Art and Life

Art is a form of expression that can be found in everyday life. In this lesson, we will learn about the different assumptions
and concepts related to art.
 Philosophy - the study of all things
- love of wisdom (self-disciplined life)
 Aesthetic - philosophical study of beauty and taste
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ARTS
 Plato (Aristocles 428-348 BCE)
- Art as an imitation - the things in this world are only copies of the original that can be found in the world
of forms
 Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
- Representation of nature
- Universal elements of beauty are manifested by order, symmetry, and definiteness.
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
- Subjective taste - focuses on emotions
- Universal taste - the artwork is appreciated for what it is
 Art is different from nature.
 Art involves experience.
 Art is all around us and we encounter it in various forms.
 Personal experiences with art can be used to analyze and appreciate works of art.
 Examples of personal experiences with art include choosing clothing, listening to music, admiring
architecture, and enjoying performances.
 People have a natural desire to see and experience more art.
 Exposure to different genres of music and different types of architecture can bring joy and a deeper
appreciation for beauty.
Plato believed that as we go through life, we discover better and more beautiful things to love.
 Humans are always drawn towards what is good and beautiful.
 This lesson is about our longing for beauty and our ability to appreciate the beauty that surrounds us.
 Art refers to a craft or specialized skill, like carpentry or surgery.
 People have been using their skills to create things for a long time.
 Art is about planning and executing steps to achieve a desired result.
The concept of art has evolved. In the ancient world, art was seen as using your hands to create something useful for
everyday life. In Medieval Latin, art referred to any special form of book learning like grammar, logic, magic, or
astrology. During the Renaissance Period, art started to regain its original meaning as a craft. Early Renaissance artists
saw themselves as craftsmen. In the seventeenth century, the idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, separated from the
technical aspect of art. Finally, in the eighteenth century, the word "art" evolved further.
- Fine Arts and Humanities
 Fine arts refer to beautiful and highly skilled arts.
 Useful arts refer to arts that are not delicate or highly skilled.
 The humanities are one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by humans.
 Throughout history, humans have evolved physically and culturally.
 Humans have expressed their feelings and thoughts through art, even before written records.
 An example of early art is the Galloping wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira, Spain.
 The paintings of animals like the wild boar, hind, and bison are believed to be from a very long time ago, called
the Upper Paleolithic Age.
 The humanities, which include things like art and literature, have been around for a very long time, even before
the word "humanities" was invented.
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  Art is something that is understood by people all over the world.
Art is a way for people to express themselves and tell stories.
 Art is timeless and can be found in every country and generation.
 Some people think that only old art is considered artistic, but that's not true.
 The quality of art is not determined by its age, but by how good it is.
Literature and art that are taught in school are considered good because they meet our needs and desires.
 The first assumption about the humanities is that art has been created by people from all backgrounds and has
remained significant over time and place.
 Art is something that people enjoy and appreciate continuously. It is never outdated or irrelevant.
 According to John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism, the enjoyment we get from art is a higher form of happiness
compared to basic pleasures.
 Art will always exist because humans will always express themselves and find joy in these expressions.
Art is different from nature.
 In the Philippines, some people criticize local movies for being unrealistic and not reflecting reality closely.
 Paul Cezanne, a French painter, created a painting called "Well and Grinding Wheel" that depicted a scene
from reality.
 The scene in the Forest of the Chateau Noir was inspired by a real place near Aix.
 Nature is what is naturally around us, while art is created by humans.
 Movies are not always a direct representation of reality. They can be a reinterpretation or distortion of nature.
Nature can be perceived in different ways by different people.
 Artists are not expected to accurately define what nature is like, just as scientists cannot recreate nature in their
laboratories.
on Art and Experience
 Art is about experiencing something.
 It doesn't always need a clear definition.
 Artists create art to show something or express their ideas.
 Andres Bonifacio wrote "Pag-big sa Tinubuang Lupa" to express his love for his homeland.
 Juan Luna created the Spolarium to showcase his artistic skills and convey a message.
 When looking at any artwork, we should ask ourselves why the artist made it and what they want to show.
 Art is always based on experience.
 To truly know art, one must experience it firsthand, not just learn about it.
Judging art is subjective and depends on the individual's personal preferences, biases, and experiences.
 One cannot argue with someone else's evaluation of art because each person's experience is unique and cannot
be fully understood by others.
