HANDBOOK OF MATHEMATICS

FOR
FIRST YEAR B.E. PROGRAM

1
2
 CONTENTS

TRIGONOMETRY............................................................................................................................................ 5

BASIC CALCULUS ........................................................................................................................................... 6

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS .............................................................................................................................. 8

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION ........................................................................................................................... 8

MULTIPLE INTEGRAL ..................................................................................................................................... 9

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ....................................................................................................... 10

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................... 11

NUMERICAL METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 12

VECTOR CALCULUS...................................................................................................................................... 14

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ............................................................................................................................... 16

NUMBER THEORY........................................................................................................................................ 17

STATISTICS ................................................................................................................................................... 17

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4
 TRIGONOMETRY

1. Basic Functions
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =  𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = =

 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = =

 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =  𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = = =

2. Identities
 sin(−𝑥) = − sin 𝑥  sin − 𝑥 = cos 𝑥  sin + 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥
 cos − 𝑥 = sin 𝑥  cos + 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
 tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥
 tan − 𝑥 = cot 𝑥  tan + 𝑥 = − cot 𝑥

 sin(𝜋 − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥  sin(𝜋 + 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥  sin − 𝑥 = −cos 𝑥

 cos(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − cos 𝑥  cos(𝜋 + 𝑥) = − cos 𝑥
 cos − 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
 tan(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − tan 𝑥  tan(𝜋 + 𝑥) = tan 𝑥
 tan − 𝑥 = cot 𝑥

 sin + 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥  sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
 cos + 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
 tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
 tan + 𝑥 = − cot 𝑥

 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥  cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1

 cos(2𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin 𝑥  sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 1
= 2 cos 𝑥 − 1  cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 = 1
 tan(2𝑥) =  sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥
 cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin cos  sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 2 cos sin

 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos cos  cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = −2 sin sin

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 BASIC CALCULUS

1. Differentiation
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 (𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 (𝒙)
𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑎 log 𝑎
𝑥 , 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑒
1 1
√𝑥 log 𝑥
2√𝑥 𝑥
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥
1
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −
√1 − 𝑥
1
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1+𝑥
1
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 −
|𝑥|√𝑥 − 1
1
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
|𝑥|√𝑥 − 1
1
cot 𝑥 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 −
1+𝑥
𝑒 −𝑒 1
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
2 √𝑥 + 1
1
cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
√𝑥 − 1
1
tanh 𝑥 sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
1−𝑥
1
cosech 𝑥 − coth 𝑥 cosech 𝑥 cosech 𝑥 −
|𝑥|√𝑥 + 1
1
sech 𝑥 − tanh 𝑥 sech 𝑥 sech 𝑥 −
|𝑥|√1 − 𝑥
1
coth 𝑥 − cosech 𝑥 coth 𝑥
1−𝑥

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2. Rules of differentiation
 (𝑓𝑔) = 𝑔𝑓 + 𝑓𝑔′
 =
 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)

3. Integration

𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

𝑥 1
𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑛+1 𝑥
𝑒
𝑒 log 𝑥 𝑥(log 𝑥 − 1)
𝑎
𝑎
𝑎 cosec 𝑥 log (cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
log 𝑎
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 log (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥 log sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 log sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 log cosh 𝑥
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
√𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑎
1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝑎+𝑥 1 1 𝑥−𝑎
log log
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥 𝑥 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
1 𝑒
𝑥 𝑎 −𝑥 (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥
2 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏
𝑎 −𝑥 𝑥
+ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎

𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑒
(𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥
𝑢(𝑥)𝑣(𝑥) 𝑒 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏
𝑑𝑢
− 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

1. Transformations for polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates: 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.

2. Transformations for Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates: 𝑟 = 𝑥 +𝑦 ,
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑟 ≥ 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

3. The angle between the radius vector and tangent for a polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃): 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑟
4. The radius of curvature:
[ ( ) ] /
 Cartesian curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥): 𝜌 =
[( ) ( ) ] /
 Parametric curve 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡): 𝜌 =
[ ( ) ] /
 Polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃): 𝜌 =
( )
[ ] [ ]
5. Centre of curvature: 𝑥̅ = 𝑥 − and 𝑦 = 𝑦 +
6. Taylor series expansion:
𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + ⋯
2! 3!
7. Maclaurin series expansion:
𝑓 (0) 𝑓 (0)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2! 3!

