1.
5 Forces
1.5.1 Effects of Forces
Learning Objective:
Know that forces may produce changes in the
size and shape of an object.
Forces produce changes in the
_______ and ___________.
Forces can stretch, squash, bend or twist.
Compress Stretch Bend Twist
(compressive force) (tensile force) (bending force) (torsional force)5
When forces are removed, certain things spring
back to its ________ shape.
Certain materials are less springy →
permanently ________ when forces act on them.
6
Forces produce changes in ____________.
Learning Objective:
Describe friction.
(solid between two surfaces, through a liquid,
through a gas)
Friction
• A force that __________ motion (Resistive force).
• ___________ direction to motion.
Solid Friction
Occurs when two solid surfaces are ____________ with or
slide against each other.
Pushing Force is Resultant Force & Movement
Bigger than friction • Resultant force acts towards the ___________.
• The book moves to the __________.
Same as friction • Resultant force is __________.
• The book moves with __________ velocity.
Zero • Resultant force is only the friction, towards the ______.
• The book slows down and finally ________ moving.
Friction
Drag
Friction in _________ and _________.
Drag in liquids
Drag in gases
Learning Objective:
Determine the resultant of two or more forces
acting along the same straight line.
Know that an object either remains at rest or
continues in a straight line at constant speed
unless acted on by a resultant force.
Recall and use the equation F=ma and know that
the force and the acceleration are in the same
direction.
Resultant Force
Resultant force
400 N
600 N = 600 N – 400 N
= 200 N to the right
push of engine
a form of friction/drag
Resultant force
600 N = 400 N – 400 N
600 N
=0N
•NO resultant force.
•Forces are _________.
•The car NO longer accelerates.
•It moves at _________ speed in a ________________.
Unbalanced Forces
____________ forces
____________ force
Causes the object to:
• ____________
• ____________
• change ____________
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 F: Force (N)
F m: mass (kg)
a: acceleration (m/s2)
m a (in the direction of the resultant force)
13
Unbalanced & Resultant Force
For each of a, b and c:
1. Say whether the forces are balanced or unbalanced. (no, yes, no)
2. If the forces are unbalanced, calculate the resultant force on the object
and give its direction. (20 N right, 0 N, 50 N down)
3. Say how the object’s motion will change. (a right, no a, a down)
Learning Objective:
State that a resultant force may change the
velocity of an object by changing its direction of
motion or its speed.
Describe, qualitatively, motion in a circular path
due to a force perpendicular to the motion.
Circular Path
A resultant force may change a velocity of an object:
• by changing its speed (magnitude)
• by changing its direction of motion (even with constant speed)
An object moving in a circular path with a
constant speed:
• The ___________ of its velocity is
changing all the time.
• A non-zero ____________ acts on it to
keep the object in a circular path.
• The __________ of the resultant force
changes as the object moves.
• The resultant force is _____________
to the motion of the object.
• The resultant force pulls the moving
object towards the _____________ of
the circle.
Circular Path
The magnitude of the force to keep an object in a circular path
depends on:
• ________ of the object
• ________ of the object
• ________ of the circular path
Constant Resultant force increases when
mass & speed radius ________
mass & radius speed ________
speed & radius mass ________
Learning Objective:
Sketch, plot and interpret load-extension graphs
for an elastic solid and describe the associated
experimental procedures.
Define the spring constant as force per unit
extension; recall and use the equation k=F/x.
Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’
for a load-extension graph and identify this point
on the graph.
Stretching Springs
As the load is increased, the spring stretches
and its length ___________.
Load removed → spring
returns to its original
length.
Load increased too far →
the spring becomes
permanently stretched
(inelastically deformed)
→ NOT returning to its
original length 19
Hooke’s Law
The ___________ of a spring is proportional to the
__________ applied to it, provided the limit of
proportionality is not exceeded.
Extension: increase in length of the spring
Extension = length of stretched spring – original length
𝑭 F: Force (N)
F 𝒌=
𝒙
k: Spring constant (N/m)
x: extension (m)
E.g. 1 k x
A piece of elastic cord is 80 cm long. When it is stretched, its
length increases to 102 cm. What is its extension?
(x=22.0 cm)
20
Limit of Proportionality
Limit of proportionality
A point beyond which the extension is no longer
________________________ to the load.
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