 Humanities and art have always been important in human history, as they allow people to express their
thoughts and feelings about reality.
 Art is universal and can be found in every part of the world and throughout history.
 Art is not nature and does not try to simply copy or imitate nature.
 Art requires experience and the artist must have a direct connection with it.
 Art is created through creativity, imagination, and expression.
 Not everything beautiful can be considered art, as art is specifically made by humans.
 Art appreciation is a way of life and can be seen as a way to understand and appreciate the world around us.
 In the 20th century, art was seen as a way to show the world from a different perspective and express human
freedom.
 Appreciating art helps us understand the purpose of the artwork and see its beauty.
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The Role of Creativity in Art Making
 Creativity is about thinking outside the box and solving new problems.
 It helps artists make unique and enjoyable experiences.
 Researching related art is important to avoid conflicts and plagiarism.
Smart Notes: Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as a Product of Art
 Art is created using imagination, which is the ability to think of new ideas.
 Imagination is also influenced by art, as it can inspire new creative thoughts.
Imagination and Knowledge
 Imagination is the ability to create new ideas and things in our minds.
 Knowledge is what we already know and understand.
 Imagination allows us to think outside the box and come up with new and better ideas.
 People rely on curiosity and imagination to make advancements and create change.
Art as Expression
 Expressing oneself means doing something to release emotions or thoughts.
 Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher, talked about the idea of expressing oneself through art.
Aesthetic
 In aesthetics, the study of art, it is believed that artists express emotions through their work.
 The artist explores their own emotions and creates something beautiful out of them.
 Expression in art is a way for the artist to individualize their emotions.
- The Subject and Content of Art
 Artworks have a subject matter, which is what the artwork is about.
 To understand an artwork, we should first focus on the subject, form, and content.
 Looking at an artwork is the first step to understanding it.
 Appreciating artwork is subjective.
 Representational art depicts something recognizable, while non-representational art does not represent
anything.
 The subject of art refers to what is represented in the artwork, such as a person, object, scene, or event.
 Sculpture traditionally has a subject.
 The subject is the visual focus or image that can be identified in the artwork.
 Examples of subjects in artwork can be a cat catching a bird.
Differences in Form and Content
 Picasso's painting and the ancient Egyptian sculpture use form differently.
 Picasso's painting has exaggerated proportions to create emotional content.
 The ancient Egyptian sculpture has harmonious rhythms and naturalistic proportions, creating a different
feeling.
 The differences in content are created by the differences in form, not the subject matter.
Importance of Form in Art
 Form refers to elements like line, shape, value, color, size, and balance.
 The decisions made regarding form shape the impact and meaning of the artwork.
Two Kinds of Art as to Subject
 Representational or Objective Art
 Depicts objects that are commonly recognized by most people.
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  Example: Still life, which depicts mostly animate subjects.
Subject Matter in Art
 Subject matter in art refers to the things or objects that are depicted in a piece of artwork.
 It can include common objects found in nature (like food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made
objects (like drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, etc.).
 The subject matter can be shown in a natural or artificial setting.
Types of Subject Matter
1. Portraits: Portraits are artworks that focus on the face and its expression. They can be paintings,
photographs, or any other art form. The purpose of a portrait is to show the resemblance, personality, or
disposition of the individual.
2. Landscapes: Landscapes depict scenes of nature, such as mountains, forests, or fields. Seascapes show
scenes of the sea or ocean. Moonscapes depict the moon and its surroundings. Cityscapes show urban scenes
with buildings and streets.
3. Mythology and Religion: Some artworks are inspired by mythology, which includes stories and characters
from ancient legends. Others are influenced by religion, representing religious figures or stories. There are
also artworks that depict dreams and fantasies, which are imaginative and not based on reality.
Non-Representational or Non-Objective Art
 Non-representational or non-objective art is a type of art that does not have any recognizable objects or
references to things outside of the artwork.
 It is abstract, meaning it does not represent real objects from our world.
 Instead, it focuses on the "how" of the artwork, such as the colors, shapes, and lines used.
 Non-representational art is concerned with the visual elements and the overall composition of the artwork.

Some contemporary painters focus on the work of art itself, rather than representing images or telling a story.
 These paintings have a purely visual appeal and may be difficult for literal-minded viewers to appreciate.
 The subject of art can come from various sources such as nature, history, mythology, religion, and sacred
texts.
