DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

HOSTING COMPANY: - BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC
TYPES OF PROJECT: - ST-TSEHAY INSURANCE - 1/2B+ 2B+G+9

Prepared by: Olyad Chala

ID: 1103544

Advisor name: ins.Tesfaye

Supervisor name: Ermiyas Bayew

Submission Date: Thursday, Nov 4, 2022 G.C

Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT DDUIoT-SCEA

DECLARATION
𝐼 Olyad Chala student of Dire Dawa University Institute of Technology, hereby declare that
this internship report is submitted by me under the guidance of my mentor Tesfaye and
supervision of Ermiyas Bayew. I assure that the report contains actual events and facts that
were observed and performed during my internship practice program. All the contents are my
own original work and have not been submitted (presented) earlier to any other institute

Olyad chala

Name Signature Date

APPROVED BY

MENTOR
Ins. Tesfaye W.
Signature Date

COMPANY SUPERVISOR
Mr. Ermiyas bayew

Signature Date

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FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT DDUIoT-SCEA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like gratefully acknowledge the Almighty God for his great help. Second, I would
like to express my gratitude and deep appreciation to my advisor, Mr. Tesfaye & Supervisor,
Mr. Ermiyas Bayew for their valuable comment, suggestions and advice during internship
program and preparing the final internship report paper.
Next, I want to acknowledge the Dire Dawa University, Institute of Technology and Department
of Civil Engineering for financial assistance and industrial linkage office for setting up this
internship program so that we could gain practical skills and hence strengthen our theoretical
skills.
Finally I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends all others who had
encouraged and given me suggestions, comments and the required assistance

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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
As a fourth year civil engineering student, the internship program representatives me on
showing the practical with the theoretical knowledge that I have learnt in the class. The main
objective is to pave the way to students on accumulating knowledge’s and skills on real
world and on how to ease the work, hence it will be great foundation to the future carriers of
mine before I immerse to it. In my belief I have got basic knowledge of how I will be
compatible with the work for the future on mixing the practical skills with the theoretical
one. It is 1/2B+ 2B+G+9 building. When I join the project the site was on the beginning of
Ground floors, so I didn’t get the chance to see foundation and earth work. The following
lists are the skills that I grasp basic acquaintance from them. Those are

 Structural work
 Re baring
 Reading drawing
As a whole the internship program is very important and interesting that I took a good lesson
out of it both in practical and ethically. From many types of work ethics, punctuality,
transparency, and accountability are the main issues and I got to learn it.
It also gave me the chance to know different people with different type of knowledge and
skill, which in return helped me to improve my communication skill with a better team spirit.
Above all, it improved my self- confidence and self-esteem

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ABBREVIATION
D.D.U…………………………………………………….……Dire Dawa university

Hr.………………………………………………………………hour

G.C………......…………………………………………………Gregorian calendar

P.L.C…….….…………….…………………………………….Private Limited Company

M…….…..…….……………………………………………….Meter

CM…….…..…….…………………………………………….. Centimetre

R.C…….…..…….……………………………………………..reinforced concrete

E.T.B …….…..…….………………………………………….. Ethiopian Birr

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Contents
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ ii
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ iii
ABBREVIATION.................................................................................................................... iv
List of figures .......................................................................................................................... vii
List of Table ............................................................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 1
1. Company profile ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Brief History ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Vision and Mission Statement ........................................................................................ 2
1.4 Services ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Health and Safety Policy ................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Environmental Policy...................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Organization work flow .................................................................................................. 7
1.8 On-site Organizational Chart .......................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 12
2. Overall Internship Experience ............................................................................................ 12
2.1 How I get in to the company? ....................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 General description of the project .............................................................................. 12
2.2 Section of the company I have been working in ........................................................... 13
2.3 Work flow in the construction site ................................................................................ 13
2.4 Work Task I Have Been Executing .............................................................................. 15
2.4.1 Office Work ........................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1.1 The work task I have been executing in the office: ........................................ 15
2.4.2 Site work ................................................................................................................ 18
2.4.2.1 Structure work tasks ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.2.1.2 Substructure Work ................................................................................... 19

2.4.2.1.3 Superstructure work ................................................................................. 19

2.5 Concrete works ................................................................................................................. 29

2.5.1 Ingredients of Concrete .......................................................................................... 29
2.5.2 Concreting Operations ........................................................................................... 30

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2.5.2.1 Batching and mixing of materials: .................................................................. 31

2.5.2.5 Curing of Concrete:- ....................................................................................... 31
2.6 Temporary Structure Works ......................................................................................... 31
2.6.1 Formwork ............................................................................................................... 31
2.5.2.2 Concrete mix transportation:- ......................................................................... 34
2.5.2.3 Placing of concrete .......................................................................................... 34
2.5.2.4 Compaction of Concrete ................................................................................. 36
2.6.1.1 Plywood as Formwork Material ...................................................................... 37
2.6.1.1 Scaffolding ...................................................................................................... 38
2.7 Equipment at construction site ...................................................................................... 40
2.8 Challenges I have been facing while performing task .................................................. 42
2.9 Measures taken to overcome challenges faced on tasks on site.................................... 43
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................ 44
3. Overall Benefit I Gained from the Internship ..................................................................... 44
3.1 Overall benefits gained ................................................................................................. 44
3.1.1 Improving practical skills ...................................................................................... 45
3.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge .................................................................... 45
3.1.3 Upgrading personal communication skill .............................................................. 45
3.1.4 Improving team work skill ..................................................................................... 46
3.1.5 Improving leadership skill ..................................................................................... 47
3.1.6 Understanding work ethics .................................................................................... 47
3.1.7 Improving entrepreneur skill.................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................... 49
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................. 49
4.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 50
4.2.1 Recommendation to the hosting company ............................................................. 50
4.2.2 Recommendation to the University ....................................................................... 51
References ............................................................................................................................... 51
Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 52

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List of figures
Figure 1.1 previous completed project.................................................................................... 11
Figure 2.1 column reinforcement ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 2.2 casted column ........................................................................................................ 21
Figure 2.3 Lap length .............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.4 Beam reinforcement .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 2.5 Stirrup .................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.6 Slab reinforcement................................................................................................. 26
Figure 2.7 Punching shear reinforcement ............................................................................... 26
Figure 2.8 Chair bar ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2.9 shear wall ............................................................................................................... 27
Figure 2.10 stair case reinforcement ....................................................................................... 29
Figure 2.11 casted stair case ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 2.14 column form work ............................................................................................... 36
Figure 2.15 shear wall form work ........................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.16 Stair case form work ............................................................................................ 37
Figure 2.20 Cross brace .......................................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.21 RHS ..................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.22 Spacer .................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 2.23 using of vibration during column casting ............................................................ 40
Figure 2.24 Surveying Equipment's ........................................................................................ 41
Figure 2.25 Pulley system ....................................................................................................... 41

List of Table
Table 1.1 Construction Experience ........................................................................................... 9
Table 2.1 – Take off sheet....................................................................................................... 17
Table 2.2 –Bar schedule format .............................................................................................. 18

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CHAPTER ONE
1. Company profile
1.1 Introduction
BamaCon Engineering PLC is a share, privately owned construction firm with a reliable
record of accomplishments and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration.
The following volume is an attempt to profile that track record, the prospect and the
aspiration from its effective operating system springs.
This profile includes:
 Vision Statement, Mission statement and brief history of BamaCon Engineering
PLC
 Its legal status
 Its organizational structure and operating systems
 Its existing capacity and experience
The inclusion of these elements in the profile, we presume, will give the concerned reader
an insight on the substance of BamaCon Engineering PLC.

