the condition of the system.
If a fault occurs, two separate indicators inform the driver of the problem:
● The ABS warning lamp is activated.

● A message is sent via the data bus to the instrument panel. The message contains a general
instruction to check the brakes as well as information about the fault through a unique fault code.

● If there is no fault, the warning lamp lights up for a second on engine start and then stays off
during the whole trip.

Tilt prevention
● The tilt prevention function prevents short wheelbase tractors with a high centre of gravity from
tipping forwards when braking rapidly on high friction surfaces.

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

Fading warning
The fading warning uses brake cylinder pressure, wheel speed and ambient temperature information
to estimate the brake temperature. It warns the driver through a pop-up message, when the
temperature exceeds the configured temperature limit.

Lining wear prediction

The lining wear prediction estimates the remaining distance until the next necessary brake lining
change. When it is time to replace the brake linings, a yellow warning lamp is activated. The brake
lining wear is also shown on the driver information display.
The function is reset when new brake linings are fitted.

Control unit
Note
The system has 4 or 6 channels, each channel has one sensor and one solenoid valve.
Not all wheels have a separate wheel speed sensor or a separate solenoid valve.
A wheel speed sensor or a solenoid valve can serve two wheels or an axle.

Via a toothed wheel in the hub, the inductive sensor generates an alternating current which is
proportional to the wheel speed.
The signals from each sensor are compared in order to detect differences in wheel speed and thus
wheel lock.
The system then uses the ABS solenoid valves to rapidly reduce the braking pressure on the locked
wheel.

The control unit consists of two separate sections, one for controlling the front wheel brakes and the
other for controlling the rear wheel brakes:
● IR (Individual Regulation), for the rear wheels,
Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

which uses maximum braking force on each wheel.

● MIR (Modified Individual Regulation), for the front wheels,

which delays the application of full braking force for a few seconds.

Solenoid valves
Note
The numbers in the illustration refer to the actual ports on the valve.
The solenoid valves only operate when ABS is activated.

By default, the solenoid valve is open and allows the air to pass directly to the service brake
chambers. When the ABS function is activated the control unit starts pulsing the solenoid valve.
The valve opens and closes several times per second in order to reduce the pressure, which results
in the typical ABS battering sound.

Trailer control
Note
The trailer ABS system is completely separate.
A separate warning lamp marked “ABS 1” lights if there is a fault in the trailer ABS system.
The signal comes from the ABS control unit on the trailer.

The RCIOM control unit determines if a trailer is connected by measuring the trailer current
consumption.
The HMIIOM control unit for the instrument cluster determines if a trailer has got ABS brakes by
evaluating the input signal from the trailer.

Declutchable axle, drive axle bogie lift

Note
On ABS vehicles, axle clutching is only possible when the truck is stationary.
If a sensor signal, system or component failure occurs, the dog clutch function is disabled and
the engine torque is reduced.

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

RAA22 vehicles with a declutchable rear axle are operating either as RADD or as RADT.
On the 1st rear axle, the inter-axle differential lock has been replaced with a dog clutch.
This allows the system to disconnect the 2nd rear axle from the drive train.
The signal from the dog clutch sensor is an important part of this function.

Service braking system

Note
The engagement and disengagement of the service brake for the vehicle is controlled by
pressurized air signals from the footbrake valve.

The service brake system has two separated circuits which are supplied and monitored by the APM
(A177) ports (21) and (22).
The APM can disengage a circuit in the event of a fault or air leakage.
The APM has an anti-compound function. It limits the parking brake force on the brake cylinders by
re-injecting air into the APM port (4.2).

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

The front circuit (F) and the rear circuit (R) have separated air-tanks and control lines.
Each circuit has a relay valve (Rf, Rr) which is constantly supplied with compressed from the air-tank.
The relay valve is used to rapidly engage and disengage the service brake.
The service brake system can have one or two pressure sensors (B237, B237A), which activates the
brake lights. The front brake circuit pressure sensor (B237A) have been added recently and is not
present on earlier vehicles.

Parking braking system

Note
The parking brake system has no air tank; it is supplied from the APM ports (28.1) and (28.2).