 The content of art refers to the meaning, message, and/or feeling conveyed by a work of art.
 The content of art is communicated through the artwork's imagery, symbolic meaning, surroundings, and the
customs, beliefs, and values of the culture it belongs to.
In an artwork, the subject matter is what the image depicts.
 The content of the artwork is what the image means, which can be more complicated than the subject matter.
 There are three levels of meaning in art: factual meaning, conventional meaning, and subjective meaning.
 Factual meaning is the literal statement or narrative content that can be easily recognized.
 Conventional meaning refers to the special meaning that certain objects or colors have for a particular culture
or group of people.
 Subjective meaning is the individual meaning expressed by the artist using personal symbolism based on their
own experiences.
Realism in art is a style or movement that aims to show things as they are. It focuses on everyday life and ordinary
people. It started in the 19th century as a reaction against idealized and romanticized art.
Example: "The Gleaners" by Jean-François Millet is a famous example of Realism. It shows three women collecting
leftover grain from a field. The painting is detailed and honest.
Realism in Art

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  Realism in art is a style or movement that focuses on depicting everyday life and the hardships of the working
class.
 Realism artists aim to show the world as it truly is, without any embellishments or idealizations.
Expressionism in Art
 Expressionism in art is a style or movement that emphasizes conveying emotions and psychological
experiences.
 Expressionist artists often use distortion, exaggeration, vivid colors, and brushwork to express their feelings.
 An example of Expressionism is "The Scream" by Edvard Munch, which shows a figure in distress with a
turbulent sky in the background. The painting conveys a sense of existential anguish and anxiety.
Expressionism:
 Colors and frenetic brushwork intensify the emotional impact of the artwork.
 Expressionist artists express their inner thoughts and feelings.
 They use distortion and abstraction to convey intense human emotions and the tumultuous nature of the
modern world.
Impressionism:
 Originated in the late 19th century, primarily in France.
 Emphasizes capturing the fleeting and momentary effects of light and color in outdoor scenes.
 Departs from traditional academic techniques.
 Artists often paint "impressions" of a scene, focusing on the overall atmosphere rather than fine details.
 Example: "Impression, Sunrise" by Claude Monet, created in 1872, depicts the harbor of Le Havre, France, at
sunrise.
Impressionism
 Impressionism is a style of art that captures the beauty of everyday scenes and the changing play of light and
color in nature.
 It challenged traditional conventions and embraced a more spontaneous and sensory approach to painting.
 The use of light and hazy atmosphere in impressionist paintings creates a sense of immediacy and transience.
Abstract Art
 Abstract art is a style of art that does not try to accurately represent visual reality.
 Instead, it focuses on shapes, forms, colors, and gestural marks to create its effect.
 Abstract art often conveys concepts, emotions, or ideas through non-representational and non-objective
means.
 Viewers can interpret and experience abstract art subjectively.
Example: "Composition VII" by Wassily Kandinsky is a notable example of abstract art.
Abstract art can take different forms, from structured compositions to spontaneous expressions. It challenges viewers to
engage with the artwork on a personal and imaginative level, as there is no specific subject matter to guide their
perception.
Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that started in the early 20th century. It aims to explore the subconscious
mind and the irrational aspects of human thought and behavior. Surrealist artworks often feature dreamlike, fantastical,
and bizarre imagery, combining elements from both conscious and unconscious thoughts.
 Surrealism is an art movement that creates strange and dreamlike artworks.
 An example of Surrealist art is Salvador Dalí's painting "The Persistence of Memory."
 Surrealism challenges our ideas of logic and reality.
Still Life Art- Still life art is a genre that shows objects that don't move.

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 Still life art is a genre of art where artists carefully paint or draw everyday objects. They focus on capturing the
beauty, symbolism, and details of these objects.
For example, Vincent van Gogh's painting "Sunflowers" is a famous still-life artwork. In this painting, van Gogh arranged
and painted sunflowers in a vase with great attention to detail. The vibrant colors and expressive brushwork make the
flowers look beautiful and alive. This painting is not only about the beauty of nature but also reflects van Gogh's emotions
at the time.
 Still life art allows artists to explore different themes, such as the passage of time, the temporary nature of life, and the
meaning behind objects. It has been a popular genre for many years, giving artists a chance to experiment and
appreciate ordinary things in a visually captivating way.
Fresco art is a technique of mural painting where pigments are applied to wet plaster.