1.2 Brief History

BAMACON Engineering plc is a share, privately owned Construction Company. In
accordance with the ministry of infrastructure of the federal democratic republic of
Ethiopia (FDRE), it was Established as a grade VII construction firm in 2002 using the
name of the owner and general manager as Girma Gelaw Building Contractor, BamaCon
Engineering plc registered with the ministry of infrastructure, has grown to be a very
competitive Grade I Building Contractor with favourable prospects for a role of
excellence in the construction industry.

In the Fifteen years of its growth, the firm has always believed that capacity depends
more on organizational and human resource development than on equipment and finance.
In this belief, the firm has invested a significant portion of its time and money on:
 Retaining and developing a highly professional management team.
 Training and motivating its technical staff, from the craftsmen to the senior
engineers, to achieve and maintain high standards.

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 Devising and practicing modern and effective organizational structure. Solicited

counseling and conduct selected research to assist in strategic planning.
 Devising and continuously improving on a system of operation that is guided by
written head office and project guide lines, both of which were the result of the
combined efforts of professionals of high standards.

And the result has been a firm with a work force that can take on any challenge in
the form of a construction job.
With respect to capacity in terms of equipment, while acquisition of major
machinery has been dictated by the need to satisfy the regulatory body’s (ministry
of infrastructures) capacity Requirements, special emphasis on equipment that are
specifically appropriate to BAMACON Engineering’s own method of
construction were also sought and acquired.
Hitherto, financial capacity has always been commensurate to the cash flow
requirements of the projects. This has been partly due to the firm’s good credit record
with clients, insurance companies, banks and construction material suppliers perhaps the
most important creditors to any construction firm.
Looking back, the path BamaCon Engineering PLC travelled over the last years seems
to be a path of initiation for the competitive challenges of the third millennium.

1.3 Vision and Mission Statement

Vision: We Strive To Be One Of The Top Construction Companies Serving Our
Nation.
Mission: Our Mission is to
 Build and provide high quality and cost effective construction projects on schedule
for our clients while providing quality employment and career growth
opportunities for BamaCon Engineering PLC team members.
 Be the preeminent provider of superior construction services by consistently
improving the quality of our services provided.
Maintain the highest levels of professionalism, integrity, honesty and fairness in our
relationships with our suppliers, subcontractors and professional associates

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respectively.
 Ensure the prolonged existence of our company through repeat and referral
business achieved by customer satisfaction in all areas including timeliness,
attention to detail and service‐minded attitudes.
1.4 Services
BAMACON Engineering PLC, through years of vast experience dealing with project
management and contract administration issues in different construction projects, has
specialized in construction of:
 Residential Houses
 Office Building Complexes
 Hospitals
 Hotels
 Factories
 Warehouses and Multi‐Purpose Buildings
1.5 Health and Safety Policy
This Health and Safety Policy Statement recognizes BAMACON ENGINEERING P.L.C
obligations under the Health and Safety at Work. This policy statement and the health and
safety documentation detailing the means of implementing the policy are in respect of
BAMACON ENGINEERING P.L.C and its operating businesses.

BAMACON ENGINEERING P.L.C has a moral and legal obligation to safeguard, the health,
safety and welfare of their employees and anyone who may be affected by the actions of the
Company, or as a result of BAMACON ENGINEERING P.L.C activities. BAMACON
ENGINEERING P.L.C fully accepts their obligations and responsibilities, which will be
achieved by:

 Meeting its responsibilities as an employer to do all that is reasonably practicable

to prevent accidents, injuries and damage to health.
 Providing and maintaining safe working environments that are without risks to
health, safety and welfare. Limiting adverse effects on and adjacent to the area in
which those activities are carried out.
 Ensuring all employees play an active part in the health and safety of the Company

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by consulting with them and providing them with adequate information,

instruction, training and supervision for them to understand their role within the
Company.
 Setting standards that comply with the relevant statutory requirements relating to
health, safety and welfare with regard to the effect on employees, contractors,
visitors and the public.
 Safeguard employees and others from foreseeable hazards connected with work
activities, processes and working systems.
 Ensuring that hazardous areas are kept secure from the public, employees or
tenants, or contractors not required to enter them.
 Ensuring that when new substances, plant, machinery, equipment, processes or
premises are introduced, adequate guidance, instruction, training and supervision
are provided for safe methods of work to be developed.
 Ensuring that all plant and equipment is maintained in a safe condition and is
subject to routine and statutory inspections and examinations.
 Ensuring that contractors undertaking work for the Company are informed of the
relevant standards required and are monitored to ensure compliance without
detracting from the contractors' legal responsibilities to comply with statutory
requirements.
 Provide adequate resources to comply with statutory requirements with regards to
the health, safety and welfare of all those affected by its activities
 The Company will communicate the Health and Safety policy to all employees,
and it will be freely available to customers, shareholders and the general public.
This policy will be reviewed annually and updated as required to conform to the
up‐to‐date legislation.
The Managing Director, Mr Girma Gelaw is personally responsible for the health and safety
performance of the company and signs this policy statement in acknowledgement of this

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1.6 Environmental Policy

BAMACON ENGINEERING P.L.C recognizes the need to operate the business in a
manner which reflects good environmental management. The Companies are aware of the
environmental impacts of its operations and will balance its business with the need to
protect the local and global environment.
Our Environmental Policy shall earn the confidence of employees, shareholders, customers
and the general public by demonstrating our commitment to comply with all relevant
environmental legislation of the country and minimize pollution, resource use and waste,
where feasible, through the continual improvement of performance in all areas of the
Company.
The Company has demonstrated a commitment to identify all activities that have the
potential to cause an environmental impact, as well as providing adequate resources to help
minimize or prevent any negative impact.
In order to achieve this commitment, we will:
 Identify all environmental impacts that the Company contributes to and establish
environmental management procedures that can be incorporated into all business
decisions, in a cost effective manner.
 Regularly measure and evaluate our environmental performance, and improve
where necessary.
 Promote a culture of continual environmental improvement within the Company.
 Delegate the responsibility for environmental matters to the appropriate levels in
the Company.
 Consistently increase the awareness and provide necessary training to all our
employees and customers to ensure environmentally responsible concepts are
integrated into their normal working practices.
 Demonstrate control of all our operations and ensure that all are performed with
due consideration of the environment.
 Identify and mitigate against potential accidents that could result in an
environmental impact, so that if an accident did occur the consequences would be
minimized.
 Use products that have a negligible environmental impact, where appropriate

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options exist.
 Minimize the storage and use of all articles and substances providing a substantial
environmental hazard, where appropriate.
 Reduce the consumption of resources (energy, materials, packaging), where
feasible.
 Minimize waste through a commitment to reuse, recover or recycle, where
feasible.
The Company will communicate the Environmental Policy to all BAMACON
ENGINEERING P.L.C employees, and it will be freely available to customers,
shareholders and the general public.
The Managing Director, Mr Girma Gelaw is personally responsible for the
environmental performance of the Company and signs this policy statement in
acknowledgement of this overall responsibility.

