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    Red Blood Cells

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    Lily
    Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to oxygen levels. Iron carries oxygen in hemoglobin and is tightly controlled, while vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Red blood cells are characterized by their size, color, shape, and age, with variations indicating different hematological conditions.

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    Red Blood Cells

    Uploaded by

    Lily
    29 views5 pages
    Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to oxygen levels. Iron carries oxygen in hemoglobin and is tightly controlled, while vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Red blood cells are characterized by their size, color, shape, and age, with variations indicating different hematological conditions.

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    Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to oxygen levels. Iron carries oxygen in hemoglobin and is tightly controlled, while vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Red blood cells are characterized by their size, color, shape, and age, with variations indicating different hematological conditions.

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views5 pages

    Red Blood Cells

    Uploaded by

    Lily
    Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to oxygen levels. Iron carries oxygen in hemoglobin and is tightly controlled, while vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Red blood cells are characterized by their size, color, shape, and age, with variations indicating different hematological conditions.

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    Red blood cells

     Origin, development and lifecycle of RBCs


    o Haemopoiesis
     In adults, mainly occurs in the
    bone marrow, especially in;
     Pelvis
     Femur
     Sternum
    o Derived from Haemopoietic stem cells
    (HSCs) in the bone marrow
     HSCs give rise to;
     Lymphoid Stem Cells
     Myeloid Stem Cells
    o RBCs
    o Granulocytes
    o Monocytes
    o Platelets
     Abilities of HSCs;
     Self-renewal
    o Some daughter cells remain as Haemopoietic stem
    cells
    o This ensures that the ‘pool’ of stem cells is not
    depleted
     Differentiation into mature progeny
    o Other daughter cells follow differentiation pathways
     Erythropoietin and the regulation of Erythropoiesis
    o Erythropoiesis;
     Erythropoietin is synthesised based of need;
     Anaemia
     Hypoxia
     Juxtatubular intestinal cell (Interstitial
    fibroblasts / Pericytes)
     Sire of synthesis in the kidney
     90% of synthesis
     Hepatocytes and interstitial cells
     10% of erythropoietin synthesis
     Liver
     Overview of Iron, B12 and Folate
    o Iron
     Haemoglobin
     Each Fe2+ can bind to one oxygen molecule
     Iron absorption is tightly controlled;
     Excess iron is toxic to organs
     Reducing substances
    o Increase absorption
     Phytates
    o Reduce absorption
     Iron storage
     Macrophages in the bone marrow
     Iron from Haem returns to the bone marrow and is then sent to
    splenic macrophages
    o Vitamin B12 and Folate
     Deficiency in Vit. B12 and Folic acid à
     Round RBCs
     Oval RBCs
     Important in DNA synthesis and cellular replication
     Deficiency effects rapidly proliferating tissue;
    o Epithelial
    o GI tract
    o Bone marrow

     Vitamin B12
     Intrinsic factor
    o Binds to Vitamin B12 (secreted by the stomach) in the
    stomach and is absorbed in the small intestine.
     Causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency;
    o Inadequate intake
    o Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor
    o Malabsorption in the small intestine
     Which dietary origin;
    o Meat
    o Liver and kidney
    o Fish
    o Oysters and clams
    o Eggs
    o Milk and cheese
    o Fortified cereals
     Folate
     Which dietary origin;
    o Green leafy vegetable
    o Cauliflower
    o Brussel sprouts
    o Liver and kidney
    o Whole grain cereals
    o Yeast
    o Fruit
     Reference ranges and normal ranges
    o Definitions
     Reference range
     Carefully defined population
    o You can specify
     Analyse blood of healthy volunteers in the same way as you are
    going to analyse patients
     Does your apparently healthy population represent health?
     Normal range
     Can be effected by;
    o Age
    o Gender
    o Ethnic origin
    o Physiological status
     Pregnancy
    o Altitude
    o Nutritional status
    o Cigarette smoking
    o Alcohol intake
     RBC terminology
    o Size
     Seen on film
     Can measure diameter
     Can compare to nucleoside
     Can be;
     Microcytic
     Normocytic
     Macrocytic
     Anisocytosis
     Large variation in cell size
    o Colour
     Polychromatic
     Immature RBCs
    o Also are Macrocytic
     Many colours
     Contains ribosomes, therefore still synthesizing Haemoglobin
     Hypochromia
     Features;
    o Smaller area of central colour than normal
    o Middle thin with not enough Haemoglobin
     Not enough Haemoglobin
     Often goes with microcytosis
     Hyperchromia
     Larger central colour than normal
     Normochromia
    o Age
     Reticulocytes
     Stain shows higher RNA content
    o New Methylene Blue
     Response to;
    o Anaemia
    o Not enough RBCs
     Physiological
    o Shape – seen on blood film

     Poikilocytosis
     When there is more variation in shape than normal
     Different variations in shape seen;
     Spherocytes
    o Spherical
     Irregularly contracted
    o Looks small and irregular
     Sickle cells
    o High concentration of Haemoglobin S
    o Sickle cell anaemia
     Abnormal β-globin gene
     Only one copy causes target cells
     Target cells
    o Sickle cell trait
    o High Bilirubin
     Obstructive Jaundice
    o Liver disease
    o Spleen
     Removal
     Non-functioning
     Elliptocytes
    o Elliptical
     Fragments
    o Piece of red cell

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