 The pigments bond with the plaster as it dries, creating durable and long-lasting artwork.
 Frescoes have been used for centuries in different cultures to create vibrant and detailed large-scale paintings.
 An example of fresco art is Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, which is known for its intricate scenes and
vivid colors.
 Fresco art is commonly used to decorate the walls and ceilings of churches.
 Fresco painting is a technique where paint is applied directly onto wet plaster. It has been used to decorate walls and
ceilings of important buildings throughout history.
Gothic art is a style of art and architecture that was popular in Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries. It is known for
its tall buildings, detailed designs, and sense of height.
 The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, France is a famous example of Gothic architecture. It was built over many
years and is considered a masterpiece of Gothic art.
It is known for its use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and colorful stained glass windows.
 Gothic art is meant to inspire a sense of spirituality and elevate the human spirit towards the divine.
 Examples of Gothic art include cathedrals with tall spires, stone carvings, and magnificent stained-glass windows.
Decorative Arts
 Decorative arts refer to a wide range of art forms and crafts that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
 These art forms include furniture, ceramics, textiles, glassware, metalwork, jewelry, and more.
 Decorative arts are characterized by their intricate craftsmanship, attention to detail, and the fusion of artistic
and practical purposes.
 They are designed to be both beautiful and useful in everyday life.
Baroque Art
 Baroque art is a style that was popular in Europe during the 17th and early 18th centuries.
 It is known for its elaborate and ornate qualities.
 Baroque art is characterized by grandeur, opulence, and a sense of movement.
Art can be seen in various forms such as architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and literature.
 An example of Baroque art is Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa," completed in
1652.
 Baroque art is known for its dynamic composition, dramatic use of light and shadow, and intricate details.
 Baroque art aimed to engage the viewer's senses and emotions through its extravagant and theatrical
aesthetics.
 Baroque art is considered a significant and enduring style in the history of art.
Chapter 3: Artists and the Artisans
 An artist or artisan is someone who creates art using a specific medium and technique.
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  Managers, curators, buyers, collectors, and art dealers play different roles in the art world.
 Artists and artisans have different approaches and techniques when working with a particular medium.:
 Artists and artisans are individuals who create art using different mediums, techniques, and processes.
 They are driven by their sense of wonder and curiosity.
 The creative process involves different stages and reflects the notable works of artists and artisans.
Artist
 An artist is someone who practices art, such as painting, sculpting, dancing, writing, and making music.
 Artists create things like paintings, sculptures, dances, music, and literature.
 They solve visual problems using materials of their choice.
 Artists find inspiration from various sources, such as their natural and cultural environment or their creative
imagination.
 Artists exhibit courage by taking risks and seeing their surroundings in new and unusual ways.
 Some artists are self-taught and are called folk-artists because they haven't received formal artistic education.
Artisans are craftsmen who specialize in specific trades like carpentry, carving, plumbing, blacksmithing, weaving, and
embroidery.
 Artisans learn skills and techniques from other artists but eventually develop their unique styles.
 Artisans are skilled workers who create functional and decorative objects that help meet our basic needs.
 They craft items such as food, shelter, clothing, furniture, and kitchen utensils.
 Artisans create objects that are useful, relevant, and essential in our everyday lives.
 Their works serve us for a long time and provide us with directly functional arts.
The art market is a place where people buy and sell art. It can be confusing because artists don't create art just to sell it,
and buyers may not know how valuable the art is.
Important players in the art market include:
1. Curator: A curator is someone who manages and oversees cultural heritage institutions like galleries,
museums, libraries, or archives. They select art to be displayed, organize exhibitions, research artists, and
write catalogs.
2. Art Buyer: An art buyer is a professional who knows about art and purchases it. They may buy art for
personal enjoyment or investment purposes, the art market is a complex place where art is bought and sold,
and curators and art buyers play important roles in this process.
Art Dealer
 An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art.
 They study the history of art and understand the business side of the art world.
 Art dealers keep up with market trends and know what styles of art people want to buy.
 They determine the value of artwork by inspecting it closely and comparing it to similar pieces.
Private Collections
 Private collections are personal collections of art owned by individuals.
 These collections can be found in museums or art galleries.
 They often consist of a variety of artworks
Loaned Artwork
 Artwork on loan means that it is not owned by the institution displaying it.
 It is borrowed from an individual or organization for either a temporary exhibition or a long-term display.