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1. Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

 The first order partial derivative of 𝑧 with respect to 𝑥, denoted by or or 𝑧 or 𝑓 or
( , ) ( , )
𝒑 is defined as = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 provided the limit exists.
→
 The first order partial derivative of z with respect to y, denoted by or or zy or fy or q is
( , ) ( , )
defined as = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 provided the limit exists.
→
2. Notations of second order partial derivatives:
 = or or 𝑧 or 𝑓 or r  = or 𝑧 or 𝑓 or s
 = or or 𝑧 or 𝑓 or t  = or 𝑧 or 𝑓 or s

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3. Total differential: Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a differentiable function of two variables, x and y then total
differential (or exact differential) is defined by 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦.
4. Total derivative: Further, if 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡),𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡), then total derivative of 𝑧 is
given by = + .

5. Differentiation of implicit functions: For 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, =− .

6. Differentiation of composite functions (chain rule):

Let 𝑧 be function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 and that 𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) are functions of 𝑢 and 𝑣 then,
= + and = + .
𝑢 𝑢
7. Jacobian: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, then the determinant 𝑣 𝑣 is
( , )
called the Jacobian of 𝑢, 𝑣 with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦 and denoted by .
( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
8. If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑟, 𝑠 and 𝑟, 𝑠 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, then = .
( , ) ( , ) ( , )

MULTIPLE INTEGRAL

1. Area of a region 𝑅 = ∬ 𝑑𝐴
2. Volume of a Solid 𝑆= ∭ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

3. Change of variables: From Cartesian 𝑥𝑦 plane to

 uv-plane ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝜓(𝑢, 𝑣) |𝐽| 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

 polar coordinates ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

4. Mass of two-dimenssional object with surface density 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑀 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑y
5. The center of gravity: 𝑥 = ∬ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦 = ∬ 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
6. Mass of a solid 𝑆, with density 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): 𝑀 = ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
7. The center of gravity: 𝑥 = ∭ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, 𝑦 = ∭ 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 and
𝑧= ∭ 𝑧𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

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 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Auxiliary/Characteristic Equation: The equation 𝐹(𝑚) = 0 is known as the Auxiliary

equation of 𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).
2. Solution of a Homogeneous ODE with constant coefficients: For the differential
equation (𝑎 𝐷 + 𝑎 𝐷 + 𝑎 )𝑦 = 0, if 𝑚 and 𝑚 are the roots of auxiliary equation, then
solution is given by following cases
 If roots are real and distinct, then 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 .
 If 𝑚 = 𝑚 are real, then 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑥𝑒 .
 If roots are complex say 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽, then 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑐 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐 sin 𝛽𝑥).
3. Non-homogeneous Linear ODE with constant coefficients: The general solution of
𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑦 , where 𝑦 is the solution of the associated
homogeneous equation 𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = ( )
𝑔(𝑥) is called the particular integral.

4. Rules for finding particular integral:

 If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑒 , then 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑒 = 𝑘 𝑒 , provided 𝐹(𝑎) ≠ 0.

( ) ( )
 If 𝐹(𝑎) = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑘 ( )]
𝑒 , provided 𝐹 (𝑎) ≠ 0.
[
 If 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), then
 𝑦 = ( ) sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 ( ) cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
= sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), provided 𝐹(−𝑎 ) ≠ 0
( ) ( )

 If 𝐹(−𝑎 ) = 0, 𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), provided

( ) ( )
𝐹 (−𝑎 ) ≠ 0
 If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 , then 𝑦 = 𝑥 = [𝐹(𝐷)] 𝑥 . Expanding the right hand side
( )
as a binomial series, the particular integral can be obtained. The following series
expansions are useful:
(1 + 𝐷) =1−𝐷+𝐷 −𝐷 +⋯

(1 + 𝐷) = 1 − 2𝐷 + 3𝐷 − 4𝐷 + ⋯

 If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑉(𝑥), then 𝑦 = ( )

𝑒 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑉(𝑥)
( )

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5. Cauchy-Euler equation: The linear ODE of the form (𝑎 𝑥 𝐷 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝐷 +
𝑎 𝑥 𝐷 + ⋯ + 𝑎 𝑥𝐷 + 𝑎 )𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑎 , 𝑎 , ⋯ 𝑎 are constants, is known as
‘Cauchy-Euler’ or equidimensional equation.
This equation can be reduced to ODE with constant coefficients by changing the independent
variable as follows –

Take 𝑥 = 𝑒 , then 𝑥𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷 𝑦,

𝑥 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝐷 (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 ,