Note
Some vehicles also activate the service brake on the trailer when the parking brake is
engaged.
This function is controlled by the APM port (29.2) (trailer braked at parking).
Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

The parking brake is released or applied, either automatically or manually by the hand lever (A173).
In "Driving" mode the system is constantly pressurized by the APM (A177).
Note
On some vehicles the parking brake will be automatically applied when the door is opened.
The parking brake is applied if the vehicle speed is below the maximum activation speed.

Tech data
Parking brake, maximum activation speed ≈ 7 km/h

Proportional braking
Note
The parking brake can be used as a backup system for the service brake system.
The tractor and trailer can be braked gradually while driving by pulling the hand lever (A173).
This will activate both the spring brakes on the vehicle and the service brakes on the trailer in
proportion to the applied stroke.

Note
The brake is disengaged when the lever is released at a vehicle speed above the maximum
activation speed.

Tech data

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

Parking brake, maximum activation speed ≈ 7 km/h

Trailer braking system

Note
The trailer valve (Tr) is controlled by air pressure signals.
The signals only engage or disengage the trailer service brake.
The signals can come from different independent air valves, manually or automatically.

The trailer braking system is pressurized from the APM (A177) port (23), via the trailer brake valve
(Tr), which has one supply circuit (Ts) port (12) and one control circuit (Tc) port (22).
Some vehicles have a separate pneumatic valve (Y134) mounted near the trailer brake valve (Tr).

Following activates the trailer brake valve:

● The service brake foot valve (Fv) directly controls:
Port (41) rear brake circuit.
Port (42) front brake circuit.

● The parking brake handle (A173) sends a signal to the APM.

Port (43) is directly controlled via the APM.
The APM port (29.1), for trailer not braked at parking.
The APM port (29.2), for trailer braked at parking.

● The auxiliary brake stalk (S275) sends a signal via the VMCU (A187) and the CCIOM (A163) to
the pneumatic valve (Y134).
Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

Port (42), is directly controlled by the pneumatic valve (Y134).

Auxiliary braking
Note
The auxiliary brake is controlled by the VMCU (A187), via the auxiliary brake stalk (S275).
When the ABS function is active, the auxiliary braking function is disabled.

The auxiliary brakes are not controlled by the ABS. In order to prevent them from causing, for
example, wheel lock, they are disabled when ABS is activated by the system. When ABS becomes
deactivated, the auxiliary brakes are progressively activated again.

Automatic position "A"

● The auxiliary brake is engaged when the driver releases the accelerator pedal.

● The auxiliary brake is disengaged when the driver presses the clutch pedal.

● The auxiliary brake acts together with the wheel brakes when the driver presses the brake pedal.
("Brake blending")

More information about the auxiliary brakes can be found in "Auxiliary brakes, function description".

Load sensing valve electrical (LOADST-E)

Note
Depending on the load the vehicle is carrying, the auxiliary brakes request different
retardation torques.
With unloaded vehicles, the retardation torque is limited to a maximum of 60% of the engine
and drive-line retardation capacity.

Information from the electrical load sensing valve is used to prevent wheel lock and optimise AMT
performance.
The electrical load sensing valve is mounted close to the rear axle/axles.

Electronic brake force distribution (EBD)

Note
The electronic brake force distribution function controls and distributes the brake pressure
between the axles on the tractor and the trailer.
Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

The function uses information from the electrical load sensing valve (B29B) and the pressure sensor
for the brake lights (B237).
During light braking, almost the same brake force is applied to all the wheels for optimal stability and
brake balance.

Brake lights
Note
The brake lights are controlled by the RCIOM (A164).
At extra high retardation the brake lights flash rapidly to enhance the warning.

Foot braking and other braking that causes retardation over a certain limit, activate the brake lights.
Hand controls such as the auxiliary brake stalk (S275) or parking brake hand control (A173) can also
activate the brake lights in the same way as the brake pedal (Fv) does.

Following activates the brake lights:

● Normal service braking, brake pressure sensors (B237, B237A).

● Proportional braking with parking brake hand control (A173) via APM (A177).
Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

● Auxiliary braking, via VMCU (A187).