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1.7 Organization work flow

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1.8 On-site Organizational Chart

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Table 1.1 Construction Experience

No Clien Project Location

t Name
FACTORIES
1 IHRAK Int. Plc Factory Kality, Addis Ababa
Outskirts of Bishoftu, Oromia Regional
2 Kanoria Africa Textile Kanoria Africa Textile Factory State
3 STEELY RMI STEELY RMI Steel Rolling Factory Bishoftu, Oromia Region
POWER AND SUB-STATION PROJECTS - CIVIL WORKS
Ethiopian Electric Power – POWER
1 CHINA BAKO Sub‐Station Bako, Oromia Region

2 Ethiopian Electric Power ‐CONCO Shegole Sub‐Station Shegole, Addis Ababa

Sino Hydro Corporation Limited AYSHA 2 Wind Power Civil
3 Ethiopian Branch Aysha, Somalia Region
Construction
Project Management
HOSPITAL PROJECTS

Field Hospital, COVID‐19 Treatment

1 WFP (World Food Program) Bole Bulbula, Addis Ababa
Center,Site Leveling Civil Works +
Electrical Works
HOTEL BUILDING PROJECTS
1 Adugna Bekele RAMADA Addis Hotel Bole Road, Addis Ababa
2 Alemayehu Derese Hotel Project Bahirdar, Amhara Region
3 Ato Alemayehu Nigussie B+G+7 Hotel Building, Saro‐maria Hotel Bole Behind Edna Mall, Addis Ababa

4 Ato Ayele G/medhin Azzeman Hotel Addis Ababa Bole around Atlas Hotel, Addis Ababa

Bole Olympia (around Shoa Bakery),

5 Ato Habtamu Desta 2B+G+14 Mixed Use Building Addis Ababa
6 Mekdes Aklilu B+G+7 Hotel Apartment Behind Moenco, Addis Ababa

7 Fisseha Abay Sapphire Hotel Addis Ababa Bole around Atlas Hotel, Addis Ababa

8 Tenkir Trading PLC Foyat Hotel Addis Ababa Bole Brass, Addis Ababa

9 Wro. Zenebech Tadesse LOUVER Hotel Addis Ababa Bole around Atlas Hotel, Addis Ababa

APARTMENT BUILDINGS
Mexico, behind Alsam Chelelek Bldg.,
1 AL SAM PLC (phase 2) 2B+G+19 Hotel Apartment Building
Addis Ababa.
2 AZ Real Estate Development Construction of Luxury Apartment Piassa, (Eri bekentu), Addis Ababa
Century Addis Real Estate Mixed Use
3 Century Addis Real Estate PLC (Atlas) Building Bole Atlas, Addis Ababa

Century Addis Real Estate, 3B+G+19

4 Century Addis Real Estate PLC (Brass) Bole brass, Addis Ababa
Mixed
Use Building
Elevation Diplomatic Residences, Addis
5 DH‐ONE Real Estate PLC Ababa Sidist Kilo, Addis Ababa

Meskel Square (Flamingo Area), Addis

6 Enat Real Estate 2B+G+14 Mixed Use Building Ababa
Gottera, Near Wengelawit Building,
7 Ene Tsehaye Zemui 2B+G+14 Apartment Building Addis Ababa
22 mazoria, infront of H&M Building,
8 Meklit Real Estate 2B+G+12 Mixed Use Building Addis Ababa
Bole, Around Millenium Hall, Addis
9 Metropolitan Real Estate PLC B+G+M+14 Mixed Use Building
Ababa

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MIXED-USE BULDINGS

1 Adika tour & Travel Adika Mixed Use Building Bole around Edna mall, Addis Ababa
Merkato, Behind Tana Shopping
2 Admas Zemenawi B+G+5 Shopping Complex Building
Center, Addis Ababa

3 Afework Int. Group AIG Shop and Office Building Bambis, Addis Ababa
4 Again‐bi Construction PLC Againbi Mixed Use Building Merkato, Addis Ababa
5 Ageca S.c B+G+4 Store and Office Building Akaki, Addis Ababa
6 AIA PLC AIA Business Center Lideta, Addis Ababa
4kilo Infront of Holy Trinity Church,
7 Ambassador Garment and Trade Plc G+4 Mixed Use Building/Shopping Mall
Addis Ababa
8 Atkilt Tera Mar. Center B+G+7 Shopping Mall Piassa (Atkilt Tera), Addis Ababa
Bole behind DH Geda Building, Addis
9 Ato Alemayehu Tameru Alex Mixed Use Building
Ababa
Bole road, around Dembel, Addis
10 Ato Bahiru Abraha 2B+G+10 Mixed Use Building
Ababa
11 Ato Estifanos Zeleke Mixed Use Building, Eliana Hotel Piassa, Addis Ababa
Extension
12 Ato Jonny Seifu G+10 Mixed Use Building Infron of Genet Hotel, Addis Ababa
13 Ato Mesfin Mengesha Park Plaza, B+G+7 Mixed Use Building Atlas Hotel, Addis Ababa
2B +G+7 Mixed use Building, AB ZONE
14 Beyene and Aman Business Center Urael, Addis Ababa
Business Center
PLC

15 BKMY Impex PLC 3B+G+15 Mixed Use Building 22 next to H&M Building, Addis Ababa
Bole Olympia (ShoaBakery), AddisAbaba
16 Dagi PLC B+G+14 Mixed Use Building
17 Emiru & Elizabeth Business Mixed Use Building Meskel Flower, Addis Ababa
18 Ethio ceramics PLC G+8 Mixed Use Building Kazanchis, Addis Ababa
Ethiopian Evangelical Church
19 Mekane 2B+G+7 Mixed Use Building Bambis, Addis Ababa
Yesus
20 Lemenh Emiru & Alemay Shita B+G+9 Mixed Use Building Global, Addis Ababa
21 Military Tera Merchants S.Co. 3B+G+7 Shopping Mall Merkato, around Militery Tera
2B+SB+G+M+12 Mixed Use Building, Gurd Shola Beside Daminaroff
22 NEHCO Trading PLC
Century Mall Building, Addis Ababa
Bole Olympia (Shoa Bakery), Addis
23 OMEDAD PLC OMEDAD PLC 2B+G+12 Mixed Use
Ababa
Building
Rakeb & Nahom Mixed Use Building,
24 RANG PLC Bole road, Addis Ababa
2B+G+13

Bole, Wollosefer round about, Addis

25 Rojetco PLC Rojetco Mixed use Building, 2B+G+12
Ababa
Technosyle Global Investment Center
26 Techno style Plc Meskel square, Addis Ababa
Building
B+G+7 Mixed Use Building, Tesfa
27 Tesfa Trading PLC Shoping Gojam Berenda ‐ Merkato, Addis Ababa
Center
Mexico, infront of Genet Hotel, Addis
28 Tsegaye & Families Trading Plc Tsegaye & Families Mixed use Building
Ababa
OFFICE BUILDING
Oromia Regional state West Guji West Guji Zone Administration Office
1 Urban Bule Hora , West Guji, Oromia Region
Building
Development & Housing Office
2 Rwanda Embassy Embassy Office Building Bole Rwanda, Addis Ababa

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Figure 1.1 previous completed project

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CHAPTER 2
2. Overall Internship Experience
2.1 How I get in to the company?
When I received the letter from the department to go find an internship opportunity on a
construction company, my first choice was BAMACON Engineering PLC, and they accepted
my request. The acceptance was possible with the great effort of my father. Then they
assigned me on a construction site around piassa.
When I first arrived on site I introduced myself to the project manager, office engineer and
site engineer. Then I told them that the company assigned me in there site for an internship
experience and then they accepted me.
Before I started working at the site, site engineer gave me orientation about the building
project and that I should put safety first before executing any activities in the site.
When I started this internship program, already Ground floor were started so I did not have
the chance to see setting out, earth work, concrete work for footing and grade beam .