𝑥 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝐷 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)𝑦

where 𝐷 =

𝑦 𝑦
6. Wronskian: For two functions 𝑦 (𝑥) and 𝑦 (𝑥), the Wronkian is defined by 𝑊 = 𝑦 𝑦
7. Method of Variation of Parameters:
For the second order ODE of the form 𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥). Let 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑦
be solution of the equation with 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, the general solution is given by
( ) ( )
𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝐵(𝑥)𝑦 , where 𝐴(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝐵(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 , and
𝑦 𝑦
𝑊= 𝑦 𝑦 ≠0

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Lagrange’s linear equation: The first order linear partial differential equation of the form
𝑃 + 𝑄 = 𝑅, where 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is known as Lagrange’s
Linear equation.
2. Subsidiary/Auxiliary Equation: The equation = = is known as the subsidiary/
auxiliary equation of as Lagrange’s Linear equation 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 𝑅.

3. One-Dimensional Wave Equation: =𝑐 , where 𝑐 = the phase speed, 𝑇 is the

tension, and 𝜌 density of the string.
4. One-Dimensional Heat Equation: =𝑐 , where 𝑐 = the thermal diffusivity, 𝜅
thermal conductivity, s specific heat and ρ density of the material of the body.
5. Two-Dimensional Laplace equation: + = 0.

11
 NUMERICAL METHODS

1. Forward difference:
 Δ𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓(𝑥)
 ∆ 𝑦 =∆ 𝑦 −∆ 𝑦
2. Backward difference:
 ∇𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) – 𝑓(𝑥 – ℎ)
 ∇ 𝑦 =∇ 𝑦 −∇ 𝑦
3. Relation between forward and backward difference: ∆ 𝑦 = ∇ 𝑦
4. ∆ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … 1. ℎ = 𝑎 𝑛! ℎ , where 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial of
degree 𝑛.
5. Newton-Gregory Forward Interpolation Formula:
( ) ( )( ) ( )……..( )
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 + 𝑝∆𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 +...... + ∆ 𝑦
! ! !
where 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑝ℎ
6. Newton-Gregory Backward Interpolation Formula:
( ) ( )( ) ( )……..( )
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 + p∇𝑦 + ∇ 𝑦 + ∇ 𝑦 +......+ ∇ 𝑦
! ! !
where 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑝ℎ
7. Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula:
(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑦= 𝑦 + 𝑦 +⋯
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
+ 𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥 )

8. Numerical Differentiation:
( ) ( ) ( )
9. = ∆𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 +⋯
! ! !

10. = ∆𝑦 − ∆ 𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 − ∆ 𝑦 +⋯

( ) ( )
11. = 𝛻𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + …
! !

12. = 𝛻𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 +⋯

1 (6𝑝2 −18𝑝+11)
13. = 2 ∆ 𝑦 + (𝑝 − 1)∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯
ℎ 12

12
14. = ∆ 𝑦 − ∆ 𝑦 + ∆ 𝑦 − ∆ 𝑦 +⋯

( )
15. = 𝛻 𝑦 + (𝑝 + 1)𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 +⋯

16. = 𝛻 𝑦 +𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 + 𝛻 𝑦 +⋯

( ) ( )
17. Regula - Falsi method: 𝑥 = ( ) ( )

( )
18. Newton Raphson Method: 𝑥 =𝑥 − ( )
19. Runge - Kutta fourth order method:
1
𝑦 = 𝑦 + (𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 ) ; 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 …
6
where, 𝑘 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 ), 𝑘 = ℎ𝑓 𝑥 + , 𝑦 + , 𝑘 = ℎ𝑓 𝑥 + , 𝑦 + ,𝑘 =
ℎ𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘 )
20. Milne’s Predictor Formula:
( ) 4ℎ
𝑦 =𝑦 + 2𝑦 −𝑦 + 2𝑦 ; 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 … ….
3
21. Milne’s Corrector Formula:
( )
𝑦 =𝑦 + [𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 𝑦′ ]; 𝑛 = 3, 4, 5 … …
22. Newton – Cote’s Quadrature formula:

𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝐼 = 𝑛ℎ 𝑦 + (𝛥𝑦 ) + ( − ) (𝛥 𝑦 ) + − 𝑛 + 𝑛 (𝛥 𝑦 ) + ⋯
2 2! 3 2 3! 4
23. Simpson’s 1/3rd rule:
ℎ
𝐼 = (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 4 (𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 ) + 2 (𝑦 +𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 )
3
24. Simpson’s 3/8th rule:
3ℎ
𝐼 = (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 3 (𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 +𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 ) + 2 (𝑦 +𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 )
8
25. Weddle’s rule:
3h
𝐼= [(y + y ) + 5(y + y + ⋯ + y +y ) + (y + y + ⋯ + y +y )
10
+ 2(y + y + ⋯+ y ) + 6(y + y + ⋯ + y )]

13
 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. For 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎 𝚤̂ + 𝑎 𝚥̂ + 𝑎 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏 𝚤̂ + 𝑏 𝚥̂ + 𝑏 𝑘
 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎⃗| 𝑏⃗ cos 𝜃 = 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 ,
𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎⃗| 𝑏⃗ sin 𝜃 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2. Vector Differential Operator: ∇= 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘.

