Sana'a University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Dynamic Non-Positive Centrifugal (Impeller) Pump

Prepared By: Supervised By

Mohammed Abdulmalek Al_Maweri Dr. Adel Rawe’a

202073186
Eng. Moaid
Abdulaziz Abdulghani Al-Makhadhi
202073073

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 ABSTRACT
Here we make a dynamic pump, which is the centrifugal (impeller) pump and
the main working principle of this project is for transporting fluids from one location
to another which is done by motor which defined as a hydraulic motor extract energy
from a fluid and convert it to mechanical energy to perform useful work. A limited
rotation motor, which is also called a rotary actuator, can rotate clockwise and
counterclockwise but through less than one complete revolution. A continuous
rotation hydraulic motor, which is simply called a hydraulic motor, can rotate
continuously at an rpm that is determined by the motor’s input flow rate. In reality,
hydraulic motors are pumps that have been redesigned to withstand the different
forces that are involved in motor applications. Where we are using an AC motor to
rotate the blade’s (impeller’s) pump for absorbing or transport the fluid from the inlet
to the outlet of the pump. Here we also using a flow rate sensor which design to
incorporates a mini-turbine sensor rotor mounted in a housing connected in a pipeline
whose fluid flow rate is to be measured. The fluid causes the mini-turbine sensor to
rotate at a speed proportional to the flow rate. The rotation of the turbine generates
an electrical impulse every time a turbine blade passes a sensing device. An
electronic device connected to the sensor -like Arduino- converts the pulses to flow-
rate information after defining the information in the code program. Now the main
task is to get a right suitable fluid flow rate as required and for this we use the
centrifugal (impeller) pump with a desired perfect engineering designed shape to its
impeller to achieve the highest possible efficiency of the amount of fluid pumping.
Also, we added -hardware\software device- a keypad with a monitor screen to notice
and measure the amount of the flow rate by using the flow rate sensor which is
connected to the Arduino microprocessor that has an integral accurate code program
that we developed and coded it .

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Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
PUMP CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................. 4
List of Components .............................................................................................................. 6
SOLID WORK DESIGN:- .................................................................................................. 8
The operation of a centrifugal pump is as follows ............................................................ 11
Result ................................................................................................................................. 12
Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 12
Advantage .......................................................................................................................... 13
DISADVANTAGE ............................................................................................................ 15
Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 16

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Introduction
A pump, which is the heart of a hydraulic system, converts mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy. The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via a prime
mover such as an electric motor. Due to mechanical action, the pump creates a partial
vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the
inlet line and into the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic
system. The pump that we will talk about it in our project is the Dynamic
(nonpositive displacement) pumps. This type is generally used for low-pressure,
high-volume flow applications. Because they are not capable of withstanding high
pressures, they are of little use in the fluid power field. Normally their maximum
pressure capacity is limited to 250–300 psi. This type of pump is primarily used for
transporting fluids from one location to another. The two most common types of
dynamic pumps are the centrifugal and the axial flow propeller pumps.

PUMP CLASSIFICATION
Dynamic Pumps The one most common types of dynamic pumps are the
centrifugal (impeller) pump shown in Figure 1.Although this pump provide smooth
continuous flow, their flow output is reduced as circuit resistance is increased and
thus are rarely used in fluid power systems. In dynamic pumps there is a great deal
of clearance between the rotating impeller or propeller and the stationary housing.
Thus, as the resistance of the external system starts to increase, some of the fluid
slips back into the clearance spaces, causing a reduction in the discharge flow rate.
This slippage is due to the fact that the fluid follows the path of least resistance.
When the resistance of the external system becomes infinitely large (for example, a
valve is closed in the outlet line), the pump will produce no flow. This pump is
typically used for low-pressure, high-volume flow applications. Also, since there is

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 a great deal of clearance between the rotating and stationary elements,
dynamic pump is not self-priming unlike positive displacement pumps.

Figure 1 (Centrifugal Pump)

This is because the large clearance space does not permit a suction pressure to occur
at the inlet port when the pump is first turned on. Thus, if the fluid is being pumped
from a reservoir located below the pump, priming is required. Priming is the
prefilling of the pump housing and inlet pipe with fluid so that the pump can initially
draw in the fluid and pump it efficiently. Figure 5-6(a) shows the construction
features of a centrifugal pump, the most commonly used type of dynamic pump.