Brake pressure sensor (lights)

Note
A faulty pressure sensor can cause unexpected and strange behaviour in a vehicle.
For example the CC/ACC can be permanently disabled by a faulty sensor.
The front brake circuit pressure sensor (B237A) have been added recently and is not present
on earlier vehicles.

The brake pressure sensors (B237, B237A) are mounted close to the brake circuit relay valves (Rr,
Rf).
The sensor is constantly monitored by the CCIOM and the RCIOM (A163, A164), which sends
"braking" information that is used by other functions in the vehicle.

The "braking" information:

● Activates the brake lights.

● Disables CC/ACC control when braking.

● Opens the clutch for AMT during vehicle standstill.

● Disables the EBD function during high brake demand.

Pneumatic, components
Note
The numbers in the illustration refer to the actual ports on the valve.

Trailer brake valve

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

Note
The trailer brake valve (Tr) is sometimes combined with a separate pneumatic valve (Y134).
The two-way valve (Tw) ensures that the trailer valve receives only one pneumatic signal.
The trailer brake has one supply circuit (Ts), port (12) and one control circuit (Tc), port (22).
The trailer brake valve (Tr) port (11) is constantly pressurized from the APM port (23).

The trailer brake valve (Tr) is controlled by air pressure signals.

The signals only engage or disengage the trailer service brake.

Relay valve, service brake

Note
The relay valve (Rr) is mounted close to the brake chambers.

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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IMPACT 4.07.170 23/07/2023

The relay valve ensures rapid engagement and disengagement of the service brake. The service
brake valve is constantly pressurized via port (1).
The relay valve requires only minimal air pressure at port (4), supplied from the footbrake valve in
order to release the air for the brake cylinders and start braking the wheels.
When the foot brake valve air flow stops, the relay valve rapidly evacuates the air and the service
brake is disengaged.

Relay valve, parking brake

Note
The parking brake circuit is pressurized and depressurized by the APM.
Some vehicles have a relay valve (Rp) for the parking brake rear circuit, which is only
pressurized when the parking brake is released.

The relay valve is pressurized simultaneously in ports (1) and (4), with air flow from the APM, port
(28.2). When the APM air flow stops, the relay valve rapidly evacuates the air and the parking brake
is engaged.

Regulation valve, FBREG-RP

Note
The regulation valve (Rv) reduces the control line brake pressure to the front wheel brakes,
within a specific braking range.
The regulation valve (Rv) is mounted close to the front brake circuit relay valve (Rf).

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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To assist braking when the pressure from the footbrake valve is low, the reduction is high. When the
braking force increases and the pressure rises, the reduction stops and the air flows directly through
the valve.

Load sensing valve, LOADST-M

Note
The mechanical load sensing valve (Ls) and the pressure sensor for the brake light (B237) are
mounted close to the rear axles.

The mechanical load sensing valve (Ls) adjusts the brake pressure to the rear wheel brakes, port (2).
Depending on the load the vehicle is carrying, the valve reduces the brake pressure on the rear
brake cylinders. This prevents the rear wheel brakes from locking.
The load sensing valve is also a relay valve that is constantly pressurized at port (1) and engaged by
an air control signal at port (4) from the foot brake valve (Fv).
Note
It is important that the vehicle is evenly loaded. Too much load at the front of the vehicle will
lead to a significant reduction in braking force because the rear load sensing valve will then
only sense a part of the vehicle's total weight.

Related information
For more information on the electrical architecture, refer to:
Wiring diagram
➠ Vehicle electronics overview, system description
Related systems
➠ Air supply, system description
➠ Electronic braking system (EBS), system description
➠ Trailer brake, system description
Related functions
➠ Auxiliary brakes, function description
➠ Hand brake, function description
➠ Wheel brake, system description
Related components

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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➠ Compressor, component description

➠ APM, component description
➠ Footbrake valve, component description
➠ Parking brake control (HCU), component description
➠ Air valve, component description
➠ Modulators, component description
➠ Relay valve, component description
➠ Wheel brake, system description
➠ Brake cylinder, component description

Copyright to this documentation belongs to the Volvo Group. No reproduction, copying, change, amendment or other similar disposal is entitled without prior written consent by
the Volvo Group
The information contained herein is current at the time of its original distribution, but is subject to change. The reader is advised that printed copies are uncontrolled.

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