The Creative Process
 The creative process is a skill that can be learned and developed.
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  We learn to create by practicing and gaining hands-on experience.
1. Conceive the result you want to create.
 Start by having an idea of what you want to create and manifest.
 Have a vision, either individual or collective, that you want to bring to life.
2. Know what currently exists.
 It is important to understand what already exists before creating something new.
The creative process has three stages: germination (coming up with the idea), assimilation (developing and refining the
idea), and completion (bringing the idea to life).
1. Germination stage: This is when you start planning and choosing what you want to do. It's important to
be specific and make good decisions.
2. Assimilation: This step involves planning, analyzing, and using all available resources to develop your
project. It may seem chaotic, but it's important to let the process unfold naturally.
3. Completion: This is the final stage where you finish your project and give it its final shape before
presenting it to others. It can be challenging because you may feel tired and have a new vision.
Three Stages in Art Making: Art-making involves three stages: art exploration, concept development, and art
production.
 Pre-Production: The first stage of art making where planning ends and content production begins.
 Production: The second stage of art making where diverse materials are combined to create a meaningful output.
Postproduction or Exhibition
 After an artwork is finished, it is displayed or performed for the audience to see.
 This is when the artwork is shared with the public.
Medium and Technique
 Medium refers to the materials used by an artist to create their artwork.
 Technique refers to the artist's ability and knowledge in manipulating the medium.
 Exhibition: A display of artwork or objects for people to see.
 Curators: People who select the items for an exhibition.
 Writers and editors: They write texts, labels, and printed materials for the exhibition.
 Designers: They shape the exhibition space and create the visual content.
 Event planning: Organizing and managing the exhibition.
 Artist: A person who is skilled in design, painting, or performing arts like acting or music.
Elements and Principles of Art
 There are two kinds of artists: creators and performers.
 Artists have a lot of expectations and responsibilities.
 In art, there are different elements and principles.
 The elements of art include things like line, shape, color, texture, and space.
 The principles of art are how these elements are used to create a work of art.
The elements and principles of art are important concepts that help us understand and appreciate different forms of art.
Here are some key points to remember:
1. Elements of Art: These are the basic building blocks of visual and auditory art. They include things like line, shape,
color, texture, and space. For example, a line can be straight or curved, thick or thin, and it can create different
feelings or moods in a painting or drawing.
2. Principles of Art: These are the guidelines or rules that artists use to organize the elements of art. They include
concepts like balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity. For example, balance is when
elements are arranged evenly in a composition, creating a sense of stability.
3. Interrelatedness of Elements and Principles: The elements and principles of art work together to create a
harmonious and meaningful artwork. For example, an artist might use the element of color (such as warm colors like
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 red and orange) to create emphasis and draw attention to a particular area of a painting. This shows how the element
of color and the principle of emphasis are interconnected.
4. Relevance of Elements and Principles: Understanding the elements and principles of art helps us analyze and
appreciate artworks. By recognizing and discussing these elements and principles, we can better understand the artist's
intentions and the message or meaning behind the artwork. For example, by studying the use of lines and shapes in a
painting, we can gain insights into the artist's style and technique.
5. Hybrid Art: refers to artworks that combine different art forms or mediums. For example, a sculpture that
incorporates elements of painting or a performance that combines music and dance. By combining different art forms,
artists can create unique and innovative artworks that challenge traditional boundaries.
The elements and principles of art are like the building blocks and guidelines that artists use to create meaningful and
expressive artworks. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate and analyze different forms of art.
Elements of Art: Visual
 Elements of art are like the building blocks of matter.
 They can be combined in different ways to create different things, just like atoms can create molecules.
 The elements of art are the different aspects of an artwork that can be separated from each other.
 They are produced when something is done to the medium after the technique is used.
 All works of art require all elements to be present.
 Some art forms may require specific elements because they are essential to the nature of the art form.
Elements of Art and Design
The elements of art and design are the building blocks that artists use to create their artwork. These elements include:
1. Line: A line is a path that has length, direction, and width. It can be straight, curved, or jagged. Lines can define
the edges of an artwork or be a significant part of the composition. They can also convey meaning or a message.
2. Shape and Form: Shape refers to the two-dimensional outline of an object, while form refers to the three-
dimensional aspect of an object. Shapes can be geometric (like squares or circles) or organic (like the shape of a
tree). Forms have depth and volume, like a sculpture.