2.1.2 General description of the project

 Project-1/2B+ 2B+G+9
 Client- St-Tsehay insurance
 Consultant- Birhanu Mussa consult
 Contractor- BAMACON Construction PLC
 Location- Piassa
 Use- Mixed
 Area- 1,080 m2
 Project duration- 30 month
 Total cost in ETB- 151,773,434.37 million birr
 Project starting date- jan21/21
 Project finishing date- jul19/23

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2.2 Section of the company I have been working in

During my internship period I have been working in both site and office section but most of
time was working on site.
Working both on site and office is very important, because they are dependent on each other
to develop and improve my practical skills.
First I was mostly spent visit what was done before, exploring the structure of the building,
observing the architectural, structural, sanitary, and electrical drawing.
On site, I observe how to place form works, reinforcement arrangement, casting of concrete,
check spacing of reinforcement and so many construction methods and materials of
substructure and superstructure. Also I observed in office some tasks like reading drawing,
take off, bar schedule and etc.

2.3 Work flow in the construction site

Any project no matter how big or small requires a well-organized work flow that brings
suitable nature to the project. Construction work greatly requires the collection of different
professions working for the success of the project. So that on the site there should be a flow
of work from one profession to the other.
Project manager
The project manager is the one who manages the whole project through the project site
organization. And also takes responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a
project. Another duty of project manager is preparing meetings, with different section heads
for reviewing schedules, evaluate performances, better understanding of problems and
solutions, and recollection of resources, removal of doubts, acceleration plans etc… he also
briefs to his boss sufficiently before the meeting between the client and the company
representative.

In general, the project manager acts as a leader who guides as to have an efficient work to be
done on the site in accordance with the scheduled time and as a decision maker representing
the entire site management.

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Site engineer
Site engineer controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole
construction work. He/she makes sure that the works executed are according to the
specifications and drawings. Some of the activities performed by the site engineer are:-
 Setting out of the project site.
 Check the construction of all structural and finishing works.
 Gives support to site workers.
 Prepare all necessary progress reports to the office engineers.
 Follow up the general foreman

Office engineer
The office engineer controls all the construction activities of the office starting from the
beginning and follow construction sites according to the schedules of the project which is
planned by the project manager. Some of the activities performed by the office engineer are:-
 Prepare take off, bar schedules etc. based on the plan.
 Prepare all necessary progress reports to the project manager and head office.
 Preparation of cross sectional and detail drawings, payment certificates.

Sub-contractors
In building work there has been a long trend to pass the majority of work to sub-contractors,
who specialize in various trades, where many operations are packaged up and sub-let to
them. Thus sub-contractors may be let for excavation, formworks, reinforcement making and
erecting, plastering masonry work etc.
General Forman
Forman manages and supervise manual works. The Forman controls distribution of masons,
carpenters, and daily labours. He also gives guidance on how the work is to be done and
gives correction if there is any mistake done
Data collector
A data collectors that records the amount of the accomplished task, the materials used, the
number of labours involved on a specified work in accordance with the time within which

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they completed that particular task as well as the type of equipment and machineries they
used.

Store keeper
Store keeper controls the amount and type of material of the construction entering and
leaving from the store by preparing some forms.

2.4 Work Task I Have Been Executing

In construction industry many tasks are executed to erect the proposed project and these tasks
are all carried out with the cooperation of many professionals.
Construction is also the integration of office work and site activity, generally construction of
the structure are not achieved by only works conducted on the site but also with the
integration of different concerned entities and office works since they play a great role for the
overall accomplishment of the work.
 The work pieces or work task that I have been working during the past three months
was,
1. Office work
2. Site work

2.4.1 Office Work

Office work is a work that is conducted in the office which is used as major input for the site
work since it is not done by guessing or something which is not technical and scientifically
before progressing construction crowd design, analysis, judgment, conclusion,
recommendation and digestion of idea is done& it’s very important to understand (visualize)
what is going to be constructed on the site. Below I will try to discuss some of major office
works which are done under the company during the internship.

2.4.1.1 The work task I have been executing in the office:

 Reading of drawing
 Preparation of take of sheet
 Reinforcement Take of sheet
 Bill of quantity

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2.4.1.1.1 Drawing reading

During the first few weeks I have been practicing reading drawings that were prepared at the
office and trying to visualize them with the actual works being done. There were different
kinds of drawings.
 Structural drawings
 Architectural drawings

a. Structural drawing:
This drawing shows the structural aspect of the building. This includes:
 Detail of columns
 Detail of beams
 Detail of foundation
 Detail of slab

These structural drawings has a detailed information of number, diameter and spacing of
reinforcing bars and stirrups
b. Architectural drawing:
These drawings show the architectural aspect of the building. This Includes:

 Site plan
 Floor plans
2.4.1.1.2 Take off sheet
Take off is prepared by office engineers and submitted to the supervisor from the consultant
side. It always common in construction sites but different table format can be used. Take off
sheet expresses the amount of formwork, concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), and hard
core. The unit for formwork, hard core and lean concrete was m2 (area) and for concrete was
m3 (volume).

Take off sheet is a tabular standard format in which dimensions of items from working
drawing are transferred for further calculations. It consists of four columns, namely;

1. (T) Time sing column- number of repetition of the same dimension

2. (D)Dimension column – In this column all necessary dimensions
are noted down during measurement work.(L*W*H*)

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3. Description column – description of item is written in this column

4. (S)Square column – The squaring up of dimensions is carried out
on the dimension paper in the squaring column.
Take of Sheet
Project: Date____________
Client: ______________________ Page no ________
Consultant: _________________________
Address: ________________________

Table 2.1 – Take off sheet

T D S DESCRIPTION T D S DESCRIPTION

Prepared by________ Approved by__________

2.4.1.1.3 Reinforcement of take-off sheet (Bar schedule):
The format used to define quantity of reinforcement bars. The quantity of works is
specifically calculated in this sheet. The following steps should be taken to do the rebar take
off: -
1. Identify the bar and the shape present
2. Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on
which these bars are placed.
3. Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system.
4. Then calculate the total number of bars by multiplying number of bars with
number of element.
5. Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the
length of single bar.
6. Now based on predetermined conversion factor we calculate the total mass of bar
in kg by multiplying the total length of bar with unit weight of bar.

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Table 2.2 –Bar schedule format

Project: Bar schedule to:

a
ΣL for each diameter

Diameter
Location

member
Length

No in
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Shape
Mark

Total

W/m
ΣW

2.4.2 Site work

The site work was the very important task because the internship main objective lies there, so
during the internship period the main thing I worked was supervising construction process of
different structural parts of the building. These structural parts are: Column, beam, slab,
shear wall, stair case. Since the building structure till Ground floor was started there were
Executed work tasks as an intern:
 Checking placement of bars according to the working drawing
 Checking if the correct diameter bars were used on the structures.
 Checking the number of bars and spacing on a structure.

2.4.2.1 Structure work tasks

The term structure is a building or other constructed object. The structure of the building can
be categorized sub and super structure.

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2.4.2.1.2 Substructure Work

Sub structure is a part of the building located below the ground level. It is the basic part of
site work because it includes foundation works, as we know every building should have a
good quality of foundation to transfer safely the overall building load to the underlying soil.
Substructure work includes:
 Earth work – which consists of site clearance, Bulk excavation, back fill, cart away.
 Concrete work- which consists of lean concrete, footing, grade beam
 Stone work – consists of foundation wall and hard core.
 during my internship period I didn’t saw the above categories , But the site engineer
gave me some information about the works that I missed .