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List of Components

Name Quantities Description

Impeller 1 Transport fluids

pump
pipes 1 1 meter
Elbow 3 90 degree
Coupling 2 -
Nipple 2 -
Waterproof Box 1 -

Arduino 1 -
Flow Sensor 1 -

Keypad 1 -
Monitor Screen 1 -

Solenoid 1 -
Motor 1 -
(Actuator)

Table 1

Bill of Materials
We need the following components to build this DIY Arduino Water Filling Machine project.

YF-S201 Hall-Effect Water Flow Sensor

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This is the YF-S201 Hall-Effect Water Flow Sensor used in this project. This sensor
can be connected to the waterline as it has both an inlet and an outlet. Inside the
sensor, there is a pinwheel that measures how much liquid has moved through it.
There’s an integrated magnetic hall effect sensor that outputs an electrical pulse with
every revolution.

The sensor comes with three wires:

1. Red (5-24VDC power)
2. Black (ground)
3. Yellow (Hall effect pulse output)
The water flow rate can be calculated by counting the pulses from the output of the
sensor. Each pulse is approximately 2.25 milliliters. The pulse signal is a simple
square wave so it’s quite easy to log and convert into liters per minute using the
following formula.
Pulse frequency (Hz) / 7.5 = flow rate in
L/min

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 Circuit: DIY Arduino Water Filling Machine
The circuit contains Arduino Nano Board, Water Flow Sensor, Relay Module, Water
Pump, and LCD Display. The YF-S201 Water Flow Sensor is used to measure water
flow during filling. The relay is the intermediate component between the Arduino
board and the 5V DC water pump. It allows the Arduino board to control the water
pump. Similarly, the 4×4 Matrix Keypad is used to input the quantity of Water that
is to be dispersed. The LCD displays the flow Rate and Total Volume of water.

SOLID WORK DESIGN:-

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Automation Studio

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The operation of a centrifugal pump is as follows.

The fluid enters at the center of the impeller and is picked up by the rotating
impeller. As the fluid rotates with the impeller, the centrifugal force causes the fluid
to move radially outward. This causes the fluid to flow through the outlet discharge
port of the housing. One of the interesting characteristics of a centrifugal pump is its
behavior when there is no demand for fluid. In such a case, there is no need for a
pressure relief valve to prevent pump damage. The tips of the impeller blades merely
slosh through the fluid, and the rotational speed maintains a fluid pressure
corresponding to the centrifugal force established. The fact that there is no positive
internal seal against leakage is the reason that the centrifugal pump is not forced to
produce flow against no demand. When demand for the fluid occurs (for example,
the opening of a valve), the pressure delivers the fluid to the source of the demand.
This is why centrifugal pumps are so desirable for pumping stations used for
delivering water to homes and factories. The demand for water may go to near zero
during the evening and reach a peak sometimes during the daytime. The centrifugal
pump can readily handle these large changes in fluid demand. Although dynamic
pumps provide smooth continuous flow (when a demand exists), their output flow
rate is reduced as resistance to flow is increased. This is shown for centrifugal pumps
in Figure 5-6(b), where pump pressure is plotted versus pump flow. The maximum
pressure is called the shutoff head because an external circuit valve is closed, which
shuts off the flow. As the external resistance decreases due to the valve being opened,
the flow increases at the expense of reduced pressure.

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Result
The project as we designed, made, developed, and invent it. Has many feature
the main feature is that it has combined hardware and software.
Hardware like AC motor, pump, and, pipes, water proof box. Software like Arduino,
sensors, monitor screen, keypad, relays.

Figure 3 ( The Real Project )

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Discussion
The project works well with us but we some problems as we couldn’t have a
pressure sensor.
Other reasons we don’t have real measurement devices to make sure exactly, and the
flowing fluid depends on the accuracy of the printed pump.

Advantage
Sure, here are some features of Centrifugal Pumps:
1. Versatility: Centrifugal pumps can handle a wide range of liquids, including
water, chemicals, oil, and slurries.
2. Easy to install and maintain: Centrifugal pumps have a simple design and are
easy to install and maintain. They also have fewer moving parts than other types of
pumps, which means they require less maintenance.
3. High flow rates: Centrifugal pumps are designed to move large volumes of
fluid quickly and efficiently. They are commonly used in applications that require
high flow rates.
4. Energy-efficient: Centrifugal pumps are typically more energy-efficient than
other types of pumps. They can operate at a higher speed, which means they can
move more fluid with less energy.
5. Self-priming: Some centrifugal pumps are designed to be self-priming, which
means they can draw fluid up from a lower level without the need for external
priming.
6. Low maintenance: Centrifugal pumps require little maintenance and can
operate for long periods without the need for repairs or replacement of parts.
7. Cost-effective: Because of their simple design and low maintenance
requirements, centrifugal pumps are often a cost-effective choice for many
applications.
8. Quiet operation: Centrifugal pumps operate quietly, making them ideal for use
in residential and commercial settings.