3. Space: Space refers to the area around, between, and within objects in an artwork. It can be positive (occupied by
objects) or negative (empty). Artists use space to create depth and perspective in their artwork.
4. Color: Color is created by light and is made up of different hues. It can evoke emotions and set the mood of an
artwork. Artists use color to create visual interest and convey meaning.
5. Texture: Texture refers to the surface quality of an object. It can be smooth, rough, bumpy, or shiny. Artists use
texture to add visual and tactile interest to their artwork.
These elements are essential for creating art and are present in all types of artwork, including sculptures. They provide the
foundation for artists to express their ideas and communicate with their audience.
Lines
 Lines are dominant visual components in etchings and prints.
 They can be explicit or implied.
 In "The Raft of Medusa," the diagonal orientation of the bodies creates movement and tension.
Shape and Form
 Shape refers to the height and width of an object.
 Form refers to the height, width, and depth of an object.
 Shapes can be identified by breaking down visual components and making distinctions.
Shapes can be divided into two categories: geometric and organic.

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  Geometric shapes are man-made and originate from mathematical propositions. Examples include squares,
triangles, cubes, circles, spheres, and cones.
 Organic shapes are found in nature and are often irregular and asymmetrical. They can be seen in things like
plants and flowers.
Shapes can also be implied, meaning they are not explicitly shown but can be understood. For example, in Raphael's
painting "The Madonna of the Meadows," the positions of the figures create a triangular shape.
Space is related to shape and form. It refers to the sense of depth in a composition.
Real space is three-dimensional and can be seen in sculptures and other physical objects.
 Two-dimensional artworks can also create a sense of space using different techniques.
 "Cloud Gate" in Chicago is an example of a sculpture that occupies a large space and allows people to walk
through it.
 In two-dimensional artworks, space can be implied through positive and negative space. Positive space is
where the main subject is, while negative space is the empty or background space.
 Shadow can be used to create a sense of depth and space in the positive space.
 Space can be simulated in artwork using techniques like shading.
 An illusion of three-dimensionality can be created in a two-dimensional work.
Color
 Color enhances the appeal of artwork.
 It allows viewers to respond based on memory, emotion, and instinct.
 Color is a property of light and is reflected off objects.
 Without light, we cannot perceive color.
 Color Theory, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, explains our understanding of colors.
Color refers to the visual perception of different wavelengths of light. It can be divided into three main categories:
1. Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. These colors cannot be created by mixing other colors.
2. Secondary colors are green, orange, and violet. These colors are created by mixing two primary colors. For
example, green is made by mixing yellow and blue.
3. Tertiary colors are six in total and are achieved by mixing a primary color with a secondary color. These colors
include shades like red-orange and blue-green.
Value refers to the brightness or darkness of a color. Artists use value to create depth, and mood, and establish a scene.
 Light colors are bright and represent a source of light in a composition.
 Dark colors are dim or lack light.
 Tint refers to a lighter version of a color. For example, pink is a tint of red.
 Shade refers to a darker version of a color.
 Color refers to the different shades and tones that we see.
 Hue is the name of a color (e.g., red, blue, green).
 Value is the lightness or darkness of a color.
 Saturation is the intensity or purity of a color.
 Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a color.
 Bright or warm colors give off positive energy.
 Dull or cool colors create a calm and serious atmosphere.
 Color harmonies are combinations of colors that work well together.
 Monochromatic harmonies use different shades of the same color.
 Complementary harmonies involve two colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel.
Contrary positions create intense reactions.
 The altarpiece features Saint Anthony Abbot, Saint Roch, and Saint Lucy.
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  Saint Lucy is the patron of the blind and wears red and green garb.
 Complementary harmonies use colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel.
 Analogous harmonies use colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.
Texture
 Texture refers to the way something feels or looks like it feels.
 In art, texture can be real (you can feel it) or implied (it looks like it has texture but you can't feel it).
 Texture can be experienced through touch and sight.
 An example of texture in art is when a painting looks like it has rough or bumpy surfaces, even though it's
smooth.
 Texture in artwork refers to how the surface of the artwork feels or looks like it would feel if touched.
 Words used to describe texture include rough, smooth, hard, soft, hairy, leathery, sharp, and dull.
Two-dimensional art, such as paintings and drawings, can create the illusion of depth using principles and
techniques.
