Antihypertensive drug

33 languages
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 Edit
 View history
Tools















From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high
blood pressure).[1] Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of
high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial
infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg
can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%,
and can reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure,
and mortality from cardiovascular disease.[2] There are many classes of
antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the
most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics, calcium
channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs),
and beta blockers.
Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of
several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of
treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension,
such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical
conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and
type of medication administered.[3] The several classes of antihypertensives differ
in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more
^ Sheetal Ladva (2006-06-28). "NICE and BHS launch updated hypertension
guideline". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Archived
from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-09-30.

1. ^ ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative

Research Group (September 2003). "Diuretic versus alpha-blocker
as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the
Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart
Attack Trial (ALLHAT)". Hypertension. 42 (3): 239–
46. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A. PMID 12925554.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b Brunton L, Parker K, Blumenthal D, Buxton I (2007).
"Therapy of hypertension". Goodman & Gilman's Manual of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 544–
60. ISBN 978-0-07-144343-2.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Varon J, Marik PE (July 2000). "The diagnosis and
management of hypertensive crises". Chest. 118 (1): 214–
27. doi:10.1378/chest.118.1.214. PMID 10893382.
4. ^ Mehta A (January 1, 2011). "Direct Renin Inhibitors as
Antihypertensive Drugs". Archived from the original on 21 February
2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman
WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright
JT, Roccella EJ (May 2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7
report". JAMA. 289 (19): 2560–
72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. PMID 12748199.
6. ^ "Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA-NHLBI
feasibility trial. Plan and preliminary results of a two-year feasibility
trial for a multicenter intervention study to evaluate the benefits
versus the disadvantages of treating mild hypertension. Prepared
for the Veterans Administration-National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute Study Group for Evaluating Treatment in Mild
Hypertension". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 304:
267–292. 1978. doi:10.1111/j.1749-
6632.1978.tb25604.x. PMID 360921. S2CID 40939559.
7. ^ Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL,
Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO,
West MJ (February 2003). "A comparison of outcomes with
angiotensin-converting--enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for
hypertension in the elderly" (PDF). The New England Journal of
 Medicine. 348 (7): 583–
92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021716. hdl:2440/4230. PMID 12584366.
8. ^ Whelton PK, Williams B (November 2018). "The 2018 European
Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension and 2017
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood
Pressure Guidelines: More Similar Than
Different". JAMA. 320 (17): 1749–
1750. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.16755. PMID 30398611. S2CID 532
07044.
9. ^ Watson K (18 May 2016). "Which Thiazide-Type Diuretic Should
be First-Line in Patients with Hypertension?". University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy.
10. ^ "Hyperaldosteronism". The Lecturio Medical Concept
Library. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
11. ^ Lewis PJ, Kohner EM, Petrie A, Dollery CT (March 1976).
"Deterioration of glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients on
prolonged diuretic treatment". Lancet. 1 (7959): 564–
6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90359-7. PMID 55840. S2CID 2097
6708.
12. ^ Murphy MB, Lewis PJ, Kohner E, Schumer B, Dollery CT
(December 1982). "Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients
treated with diuretics; a fourteen-year follow-up". Lancet. 2 (8311):
1293–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91506-9. PMID 6128594. S2
CID 43027989.