2.4.2.1.3 Superstructure work

Super structure is the part of the structure which is above ground level, and which serve the
purpose of its intended use.
Generally the superstructure of the building consists of columns, beams, slabs, walls,
windows and doors, flooring, ceiling….
2.4.2.1.3.1 Column
Column is an important component of R.C structure. Depending on structural or architectural
requirements, columns may be various shapes i.e. circular, rectangular & square.
Columns constructed in our site are rectangular & square vertical reinforced concrete
members used to transmits the load from upper part of the structure, from walls, beams and
slabs to foundation so as to distribute the loads over large area.
The reinforcement bar for column is used to:

 Gain the structural form

 Resist buckling or lateral movement
Reinforcement bar (Longitudinal and Transverse bars) are provided in column to serve the
following functions.
 Longitudinal re – bars
 Are used:-
 To share vertical compressive load, thereby reducing the overall size of the
column.

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 To resist tensile stress caused in the column due to eccentric load and
moment.
 To impart certain ductility to the column
 To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.
 Transverse re – bars
 Are used:-
 To prevent longitudinal buckling of longitudinal re – bars
 To resist diagonal tension caused due to transverse shear due to
moment (transverseload).
 To hold the longitudinal re – bars in position at the time of concreting.
 To impart ductility to the column.
 To prevent sudden brittle failure of the column.

In construction, the following steps used to cast a column:

1. First reinforcement bars are placed
2. Spacers are used on all direction with bars
3. Formworks surrounding the bars are constructed
4. The perpendicularity of the column checked by vertical balance keeper called
plumb bob
5. And finally concrete will filled

 Finally after 24 hrs. The formworks are removed to form the required column.
 In my site the column types used are rectangular and square column, there dimension
is:
 60*60cm for square column.
 70*70cm for square column.
 80*80cm for square column.
 90*90cm for square column.
 60*30cm for rectangular column.
 90*35cm for rectangular column.
 70*30cm for rectangular column.

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 Some cross sectional dimension of elevation columns was decreased as the number of
stories increase because the load coming from the super structure decrease as we go
up to the top.

Figure 2.1 column reinforcement

Figure 2.2 casted column

 Lap length
Lap length is a lap columns immediately above the casted. A reinforced concrete column
is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars extend a few centimetre in our site
according to our drawing we use (50* Φ mm of bar). if not given on drawing commonly
(40*Φ mm of bar) used above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of
reinforcing bars to overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level.

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Figure 2.3 Lap length

2.4.2.1.3.2 Beam
A beam is a horizontal structural element of the building that is capable of withstanding
vertical loads, shear forces and bending moment. The bending force induced into the material
of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these
loads is called a bending moment. Beams transfer loads imposed along their length to their
end points to walls, column, foundations, etc.
When a beam is subjected to loading it develops tension zone, so it has to be reinforced.
Beams are also subjected to shear stresses. It is difficult to overcome the shear stresses that
occurred in beams by increasing the depth of the beam, because it is impractical to make
beams deep due to architectural and other reasons. So we provide stirrups to overcome the
shear stresses developed at beams.
As that of grade beam and basement beam, superstructure beams are subjected to moments
and shear loads. Superstructure beams have the same reinforcement and detail provision as
that of grade beam and basement beam. But the difference is that it does not have contact
with the ground and in the construction needs bottom formwork (soffit).

There are different types of beam;

 Continuous beam(it has more than two supports distributed along its length)
 Fixed beam (it is the supported at both ends and fixed to rotate rotation)
 Cantilever beam(it is fixed at one end and set to be free at the other end)

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Reinforcement work provisions for beams

 The reinforcements should be cleaned before used for as
reinforcement if unwanted harmful matters appear on the surface of
the reinforcement.
 Storing place has to be clean to protect steels from bad conditions.
 Reinforcement must not be bent or straightened in a manner, which
will injure the materials.
 All bars are to be cut and bent cold and accurately to the shapes and
dimensions shownon the drawings and relevant bending sheets.
A beam at the top it is subjected to compression and at the bottom it is subjected
to tensile forcewhen load is applied on it. Top and Bottom reinforcement bars are
provided in beam to serve the following functions
Top reinforcement bars
Top reinforcement bars are steel provided at the top of the beam and it used for
many uses

 To resist the vertical compressive load.

 To prevent sudden brittle failure of the beam.

 To reduces the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.

 The overlaps occur at the centre (middle span) of two column.

 To prevent the sudden brittle of beam.

Bottom reinforcement bars
Bottom reinforcement bars are provided below the Top reinforcement bar and also very
useful
 To resist the vertical tension load.

 To resist tensile stress caused in the beam due to

 Moment

 Transversal load

 To prevent sudden brittle failure of the beam.

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 The overlaps occur at the column in order to reduce the failure.

At my site the intermediate beam dimension are - For major beam 50 × 30 cm

-For secondary beam 50 × 25 cm

Figure 2.4 Beam reinforcement

2.4.2.1.3.3 Stirrups
Stirrups are rounded steel bars used to tie the top and bottom reinforcement bars
together.
Stirrups has also the following functions:-
 To hold the top and bottom reinforcement bars in position at
the time of concreting(casting) and to make the shape required for
beams, shear walls and columns.
 In our site we use the diameter ∅8 & ∅10 of bar for the stirrups and
its more casual in other site also.
 The stirrups has their own angle (hook) of 1350 or what is called 450 hook.
Why do we provide hook in stirrups
 To prevent column from buckling
 To resist seismic movement
 To prevent concrete from splitting outward
 To prevent slippage of steel from the concrete
To keep longitudinal steel bars in position and hold steel tightly

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Figure 2.5 Stirrup

2.4.2.1.3.4 Slab construction

The type of slab selected for the project is flat slab that is characterized by framing of beams
at the edge, and commonly preferred for aesthetic reasons and ease of construction. Edge
beams are provided for stiffening and rigidity of structures especially against lateral loads
commonly in areas of high seismic activity.
Reinforcement or commonly known as rebar, is the laying of mesh steel bars in X and Y axis
that is later filled with concrete. The purpose of re-bar is to increase the tensile strength in
concrete as it is strong in compression but weak in tension in reverse re-bars are strong in
tension and weak in compression. The rebar are placed on a spacer of 20mm made of
concrete to leave a cover for the steel in protection of the bars against exposure to
weathering, corrosion and alike

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Figure 2.6 Slab reinforcement

Figure 2.7 Punching shear reinforcement

Chair bar
Chair bar or as referred to on site as ‘Kebeleto’, is provided in between bottom and top
rebar’s ensuring that spacing is kept when concrete is being poured. Once the setting of bars
in both directions is finished they are tied with wires at joints of random spacing for
stiffening, than concrete is ready to be cast

Figure 2.8 Chair bar

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2.4.2.1.3.5 Shear wall

Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. These are solid
walls, which usually extend over the full height of the building. This used to resist a large
part of the lateral loads caused by wind or earthquakes and uplift force. Shear walls should
have more strength and stiffness than other walls.
It also provides adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements. Shear wall
perform dual action that is lateral as well as gravity load-bearing elements. These walls are
more important in seismically Active zones because during earthquakes shear forces on the
structure increases.
Most of the time shear wall constructed surrounding the building to protect shear force that
comes from the besides load rather than use as the partition, this may be added solely to resist
horizontal forces alternatively concrete wall enclosing stairways or elevator shafts may also
serve as shear walls.
 At our site shear wall are constructed for lift purpose.
The step of constructing shear wall is the same as column.
 First erection of form works two side
 Reinforcement of bar horizontal and vertical with accordance of the structural
drawing,
 Checking the vertical alignment using (tumbi)
 Poring of the concrete

Figure 2.9 shear wall

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2.4.2.1.3.6 Stair case work

A stair is a super structure which is used to give access to move in different floors of the
building. Landing is provided at suitable intervals to give comfort and safety for the users.
Generally about stair case
 The recommended width of stair is 0.8m- 1m for residential building and 1.5m-2m
for public building

 Main bars are placed parallel to the direction of flight to take the tensile stress in the
inclined slab

 Distribution bars are placed across the flight perpendicular to main bars.