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9. Wide range of sizes: Centrifugal pumps are available in a wide range of sizes,
from small portable units tolarge industrial pumps capable of moving thousands of
gallons per minute.
10. Variety of materials: Centrifugal pumps can be constructed from a variety of
materials, including stainless steel, cast iron, and plastic, to suit different fluid types
and operating environments.
11. Multiple configurations: Centrifugal pumps can be configured in different
ways, including single-stage, multi-stage, and vertical designs, to accommodate
different flow rates and pressure requirements.
12. Safe operation: Centrifugal pumps are designed with safety in mind, with
features such as overload protection and automatic shut-off to prevent damage or
injury in the event of a problem.
13. Compatibility with automation: Centrifugal pumps are often compatible with
automation systems, allowing for remote monitoring and control of pump operations.
14. High-pressure capabilities: Some centrifugal pumps are designed to handle
highpressure applications, such as water treatment and oil and gas processing.
15. Chemical resistance: Many centrifugal pumps are designed to be resistant to
chemicals, making them ideal for use in chemical processing and other industries
where harsh chemicals are used.

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DISADVANTAGE
Here are some common drawbacks of centrifugal pumps:

1. Limited suction lift: Centrifugal pumps have a limited suction lift, which means
they can only draw fluid up from a certain depth. If the fluid level is too low, the
pump may not be able to operate effectively.
2. Not suitable for high-viscosity fluids: Centrifugal pumps are not ideal for pumping
high-viscosity fluids, such as heavy oils and molasses, as they require a high level
of energy to move these fluids.
3. Limited pressure capabilities: Centrifugal pumps have limited pressure
capabilities compared to positive displacement pumps, which makes them
unsuitable for applications that require high pressures.
4. Cavitation: Centrifugal pumps can experience cavitation when the pressure inside
the pump drops below the vapor pressure of the fluid. This can cause damage to
the impeller and reduce the efficiency of the pump.
5. Limited efficiency in low flow rate applications: Centrifugal pumps are less
efficient at
low flow rates, as they require a certain flow rate to maintain their efficiency. In such
applications, positive displacement pumps may be a better option.
6. Limited control over flow rate: Centrifugal pumps have limited control over flow
rate, as their flow rate is determined by the pump speed and the system resistance.
This makes them less suitable for applications that require precise flow control.
7. Limited ability to handle solids: Centrifugal pumps are not ideal for pumping
fluids that contain solids, as these can cause damage tothe impeller and reduce the
efficiency of the pump. They may require additional equipment, such as screens
and filters, to remove solids from the fluid before it enters the pump.

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 8. Sensitivity to changes in fluid properties: Centrifugal pumps are sensitive to
changes in fluid properties, such as viscosity and density, which can affect their
performance. Changes in temperature can also affect the performance of the pump.
9. Noise and vibration: Centrifugal pumps can generate noise and vibration during
operation, which can be a concern in some applications. They may require
additional equipment, such as vibration dampeners, to reduce the noise and
vibration.
10. Corrosion: Centrifugal pumps can experience corrosion when used to pump
corrosive fluids, such as acids and alkalis. They may require specialized materials,
such as corrosion-resistant alloys, to prevent damage from corrosion.
It's worth noting that while centrifugal pumps have some drawbacks, they are still
widely used in many applications due to their versatility, ease of use, and cost-
effectiveness. The suitability of a centrifugal pump for a particular application
depends on factors such as the fluid properties, flow rate, pressure requirements, and
operating environment.

Recommendation:-

• don’t touch the AC motor when it's on.

• in testing, be careful with dealing with the electrical circuit.
• In Etching don’t touch the moving part directly (use gloves ).
• Be careful in fitting the transformer in right direction.
• be careful in measuring the electrical circuit.
Make sure that the outside project does not contain any water. Because to prevent
the mix between water and electricity

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