3. Gradient of a scalar point function: ∇𝜙 = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘.

4. Divergence of a vector point function: ∇ ∙ 𝑓⃗ = + + , where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝚤̂ + 𝑓 𝚥̂ + 𝑓 𝑘 .

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
5. Curl of vector function: ∇ × ⃗f = , where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝚤̂ + 𝑓 𝚥̂ + 𝑓 𝑘 .
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
6. Laplacian of a scalar field: ∇ 𝜙 = + +
7. Cylindrical coordinate system: 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧
8. Spherical coordinate system: 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
9. Expression for gradient:
 In cylindrical polar coordinates: ∇𝜓 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒

 In spherical polar coordinates: ∇𝜓 = 𝑒̂ + 𝑒̂ + 𝑒̂

10. Expression for divergence:
 In cylindrical polar coordinates: 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑓⃗ = (𝑟𝑓 ) + (𝑓 ) + (𝑟𝑓 ) ,
where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂
 In spherical polar coordinates:
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑓⃗ = (𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑓 ) + (𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑓 ) + (𝑟𝑓 ) ,

where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂
11. Expression for Laplacian:
 In cylindrical polar coordinates: ∇ 𝜙 = + + +

 In spherical polar coordinates: ∇ 𝜙 = + + + +

12. Expression for Curl:

14
 𝑒̂ 𝑟𝑒̂ 𝑒̂
 In cylindrical polar coordinates: 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑓⃗ = ,
𝑓 𝑟𝑓 𝑓
where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂
𝑒̂ 𝑟𝑒̂ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒̂
 In spherical polar coordinates: 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑓⃗ = ,
𝑓 𝑟𝑓 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓
where 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂ + 𝑓 𝑒̂
13. Green’s Theorem: If 𝑅 is a closed region in XY-plane, bounded by a simply closed
curve 𝐶 and if 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions at
every point in 𝑅, then
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

14. Stokes Theorem: If 𝑆 be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve 𝐶 and 𝐹⃗ be
any vector point function having continuous first order partial derivatives, then

𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆⃗

where 𝑛 is the outward drawn unit normal at any point to 𝑆.

15. Gauss Divergence Theorem: If 𝑉 is the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 and 𝐹⃗ is
a vector point function having continuous derivatives, then

𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = ∇ ⋅ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 ,

where 𝑛 is the outward unit normal drawn to 𝑆.

15
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1. Gamma function
 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (𝑛 > 0)  Γ(1) = 1

 𝛤(𝑛) = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥  Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛𝛤(𝑛)

( )
 𝛤(𝑛) = , (𝑛 < 0)  Γ = √𝜋

2. Beta Function
 β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥  β(m,n) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚)
( ) ( )
 β(m,n) = 2 ∫ sin2m-1 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃  β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ( )

 β(m,n) = ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑡

3. Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡): 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

4. Transform of elementary functions:
 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 = , 𝑠 > |𝑎|
 𝐿 (𝑒 ) = , 𝑠>𝑎

 𝐿 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = , 𝑠 > 0  𝐿 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡) = , 𝑠 > |𝑎|

( )
 𝐿 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = , 𝑠 > 0  𝐿(𝑡 ) =
e as
 𝐿 [𝐻 (𝑡 − 𝑎)] = , where 𝐻 is Heaviside unit step function
s
5. Properties of Laplace transform:
 𝐿 [𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] + 𝑏 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)].
1 s
 If 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿 [𝑓 (𝑎𝑡)] = F   , where a is a positive constant.
a a
 Let a be any real constant then 𝐿 [𝑒 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
 If 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then Lt n f (t )  ( 1) n
dn
F ( s ), n  1, 2, 3,...
ds n

 f (t ) 
 If 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠) , then L    F ( s)ds.
 t  s
 If 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then L{ f (t )}  s L{ f (t )}  s f (0)  s f (0)  ....... f (0)
n n n1 n 2 n1

 If 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)

16
 T
1
 ST 
 Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a periodic function of period 𝑇 then L{ f (t )}  e  st f (t )dt.
1 e 0

 If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝐻(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝐹(𝑠)

 𝑓(𝑡) be a continuous function at 𝑡 = 𝑎, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎), where
𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) is unit impulse function.
6. Inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) using Convolution theorem: If 𝐿 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡) and
𝐿 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑔(𝑡), then 𝐿 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡).