 The picture plane is the surface of the painting or drawing where there is no illusion of a third dimension.
 During the Renaissance, artists developed techniques like chiaroscuro (light and dark contrasts) and linear
perspective (creating depth using lines).
 Renaissance artists like Leon Battista Alberti, Paolo Uccello, and Filippo Brunelleschi were early proponents
of linear perspective.
 In the early fifteenth century, Alberti published a book called "On Painting" in 1435.
 Alberti's book talked about a concept called linear perspective.
 Linear perspective is based on the observation that as forms and objects recede into the distance, they appear
smaller.
 Another observation is that parallel lines, which never meet, seem to converge and disappear at a point in the
distance. This point is called the vanishing point.
 The viewpoint of a painting can be normal (view standing up), low (view from a lower angle), or high (view
looking down on a scene), depending on where the viewer is positioned.
Perspective in Art
 Perspective in art refers to the way objects are shown to have depth and distance on a flat surface, like a painting
or drawing.
 There are different types of perspectives:
o One-point perspective: Shows parallel lines that seem to converge at a specific vanishing point along the
horizon line.
o Two-point perspective: Uses two vanishing points that can be placed anywhere along the horizon line. It
is often used to draw buildings or houses from a specific corner.
o Three-point perspective: Shows a scene from above or below and uses three vanishing points, each
corresponding to each axis of the scene.
Elements of Art: Auditory
 Music is considered an auditory art form, along with literature.
 Some people also classify music as performance art.
 Like visual arts, music has its building blocks or elements.
 Music is a form of art that we can hear.
 It is an organized sound that is played or sung at a specific time.
 Music has been used for different purposes throughout history, like herding animals or for rituals.
 People can either create music or enjoy it as listeners, audiences, or performers.
Common Elements of Music
Rhythm
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  Rhythm is the element of music that situates it in time.
 It is the pulse or beat of the music.
 Tempo refers to the speed of the beat.
 Beats can be organized into a recognizable pattern called a meter.
 Examples of tempo variations: Largo (slowly and broadly), Andante (walking pace), Allegro (fast).
Dynamics
 Dynamics refers to the loudness or quietness of music.
 It describes the different levels of volume in a piece of music.
 There are different levels of dynamics:
o Pianissimo (pp) - very quiet
o Piano (p) - quiet
o Mezzo-piano (mp) - moderately quiet
o Mezzo-forte (mf) - moderately loud
o Forte (f) - loud
o Fortissimo (ff) - very loud
 Composers use terms like crescendo (increase in loudness) and decrescendo or diminuendo (decrease in loudness)
to indicate changes in dynamics.
Melody
 Melody refers to the horizontal presentation of pitch in music.
 It is the sequence of notes that we hear one after the other.
 Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a musical sound.
Harmony
 Harmony is the vertical aspect of music.
 It is created when different pitches are played together to form chords.
 Chords are several notes played simultaneously.
 Harmony can be described in terms of its "harshness" or "smoothness".
 Dissonance refers to a harsh-sounding combination of notes.
 Consonance refers to a smooth-sounding combination of notes.
Timbre
 Timbre refers to the quality or tone color of a sound.
 It is often described as the "character" or "personality" of a sound.
 Timbre helps us distinguish between different instruments or voices.
Timbre
 The color of music that makes one voice or instrument sound different from another.
 It can give music a certain tone or characteristic.
 Just like how a painter creates different effects on a canvas.
Texture
 The number of melodies, layers, and how they relate to each other in a composition.
 It can be:
o Monophonic: one melodic line.
o Polyphonic: two or more melodic lines.
o Homophonic: main melody accompanied by chords.
 Similar to how artworks have different styles, mediums, and techniques, music compositions and genres can
emphasize different elements.

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  The combination of these elements creates a composition.
 Art consists of elements that are often fused or overlap with each other.
 The principles of art are like the rules of grammar and composition in language.
 Learning these principles helps us understand how the elements of art are used, manipulated, and interact with
each other.
 The principles of art assist the artist in conveying their intentions in the artwork.
The principles of art influence how the elements of art are arranged and create different effects. These principles
include:
1. Balance: This refers to how the visual elements are distributed with each other. There are three forms of balance:
o Symmetrical: Elements on one side are reflected on the other, creating a stable visual sense.
o Asymmetrical: Elements are not the same on each side, creating a sense of heaviness on one side.
o Radial: There is a central point in the composition, around which elements are distributed.