 Negative bars are placed at the whole landing and at beginning and end of the flight
with length equals one third of flight length for each
 Step bars are placed in each step to take the shear stress as in the case of stirrups in
beams.

Work procedure for stair case

 First constructing scaffolding and then put the panel on scaffolding.
 Fix the reinforcement according to drawing.
 Then fix spacer to the reinforced bar.
 Construct the top form work of the stair used to shape step and riser.
 Then provide reinforced bars to keep the shape of the step and riser.
 Cast the appropriate grade of concrete.
 Then remove the top form work in about 16-24 hr. and cure the stair for about 21
days.
 Finally remove the bottom form work.

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Figure 2.10 stair case reinforcement

Figure 2.11 casted stair case

2.5 Concrete works

2.5.1 Ingredients of Concrete
There are some major ingredients of concrete among the main ingredients:-
 Cement
 Aggregates (fine and coarse)
 Water
 Admixtures

Cement:
It is one of row material used to produce concrete. It forms a paste which hardens and binds
the aggregate to make hard and durable concrete.
Aggregates:
Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it contributes
significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength, durability and
volume stability. In general, aggregates in concrete have been grouped according to their
sizes into fine and coarse aggregates
Aggregate is classed into the following two sizes:
 Coarse aggregate—gravel or crushed rock 5 mm or larger in size
 Fine aggregate—sand less than 5 mm in size

It is common to refer to fine aggregate as sand and coarse aggregate as stone. Traditionally,
aggregates are derived from natural sources in the form of river gravel or crushed rocks and

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river sand. Aggregates should be free from excess amount of clay, silt, dust and organic
matter.

Water:
The strength and durability of concrete depends on the amount of water mixed with it. Too
much or too little water can adversely affect the strength of concrete.
After concrete cast, water is used to cure it so that the temperature is controlled and concrete
matures slowly.
It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete production. Contaminated
water will produce concrete mortars with lower durability erratic set characteristics and
inconsistent colour.
It is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction
with cement and all other materials and makes the concrete workable. Since it helps for the
strength of cement paste, the quality & quality of water is required to be looked very
carefully
Admixtures:
Admixtures are added to the batch immediately before use or during mixing. These day
concrete is being used for so many purposes in different condition. In these conditions
ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality or durability or workability. In most
cases admixture is used to modify the property of the ordinary concrete so as to make it
suitable to any condition.

2.5.2 Concreting Operations

Operations followed in the making of concrete in compliance with the safety and quality
requirements are known as concreting operations. Concreting operations include:
 Batching and Mixing of various ingredients;
 Concrete mix transportation;
 Concrete placing;
 Compaction of concrete;
 Curing of concrete.

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2.5.2.1 Batching and mixing of materials:

The preparation was done by ready mix concrete method, this technique of concrete mixture
allows for the batching to be done at the plant in a much controlled environment. The
mixture which is made up of cement, coarse aggregate, and water is mixed on Bamacons
mixing (batching) plant at Bole Michael. Using ready mix grants improved quality of the
homogeneity of the mixture and overall the life of the structure, it also reduces human labor
and is much faster especially on a large scale project such as this.
 Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to
rust. The required bond will not be achieved and the reinforced member will not
be as strong as it should be.

2.5.2.5 Curing of Concrete:-

Curing is the process by which hydraulic-cement concrete matures and develops hardened
properties over time as a result of the continued hydration of the cement in the presence of
sufficient water and heat.
During the setting and hardening of concrete, heat is generated and this would result in rise in
the temperature of the concrete. Therefore it is necessary that during the period of setting and
hardening of cement concrete is kept moist.

Is to maintain desired water content within the concrete for the required time.
We should start curing of concrete as quickly as possible after finishing of
concrete.

2.6 Temporary Structure Works

2.6.1 Formwork
Formwork: is a temporary structure built to contain fresh concrete so as to form it to the
required shape and dimensions and to support it until it becomes self- supporting.
A formwork includes the surface in contact with concrete and any necessary concrete
supporting structure. The surface should be smooth. A formwork should be sufficiently rigid
and by no means defective throughout the placing, ramming, vibrating and setting of the
concrete without visible deflection.

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The formwork should be removed after the concrete attain its first strength. All structure has
their own detaching (removing time) according to the decision made by the site engineer by
considering the weather condition and the type of construction.
Considering shapes, formwork types can be classified as;

 Column formwork
 Beam formwork
 slab formwork
 shear wall formwork
2.5.2.1.1 Concrete batching plant process
 Pumping cement from cement bulk carrier (kokosh) in to cement silo.
 Adding aggregates (sand & gravel) in to the bin by a wheel loader.
 Transport aggregate in to storage bin by conveyer belt.
 Storage bin have 4 parts of storage on it. It stores 3 types of coarse
aggregate and 1type fine aggregate.
 Coarse aggregate types :-

K 0.0 It is around 5mm

K 0.1 It is around 10mm
K 0.2 It is around 20mm
 By the command of operator storage bin open and aggregate fall in to
weighing bin.
 The weighing bin have a balance on it and according to operator
command aggregate weight needed transfer to conveyer.
 Then the conveyer belt discharged sand and gravel material in to the
mixer.
 Also Pumping cement from cement silo into the mixer by the help of
conveyers.
 Adding water.
 Then mixing components in the mixer.
 Finally concrete mix unloading from the mixer by discharge chute and
loaded to concrete mixer truck.

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Discharge
chute

Figure 2.12 concrete mix plant

2.5.2.2 Concrete mix transportation:-

The operation of moving concrete mix from the concrete batching plant to the
concrete pourlocation is known as concrete mix transportation.
 Ensure that the water-cement ratio and slump are maintained as per
concrete design mixbefore placing of concrete.
 During transportation, the concrete mix shall maintain its cohesiveness and
workability.
2.5.2.3 Placing of concrete
Concrete mix has been placed in the designed formwork constructed for its
purpose. There is also the reinforcement inside the form works to form reinforced
concrete of slab, columns or beam etc. The reinforcement steel bar has been set,

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tied, and fastened in its position in the forms. The materials for the concrete have
been prepared, and the mixed concrete has been arrived. We are now ready to
place the concrete in the forms. The concrete should be placed and vibrated before
its setting starts.
Following precautions should be taken while placing the concrete:-

 Concrete should be laid continuously.

 To avoid sticking of concrete with form work, formwork should be oiled
before placing of concrete.
 When placing concrete, the position of formwork and reinforcement should
not be disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped height not more than
1.5m.

Figure 2.13 concrete placing

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2.5.2.4 Compaction of Concrete

Compaction is done by vibrating machine or vibrator which releases or avoids the voids and
air inside the fresh concrete. During the process, a vibrator is inserted into the fresh concrete
immediately after depositing concrete. Over vibration should not be allowed as otherwise
coarse aggregate particles will get concentrated at the lower layers and only mortar will be
left at the top surface. This is known as segregation. Cement materials are lift up to the top
and aggregates are deposited to the bottom.

The purpose of compaction is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete.
Compaction of concrete is used to:-

 Reduce the air content in the concrete.

 Reduce the voids in the concrete.
 To keep the concrete components distribution constant.
 To increase the bondage of concrete.
When the concrete doesn’t compact properly that results:-

 Air voids reduce the strength of the concrete.

