Allergen

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Allergen- a foreign substance that stimulates an allergic

reaction.
Spleen-Largest lymphatic organ containing venous
Antibody- a substance produced by B cells in response sinuses Located behind the stomach near the
to a specific antigen. Otherwise called diaphragm in the upper left quadrant of the
Immunoglobulins. abdominal cavity.

Antigen- a foreign substance capable of stimulating the  Filters & cleanses blood; destroys pathogens
production of antibodies. carried by blood; contains a reservoir of blood;
primary site for removal of old RBCs; Major site
Complement- a group of plasma proteins that works
for Lymphocyte Production.
with antibodies to destroy cells of pathogens.
Thymus-Bilobed gland located above the heart; size
Immunity- resistance to specific disease-producing
decreases w/ age.
antigens.
 Site T cell maturation; secretes hormone
Inflammation- a localized response to damaged or
thymosin, w/c stimulates maturation of T cells.
infected tissues that is characterized by swelling,
3 kinds of Tonsils
redness, pain, & heat.
1.) Palatine Tonsils- located on each side at the
Lymph (clear water) – the fluid transported in
lymphatic vessels. junction of the oral cavity & the Pharynx.
Lymph Node – A lymph-filtering node of lymphatic 2.) Pharyngeal tonsil/ Adenoid- located on the
tissue located on a lymphatic vessel.
back wall of the nasal cavity, a region known as the
Lymphatic Vessel- a vessel that transports lymph.
nasopharynx.
Pathogen- a disease-causing organism.
3.) Lingual tonsils- tonsils located at the back of
Spleen- the largest lymphatic organ.
the tongue.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM – This is a part of the circulatory
NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AGAINST DISEASE
system and a vital part of the immune system,
comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a 1.) Mechanical Barriers
clear fluid, called lymph directionally towards the heart.
(Skin, Mucous Membranes, Fluids)
 absorbs fat from the digestive system through
lacteals, the small lymphatic vessels in the 2.) Chemical Actions
small intestine. Lysozymes- an enzyme present in tears, saliva, nasal
LYMPH - An interstitial fluid that is derived from blood secretions & perspiration that destroy bacteria &
plasma as materials move from the blood in capillaries help to protect underlying tissues.
to the tissue cells.
Pepsin- an enzyme that digests proteins composing
Lymphatic capillaries -Microscopic close-ended tubes in
tissue spaces. microbes.

 Collect interstitial fluid from tissue spaces; once Interferon- a substance produced by macrophages
in a lymphatic capillary, interstitial fluid is called &
Lymph. lymphocytes to stimulate uninfected cells to
Lymphatic Vessels -Formed by merging of lymphatic synthesize special proteins that inhibit the
capillaries; structure similar to veins; contain valves; replication of viruses w/in cells.
merge to form lymphatic trunks 3.) Phagocytosis
 Transport Lymph and empty it to subclavian -Neutrophils and Monocytes act during infection.
veins.
Tissue Macrophage System
Lymphatic Organs - Sites of lymphocyte production &
immune responses & immune response. - formerly called Reticuloendothelial System

Lymph Nodes- Small, bean-shaped organs arranged in - plays a major role in the destruction of potential
groups along lymphatic vessels.
pathogens.
 Filter & cleanse lymph; destroy pathogens - composes the specific phagocytes & wandering
carried by the lymph.
Phagocytes.
Tonsils-Masses of Lymphatic tissue at the entrance to
the throat. 4.) Inflammation

 Intercept & destroy pathogens entering the -localize response to infection or injury
throat from nasal & oral cavities.
that promotes the destruction of pathogens &
the healing process. b.) Artificially Acquired Active Immunity- - results after a
person receives a vaccine of dead or weakened
- characterized by CARDINAL SIGNS:
(attenuated) pathogens or inactivated toxins (toxoid),
 Rubor w/c trigger a primary immune response, leaving
 Calor antibodies & memory B & T Cells to fight the pathogen
 Tumor if it reenters the body.
 Dolor 2.) Passive Immunity
 Functiolaesa
a.) Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity-- in infants who
5.) Fever have received maternal antibodies via the placenta & in
-an abnormally high body temperature that mothers’ milk after birth.

accompanies widespread infections. b.) Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity- results from
receiving injections of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
IMMUNITY produced in another person or animal. ex. Tetanus
- Provides specific resistance to specific pathogens antitoxin.
&

foreign cells.

STARTING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE

 2 Distinct Mechanisms

1.) Antibody-mediated Immunity -involves T cells,


macrophages, & B cells

2.) Cell-mediated Immunity - involves T cells &


macrophages.

ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY- Bacteria


Engulfed by Macrophages or the Antigen.

ROLES OF B CELLS & T CELLS IN AN IMMUNE


RESPONSE

B Cells- When activated, produce a clone of plasma cells


& memory B cells that have the same antigen receptors
as the parent-activated B cell.

Plasma Cells-Produce specific antibodies against the


antigen that activated the parent B- cell

Memory B Cells -Dormant cells that are activated if an


antigen that fits their antigen receptors reenters the
body; launch a secondary immune response.

Helper T Cells- Become activated by binding to an


antigen displayed by a macrophage; when activated,
start an immune response by releasing cytokines, w/c
help activate B cells & stimulate clone formation in B
cells & T cells; form clones composed of Helper T cells,
killer T cells, memory T cells, & suppressor T cells.

Killer T Cells- Bind to antigens on the surface of target


cells & rupture plasma membrane, killing cells.

Memory T Cells- Dormant cells that are activated if an


antigen fits their antigen receptors reenter the body;
launch a secondary immune response.

Suppressor T Cells- Stop an immune response after


pathogens have been destroyed.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY

1.) Active Immunity

a.) Naturally Acquired Active Immunity- results after a


person contracts a disease & recovers, leaving
antibodies & memory B & T Cells to fight the pathogen
if it reenters the body.

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