2. Scale and Proportion: Scale refers to the size of an object compared to what is normal for that object. Proportion
refers to how the size of different elements relate to each other. For example, a small house compared to a large
tree would have a different scale and proportion.
These principles help artists create balance, harmony, movement, and other visual effects in their artwork.
Sculptures of exaggerated scale are popular worldwide because many artists are fascinated by their whimsical quality.
 Arturo Luz created enormous sculptural versions of the paper clip in the Philippines.
 Proportion refers to the size of components or objects about each other in a composition.
 Proportion can also refer to values such as amounts or number of elements in a composition.
Proportion
Proportion refers to the size relationships between visual elements in artwork. There are different types of proportions:
1. Natural proportion: This is when the size of the elements in the artwork accurately reflects their size in the real
world. For example, if a painting of a person accurately represents their height and proportions, it is using natural
proportion.
2. Exaggerated proportion: This is when the size relationships between elements are intentionally exaggerated to
create a specific effect. For example, if an artist paints a tiny flower next to a giant tree to emphasize the
difference in size, it is using exaggerated proportions.
3. Idealized proportion: This is when the size relationships between elements are based on an ideal standard of
perfection. For example, in classical sculptures, the proportions of the human body are often idealized to create a
sense of beauty and harmony.
In addition to these types of proportion, there are also concepts of scale:
 Diminutive: This is when an element appears smaller than expected. For example, if an artist paints a tiny
boat in a vast ocean, it creates a sense of smallness and vulnerability.
 Monumental: This is when an element appears larger than expected. For example, if an artist paints a huge
mountain towering over a city, it creates a sense of grandeur and power.
Emphasis and contrast are techniques used to draw attention to specific elements or objects in artwork:
 Emphasis: This is when certain elements or objects are highlighted or made more prominent to attract the
viewer's attention. For example, if an artist paints a bright red flower in a black-and-white landscape, the
flower becomes the focal point of the painting.
 Contrast: This is when there is a noticeable difference between two or more elements or objects in terms of
color, size, shape, or texture. Contrast helps create visual interest and can make certain elements stand out.
For example, if an artist paints a dark figure against a light background, the figure will stand out due to the
contrast in color.

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  Contrast is the difference between elements in a composition. It can be used to make one object stand out
more than others. Examples of contrast include using negative and positive space or complementary colors in
art.
 Unity is when a composition feels complete and harmonious. It gives a sense of agreement and coherence to
the artwork.
 Variety is the principle that adds interest to a composition by including different elements or areas that excite
the eye and provide moments of rest.
 Harmony is the relationship between unity and variety. It is the balance between creating a cohesive
composition while also incorporating elements that add interest and excitement.
3. Unity: Unity refers to how all the different parts of an artwork come together to create a sense of harmony and
completeness.
4. Balance: Balance is when the elements in an artwork are evenly distributed, creating a feeling of stability. There
are three types of balance: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial.
5. Emphasis: Emphasis is when certain elements or areas in an artwork stand out and catch your attention. This can
be achieved through the use of color, size, or placement.
6. Contrast: Contrast is when different elements in an artwork are placed next to each other to create a noticeable
difference. This can be done with colors, shapes, or textures.
7. Proportion: Proportion refers to the size and scale of objects about each other. It helps create a sense of realism
and balance in an artwork.
8. Variety: Variety is when different elements are used in an artwork to create visual interest and diversity. This can
be done through the use of different colors, shapes, or textures.
9. Flow: Flow is when the elements in an artwork are arranged in a way that creates a sense of movement and
interconnectedness.
10. Movement: Movement refers to the way the viewer's eye moves through an artwork. This can be guided by
emphasized areas or elements such as lines, edges, shapes, or colors.
11. Rhythm: Rhythm is created when an element is repeated, creating a sense of implied movement. Variety in the
repetition helps invigorate the rhythm in the artwork.
12. Repetition: Repetition is when certain elements, like lines, shapes, or colors, appear multiple times in an artwork.
It creates a sense of predictability and can convey feelings of security and calmness.
13. Pattern: Pattern is the image created by the repetition of elements in an artwork. It adds visual interest and can
create a sense of order.
14. Combined or Hybrid Art: This refers to artworks that incorporate different elements and principles of art. By
combining different techniques, artists can create unique and interesting pieces.

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