 Air voids increase concrete's permeability. That in turn reduces its durability. If
the concrete is not dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight. It will be less
able to withstand aggression and its exposed surfaces will weather badly.

Figure 2.14 column form work

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Figure 2.15 shear wall form work

Figure 2.16 Stair case form work

Figure 2.17 Slab form work

There are steel and wooden formwork in our site.

2.6.1.1 Plywood as Formwork Material

Formwork must be adequately strong and stiff to carry the loads produced by the concrete,
the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and any equipment or materials supported by
the forms.

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 Plywood which is a manufactured product of timber is also used for formworks. It

consists number of veneer sheets or plies in layers. Now a days, the use of
plywood formwork increases especially for facing panels.

 The reason behind it is that the plywood formwork provides smooth finish when
compared to normal timber and steel formwork. Hence, finishing cost may reduce
by the use of plywood. Plywood are bonded with strong adhesive to make it
watertight. The plywood boards are available in thicknesses from 7mm to 32mm.

 In general, plywood of size 1220 x 2440 and 18mm thick boards are

Sufficient for most of the works.

Advantages
 Plywood can be cut into required size easily.
 Plywood Strong, durable and light in weight.
 Provides smooth finish on the surface.
 Very Large size plywood sheets are available which makes the
construction of formworkquicker and easier.
 It is economical in large panels.

Disadvantages
 Thin plywood sheets cannot sustain the weight of concrete they may
bow out; if properthickness is not provided.
 If not properly greased or oiled has capacity of water absorption
making it to be out of useat early stage.

2.6.1.1 Scaffolding
It is any temporary structure used to support the forms for concrete. Scaffolding supports the
forms until the concrete can support it self it is essential that scaffolding be strong enough to
support the weight of three things: the forms, the fresh concrete and any construction
equipment and workers. It also must be capable of maintaining the correct elevation.
Scaffolding may be prepared by a wooden or steel structure. In our site mostly steel
scaffolding used.

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Figure 2.18 H – frame Figure 2.19 U –hade

Figure 2.20 Cross brace

Figure 2.21 RHS

Spacer
Spacers had been put on the bottom and in the interface of four sides of the bar and the panel.
Spacers are materials (either reinforcement bars or wire imbedded concrete) which provide
space for the concrete to cover the reinforcement bars in columns, beams, slabs, foundations,
etc…
Concrete cover is the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement bars and
the outer surface of the concrete. The cover to reinforcement is required for the following
reasons:
 To protect the steel against corrosion.
 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete.
 To ensure sufficient protection of the steel in a fire

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Concrete spacer was used in our site on concrete casting for column, staircase, slab ……

Figure 2.22 Spacer

2.7 Equipment at construction site

Vibrator
Vibrator is an instrument that can use to ensure that concrete becomes compact during
placing i.e. the concrete is placed without inclusion of air bubbles that would affect its
strength. The vibrator is used in fresh concrete, during concrete pours, so that the air gaps
that might exist in wet concrete are filled in with concrete. Therefore a good concrete crew
will always use vibrator during concrete pours to shake the concrete to fill air gaps.
It is important to remember that using too much at one single location will cause segregate
into smaller and larger aggregates which is an unwanted effect.

Figure 2.23 using of vibration during column casting

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Plumb bob (thumb):- it’s very important equipment in order to check the alignments of
column and to get the centre point and corner points during placing of a column.
Truck crane: - is a type of machine generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire rope or
chains that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally.
Mainly in
our site it’s used to fill concretes for elevation columns
Surveying equipment’s used in check level of every structure.

Figure 2.24 Surveying Equipment's

Pulley system
This system is used to transport construction materials to the upper floors

Figure 2.25 Pulley system

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2.8 Challenges I have been facing while performing task

Along the duration of the Three months internship program at the company, it is obvious that
we face some sort of difficulties. Indeed we were challenged to some extent. These
challenges were not due to our lack of initiation towards performing the task we were given,
instead it was a matter of experience in the field. And that could be solved by continually
engaging one‘s self to the activities in the course for some sort of time.
Around the first month through the program, we were a bit confused. This was due to the fact
that the employees of the company were obviously more experienced than we were and
already understood the easiest ways that enabled them to accomplish their respective tasks in
a proper manner.
In general we have faced the following challenges in the internship period.

 Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site due
to terms used in siteare not used with scientific names.
 Weather condition of the site.
 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
 Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Foreman.

Challenges faced on tasks on site

 Corrosion on reinforcement bars
 Material supply shortage
 Shortage of working drawing

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2.9 Measures taken to overcome challenges faced on tasks on site

Communication challenge was the first challenge we have faced which were being trouble
for us to find sufficient information and knowledge from skilled workers and other persons
those are closed to the site work. And it was not easy to know those words within few days
but after some time we were able to understand terms and words used through experience.
Drawing shortage:
Since we have been working in the contractor side we seek drawings and other inputs from
the consultant team who have done the design. And they used to give us drawings in soft
copy and hard copy but sometimes due to design changes we have been facing problems. So
before implementing any task that we used to ask if there were any design change.
Corrosion on reinforcement bars
There had been corrosion of reinforcement bar due to improper storage of bars and humid
weather experienced on site.
To overcome such phenomena we have used:
 Placing the rebar in sheds or in an enclosed space to ensure that
the area is not exposed tohumidity, moisture, snow, and rain.
Material supply
The concrete work in our site was delayed for about a month due to problems related to
cement Supply.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Overall Benefit I Gained from the Internship
Internship is a duration that is held at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the
outside working environment before we graduate. The main aim of this practice (internship)
is to let us have communication with different workers or employees, to improve the
practical skills beyond what we have learned theoretically in classrooms, in addition letting
us upgrade the theoretical knowledge to improve our leadership skill, team playing skill,
entrepreneur skill and etc.
During our Three months duration with BAMACON Construction PLC with the site engineer
and other we have acquired much knowledge in different tasks as explained below in
different section. This different knowledge got us a good performance in the internship
period and we have gained experience that would help us after the graduation in the
upcoming working era of us.

3.1 Overall benefits gained

It is obvious that we learn a lot and gain much more when related to practical scenario. In
such a manner all what we know and learn would have got the real practical interpretations.
The engineering course that we have taken in our university is a pillar on our internship
programs. The theoretical knowledge always assist us to understand practical situations
easily. Because these course guides us to:

 Manage construction work

 Select construction material
 Know construction material
 Know working schedules
 Upgrade leadership skill.
It is more a matter-of-fact that the site work especially for construction work is very essential
than theoretical knowledge but we had known much of the theoretical only before the
internship program because of this gap there were challenges in the beginning.

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This Three month internship program have given us different improvement and experience in
terms of different skills, the skills that we have gained during the internship program are
listed below:-

3.1.1 Improving practical skills

Internship practice helped to grasp practical skill beside the theoretical knowledge obtained
in formal classes. Basically the main aim of this program is to face the theoretically
knowledge apparently. Practical skills are mainly gained from the site, site engineers and
from employers who are responsible and engaged on the site work and strive towards
erecting the civil engineering structures. My Three month stay in the sites equipped me with
a lot of practical capabilities.

I would like to list the practical skills I gained from the internship program as the following:

 Formwork and Reinforcement placement.

 The methods and steps of how structural members are erected.
 Problem solving skills when it encountered.
 Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.