NUMBER THEORY

1. The number of all positive divisors of a, denoted by 𝑇(𝑎), where 𝑎 = 𝑝 𝑝 ⋯𝑝

𝑇(𝑎) = (1 + 𝑎 )(1 + 𝑎 ) ⋯ (1 + 𝑎 )
2. The sum of all positive divisors of a, denoted by 𝑆(𝑎),
𝑝 −1 𝑝 −1 𝑝 −1
𝑆(𝑎) = ⋯
𝑝 −1 𝑝 −1 𝑝 −1
3. Euler's theorem: if (𝑎, 𝑚) = 1, then 𝑎 ( ) ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚).
4. If 𝑝 is a prime number, then 𝜙(𝑝) = 𝑝 − 1
5. If 𝑝 is a prime number and 𝑘 > 0, then 𝜙(𝑝 ) = 𝑝 − 𝑝
6. If the integer 𝑛 > 1 has the prime factorization, 𝑛 = 𝑝 ×𝑝 × ⋯ × 𝑝 , then
1 1 1
𝜙(𝑛) = 𝑛 1 − 1− ⋯ 1−
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
7. Cipher text: 𝑐 = 𝑚 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛), where 𝑚 is the message.
8. Decryption: 𝑚 = 𝑐 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛), where 𝑑 is the private key.

STATISTICS

1. Moments for ungrouped data:

 The 𝑟 moment about origin: 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥 , where 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 … , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑥
are 𝑛 observations
 The 𝑟 central moment: 𝜇 = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ ) , where 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 ⋯, 𝑥̄ is mean
2. Moments for grouped data:
 The 𝑟 moment about origin: 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 ⋯, where observations
𝑥 , 𝑥 , . . . , 𝑥 are the mid points of the class-intervals and 𝑓 , 𝑓 , . . . , 𝑓 are their
corresponding frequencies and N = ∑i = 1 𝑓
 The 𝑟 central moment: 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ ) , 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 ⋯

17
  The 𝑟 moment about any point A: 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝐴) , 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 ⋯
3. Relation between raw (Moments about origin or any point) and Central Moments:
 𝜇 =𝜇 − rC1 μr-1 μ + rC2 μr-2 μ −. . . +(−1) 𝜇 , r = 1, 2, 3 …
 𝜇 = μ + rC1μr-1 μ + rC2μr-2 𝜇 +. . . +𝜇

4. Measures of Kurtosis: 𝛽 =

( )
5. Measures of Skewness: Karl Pearson’s coefficient of Skewness: 𝑆 = ( )
, where 𝛽 =

6. Fitting of a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 for the data (𝑥 , 𝑦 ), (𝑥 , 𝑦 ), ⋯ (𝑥 , 𝑦 )

The normal equations for estimating the values of a and 𝑏 are

∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛a + 𝑏∑𝑥,
∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 .
7. Fitting of a second-degree equation (quadratic): 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥
The normal equations for estimating the values of 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 are
∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛a + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 ,
∑ 𝑥𝑦 = a ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 ,
∑𝑥 𝑦 = a∑𝑥 + 𝑏∑𝑥 + 𝑐∑𝑥 .
8. Correlation Coefficient (Karl Pearson correlation coefficient):
∑( ̄ )( ̄) ∑( ) ∑( )
 𝑟= , where 𝜎 = variance of the 𝑥 series, 𝜎 = variance
σ

of the y series,
∑ ∑
 𝑥= → Mean of the 𝑥 series 𝑦 = → mean of the y series.
∑ xy (∑ )(∑ )
 𝑟=
{ ∑ (∑ ) }{ ∑ (∑ ) }

∑( )( )
9. Regression line of 𝑦 on 𝑥: 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑏 (𝑦 − 𝑦), where 𝑏 =𝑟 = ∑(
=
)
∑ xy ∑ ∑
∑ (∑ )
∑( )( )
10. Regression line of 𝑥 on 𝑦: 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑏 (𝑦 − 𝑦) where 𝑏 =𝑟 = ∑(
=
)
∑ ∑ ∑
∑ (∑ )

18