13. ^ Messerli FH, Williams B, Ritz E (August 2007). "Essential
hypertension". Lancet. 370 (9587): 591–603. doi:10.1016/S0140-
6736(07)61299-9. PMID 17707755. S2CID 26414121.
14. ^ "Section 11. Cardiovascular Disorders – Chapter 85.
Hypertension". Merck Manual of Geriatrics. July
2005. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b "CG34 Hypertension – quick reference
guide" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
28 June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2009.
Retrieved 2009-03-04.
16. ^ Williams B (November 2003). "Treatment of hypertension in
the UK: simple as ABCD?". Journal of the Royal Society of
Medicine. 96 (11): 521–
2. doi:10.1177/014107680309601101. PMC 539621. PMID 145949
56.
17. ^ Parekh N, Page A, Ali K, Davies K, Rajkumar C (April
2017). "A practical approach to the pharmacological management
of hypertension in older people". Therapeutic Advances in Drug
 Safety. 8 (4): 117–
132. doi:10.1177/2042098616682721. PMC 5394506. PMID 28439
398.
18. ^ Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer
C (October 2016). "Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid
health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a
multidisciplinary expert panel". Internal Medicine Journal. 46 (10):
1189–1197. doi:10.1111/imj.13215. PMC 5129475. PMID 2752737
6.
19. ^ Würzner, G.; Gerster, J. C.; Chiolero, A.; Maillard, M.;
Fallab-Stubi, C. L.; Brunner, H. R.; Burnier, M.
(2001). "Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum
uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and
gout". Journal of Hypertension. 19 (10): 1855–
1860. doi:10.1097/00004872-200110000-00021. PMID 11593107.
S2CID 20842819.
20. ^ Worcester EM, Coe FL: Clinical practice. Calcium kidney
stones" N Engl J Med 2010;363(10) 954-963. Worcester EM, Coe
FL (September 2010). "Clinical practice. Calcium kidney
stones". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (10): 954–
63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1001011. PMC 3192488. PMID 20818905
.
21. ^ Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green
LA, Izzo JL, et al. (May 2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7
report" (PDF). JAMA. 289 (19): 2560–
72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. PMID 12748199. Archived (PD
F) from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
22. ^ Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J,
Izzo JL, Kaplan NM, O'Connor CM, O'Gara PT, Oparil S (May
2007). "Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and
management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from
the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure
Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and
Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 115 (21): 2761–
88. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.183885. PMID 17502569.
23. ^ Pietropaoli D, Del Pinto R, Ferri C, Wright JT, Giannoni M,
Ortu E, Monaco A (December 2018). "Poor Oral Health and Blood
Pressure Control Among US Hypertensive
Adults". Hypertension. 72 (6): 1365–
 1373. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11528. PMID 30540
406.
24. ^ Papadopoulou, Z.; Tsialiou, T. M.; Styanidou, F. E.;
Kavvadas, D.; Papamitsou, T. (2021). "In Utero Exposure to
Antihypertensive Medication during the First Trimester: Is the Risk
Worth Taking?". Acta Medica Academica. 50 (3): 372–
381. doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.356. PMID 35164513. S2CID 2468
26268.
25. ^ "Decision aid helps pregnant women with high blood
pressure". NIHR Evidence. 15 February
2023. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_56796. S2CID 257843687.
26. ^ Whybrow, Rebecca; Sandall, Jane; Girling, Joanna; Brown,
Heather; Seed, Paul T; Green, Marcus; Findlay, Sarah; Webster,
Louise; Chappell, Lucy C (2022-12-01). "Implementation of a novel
shared decision-making intervention in women with chronic
hypertension in pregnancy: multiple-site multiple-method
investigation". Pregnancy Hypertension. 30: 137–
144. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2022.09.007. ISSN 2210-7789. PMID 36
194966. S2CID 252414448.
27. ^ Freis ED (1995). "Historical Development of
Antihypertensive Treatment" (PDF). In Laragh JM, Brenner BM
(eds.). Hyperlension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and
Management (Second ed.). New York: Raven Press, Ltd.
pp. 2741–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-22.
28. ^ Brown MJ (October 2009). "Success and failure of vaccines
against renin-angiotensin system components". Nature Reviews.
Cardiology. 6 (10): 639–
47. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.156. PMID 19707182. S2CID 15949
.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M,
Todd A, Gammie TM, et al. (June 2020). "Withdrawal of
antihypertensive drugs in older people". The Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. 2020 (6):
CD012572. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012572.pub2. PMC 7387859.
PMID 32519776.