Pencocokan curva (curve fitting)

Teknik pecocokan kurva

1. Regresi
2. Interpolasi dan ekstrapolasi

1
Interpolasi dan ekstrapolasi

2
Interpolasi dan ekstrapolasi

3
Interpolasi dan ekstrapolasi

1. Polinom Taylor
2. Polinom Lagrange
3. Interpolasi Newton
4. Interpolasi kubik

4
 Taylor and Maclaurin polynomials
Taylor series for a general function f(x) expanded around x=a:

p( x ) = f (a ) +
( x − a)
f ′(a ) +
( x − a)
2
f ′′(a ).... +
( x − a)
n
f (n ) (a ) + ....
1! 2! n!
∞
f (k ) (a )
=∑ ( x − a) k
k =0 k!

Note it is not necessary to choose x=0 as the point around which

the expansion is done.
Maclaurin series for a general function f(x):

x x2 x n (n ) ∞
f (k ) (0 ) k
p (x ) = f (0 ) + f ′(0 ) + f ′′(0 ).... + f (0) + .... = ∑ x
1! 2! n! k =0 k!
 x x2 x n (n ) ∞
f (k ) (0 ) k
Maclaurin: p(x ) = f (0) + 1 ! f ′(0) + 2 ! f ′′(0).... + n ! f (0) + .... = ∑ k! x
k =0

To generate a Maclaurin or Taylor polynomial of degree n:

- Differentiate f(x) up to the nth derivative
- Evaluate each derivative at x=a (Taylor) or x=0 (Maclaurin)
n
- Coefficient of xn is f (a ) (Taylor) or f (0) (Maclaurin)
n

n! n!
For a Taylor series do not expand the (x-a)n factors
Example: fifth order Maclaurin polynomial for f ( x ) = sin x
f ( x ) = sin x f (0) = sin 0 = 0 ∞
(−1) k 2 k +1
f ′( x ) = cos x f ′(0 ) = cos 0 = 1 sin( x) = ∑ x
f ′′( x ) = − sin x f ′′(0 ) = − sin 0 = 0 k = 0 ( 2k + 1)!

f (3) ( x ) = − cos x f (3) (0) = − cos 0 = −1

f ( 4 ) ( x ) = sin x f ( 4 ) (0) = sin 0 = 0
f (5) ( x ) = cos x f (5) (0) = cos 0 = 1
x3 x5
Substitute into general form (top of slide) p5 ( x ) = x − +
3! 5! 6
Third degree Taylor ( x − a) ( x − a )2 ( x − a )n (n )
p ( x ) = f (a ) + f ′(a ) + f ′′(a ).... + f (a ) + ....
1! 2! n!
polynomial for
f ( x ) = x + 5 near x=4. Evaluate at x=5 and compare with f(5)

f (x) = x + 5 f (4 ) = 4 + 5 = 3
f ′( x ) = 12 ( x + 5)−1 2 f ′(4) = 12 (9)−1 2 = 21.3 = 16

f ′′( x ) = − 14 ( x + 5)−3 2 f ′′(4) = − 14 (9)−3 2 = − 4.133 = − 108

1

f (3) ( x ) = 83 ( x + 5)
−5 2
f (3) ( x ) = 83 (9)
−5 2
= 8.335 = 1
648

1 ( x − 4 )2 + 1 ( x − 4 )3
p3 ( x ) = 3 + 16 ( x − 4 ) − 2×108 6×648

1 ( x − 4 )2 + 1 ( x − 4 )3
= 3 + 16 ( x − 4 ) − 216 3888

1 (5 − 4 )2 + 1 (5 − 4 )3
Evaluate at x=5: p3 (5) = 3 + 16 (5 − 4 ) − 216 3888
= 3 + 16 − 216
1 + 1 = 3.1623
3888

(compare with f (5) = 5 + 5 = 10 = 3.1622 )

7
 ( x − a) ( x − a )2 ( x − a )n (n )
Fourth order Taylor p( x ) = f (a ) + 1! f ′(a ) + 2 ! f ′′(a ).... + n ! f (a ) + ....
polynomial for
f ( x ) = ln x near x=1.

f ( x ) = ln x f (1) = ln 1 = 0

f ′( x ) = 1x f ′(1) = 11 = 1
f ′′( x ) = − x12 f ′′(1) = − 11 = −1

f ( 3) ( x ) = 2
x3
f (3) (1) = 12 = 2
f ( 4)
(x ) = −6 f ( 4 ) (1) = −6
1 = −6
x4
p4 ( x ) = 0 + 11! ( x − 1) − 21! ( x − 1)2 + 32! ( x − 1)3 − 46! ( x − 1) 4

p4 ( x ) = ( x − 1) − 12 ( x − 1)2 + 13 ( x − 1)3 − 14 ( x − 1) 4
∞
(−1) k −1
ln x = ∑ ( x − 1) k
k =1 k 8
Third order Taylor ( x − a) ( x − a )2 ( x − a )n (n )
p ( x ) = f (a ) + f ′(a ) + f ′′(a ).... + f (a ) + ....
polynomial for 1! 2! n!
πx
f ( x ) = sin at x=3.
12
πx 3π π 1
f ( x ) = sin f (3) = sin = sin =
12 12 4 2
π πx π π π
f ′( x ) = cos f ′(3) = cos =
12 12 12 4 12 2
π2 πx π2 π π2
f ′′( x ) = − sin f ′′(3) = − sin =−
144 12 144 4 144 2

π3 πx π3 π π3
f ( 3)
(x ) = − cos f ( 3)
(3) = − cos = −
1728 12 1728 4 1728 2
1 π π2 2 π3
p3 ( x ) = + ( x − 3) − ( x − 3) + ( x − 3)3
2 12 2 288 2 10368 2

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 2 n
Taylor polynomial of p( x ) = f (a ) + ( x − a ) ( x − a ) ( x − a )
f ′(a ) + f ′′(a ).... + f (n ) (a ) + ....
degree four for 1! 2! n!

1
( )
f x = at x=1 and evaluate at x= ½ .
x
1 1
f (x) = f (1) = = 1
x 1
1 1
f ′( x ) = − 2 f ′(1) = − = −1
x 1
2
f ′′( x ) = 3 f ′′(1) = 2
x
6 f (3) (1) = −6
f ( 3) ( x ) = −
x4

f ( 4) 24
(x ) = 5 f ( 4 ) (1) = 24
x
2
p4 ( x ) = 1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 − 6 ( x − 1)3 + 24 ( x − 1) 4
2! 3! 4!
p4 ( x ) = 1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 − ( x − 1)3 + ( x − 1) 4

When x = ½ p4 (2 ) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 116 = 1.9375

1 1 1 1 1 15
10
Polinom Lagrange

11
Polinom Lagrange

12
Polinom Lagrange
Polinom Lagrange
Polinom Lagrange
Polinom Lagrange

Cari sendiri L3(x)