3.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The practical thing what is done in the site is a reflection of a theoretical knowledge. Due to
this, working hard on the practical skill also help us to internalize & make familiar the
theoretical knowledge. I try to relate the thing what I see in practice with the theoretical
knowledge. Every action done on the site strengthens and digests the theoretical knowledge I
had in formal classes before. As such we found the internship very important in upgrading
theoretical knowledge that we grasped during our past stay in the university.

3.1.3 Upgrading personal communication skill

Having an excellent communication skill with co-workers is a very important skill in
engineering works. Construction work is a team work by its nature involving different
parties with different roles and jobs. In order to ask & to get something from workers
someone need to have good communication skill and attitude. Project that I have been
involved has got different people with different back ground. They are varying in educational
level, work experience and work position. Since the aim of the project is to accomplish the

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work in good way, I just try to have good communicative skills with people around. As I
tried to know some things that are strange to me on the site, I would ask those nearby to me
and whom I supposed they know. This program is definitely helped me by improving my
communication skill.
Communication is good to;

 Handle information;
 To convince people;
 To improve relationship with others.
 Improve productivity
 Share ideas, suggestions and complaints

3.1.4 Improving team work skill

In fact, construction is done in-group or team. It needs co-operation of individual in the crew.
Working in-group might create idea difference, for good. This can be solved by discussing
and sharing idea, which is important in increasing productivity. To do this someone need to
have good team playing skill by being positive and progressive. It’s obvious that better idea
and solution could be develop being in group than individually.
A Good team player possesses the following skill;
 Excellent communication skills
 Listens and make decisions actively
 Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly and willingly to co-workers
 Cooperates and pitches in to help
 Exhibits flexibility
 Shows commitment to the team and work
 Works as a problem-solver
 Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner

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3.1.5 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor people. Day to day activities should be
maintained and organized for work to be done. I have seen how co-workers are controlled
and monitored to perform this day to day activity. I have observed the method of controlling
the working time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds
according to the work plan. For effective leadership I understood that personal values like
confidence, effective communication and devotion are very important.
Leadership skill criteria are:

 Responsible
 Punctual
 Respect others
 Effective and mature problem solver
 Ability to motivate co- workers
 Active listener and problem solver
 Self-confidential
3.1.6 Understanding work ethics
Ethical conduct of workers is very important for creating healthy working environment and
increasing productivity. Someone needs to have ethical conduct to be fruitful in working
environment and in his or her social life.
Some of the work ethics include:
 Punctuality: - means the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or
fulfil an obligation before or at a previously designated time. In other words,
punctuality means getting to work on time and completing a given task within the
given period.
 Office disciplines: - The worker should never disturb the working atmosphere. The
office should remain quiet and undisturbed.
 Reliability: - The worker should be qualified for the part he/she is supposed to
be performing . He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task
assigned .

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 Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should
abstain from bad behaviour such as cheating , bias , corruption etc..
 Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while
working. That is because it is through such system problems could be easily solved.

3.1.7 Improving entrepreneur skill

An entrepreneur can be defined as the one who organizes, manages. The key qualities of an
entrepreneur are traits such as creativity, the ability to keep going in the face of hardship, and
the social skills needed to build great teams. It implies qualities of leadership, initiative, and
innovation in new venture design. This internship program has helped me organize and
upgrade my entrepreneur skills in so many ways. While participating in this internship I
realize that creativity and problem solving is one of the starting points of entrepreneurs. This
internship motivated and enabled me to know more about my career, the real challenges in
this profession.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality
work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who have taken the
internship program went to companies which were already working either as a consultant or a
contractor. The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach and shape us in the Three
months duration as real site workers.
Our hosting company was a contractor and they helped us take the internship session in their
company in acquiring different knowledge in different activities performed at the site. This
program played an important role, that field works can be only implemented by people who
have an experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of
confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction.
Since we took our internship session in the contractor side We got opportunity to work in
the different positions of the construction work which helped us to gain more knowledge by
seeing what they work in office and in site to realize what responsibilities they had to the
client and to the consultant.
BAMACON Construction PLC is a grade 1 general contractor (GC1) which is working in
different construction projects and operate in the fields of road, bridge, building construction,
waterworks and infrastructure development.
Since we were working with the side of this construction company, we have understood
 The overall organization of the company and the work flow
 The tasks of the engineers and other employees.
 The challenges of the works in the site and their solutions.
 Management of resources and the overall site and project activity.
More over working with skilled and experienced engineers and foreman gave us great quality
and increased our level of confidence. Working with the contractor led us acquire more
knowledge than that of the consultation work since it includes the duties on site.

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The contractor played important role for us to improve our practical knowledge status in the
field and also the made us more familiar with site works by letting us understand ways of
communication, handling different site works, usage of equipment ,manpower controlling
and structure of work flows.

The hugeness of the project, the machineries, equipment, experienced engineers and other
situations has led us to be confidential, well experienced and skilled.

Generally speaking the benefits that we gained during the internship program can be
summarized with the following core points:

 Practical skills
 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge and able to use it for practical work.
 Developing of communication skill.
 Developing skill of team work.
 Improving personal ethics and knowing work ethics.
 Being able to do different tasks.
 Knowing the local construction terms.
Summarizing, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our future career.

4.2 Recommendations
4.2.1 Recommendation to the hosting company
During my Three months of internship experience period I have seen some positive and
negative sides about the internship hosting company. In this part of my report I will try to
suggest some ideas. I have some recommendation for my hosting company:

 The weakness of the company is that, they have no enough safety material especially
for daily workers, they didn’t give any attention for safety but it is very necessary for
any construction company because nothing is better than human’s life.
 The project has delay problem due to construction material shortage so the company
have to supply material on time.

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 Some of the daily labours didn’t follow the structural order given the site engineers,
and to overcome these defects there should be a high degree of supervision of
workmanship.
4.2.2 Recommendation to the University
 The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for
that to make the study.
 The supervision and assistant from the department was not sufficient.
Therefore I suggest the department to arrange more frequent contact time
between the university advisors and the intern student.
 Giving courses that are appropriate for the site work before the internship class,
like quantity surveying which was a big challenge for all of us

 Budget adjustment for internship program since the inflation in our county is at
higher level.

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References
 Company website.
 Company’s document, contract document and company profile document.
 Final internship document from previous year.
 http://www.mekaconcreteplants.com
 http://www.dailycivil.com
 http://www.scholar.google.com/
 http://www.wikipidia.com
 http://www.civilread.com

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Appendix
 Sponda-side formwork used to retain concrete for beam and slab.
 Concrete - ‘armata’
 Reinforcement - ‘fero’
 Plumbing bob ( Tumbi) -leveling instrument used to check a vertical alignment of
member
 Stirrup - ‘stafa’
 Slab : - Soleta
 Berga: - 12m length bar.
 Soffit: - bottom form work of beam.
 Ready Mix: concrete that is specifically manufactured for customers'
construction projects, andsupplied to the customer on site as a single product

 Chair Bar/Kebeleto: it maintain the constant gap between upper cage

reinforcement and lowercage reinforcement

 Flat Slab: reinforced-concrete floor construction not requiring beams and girders
to transmit the floor load to supporting columns.

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Table 4.1 take off sheet

Takeoff Sheet
Project :- B+G+9 Building
Location :- Addis Ababa
Client:- St-Tsehay insurance
Contractor :- Bamacon Engineering PLC
T.G L*W*H Squ Unit Description T.G L*W*H Squ Unit Description
A. SUB STRACTURE

1.Excavation and
Earth work

32.00
1 1.1. Site Clearing
38.00 1,216.00 m²
Total
1.2. Bulk
Excavation
1 31.00 depth =50cm
37.00

0.50 m³
573.50 Total
1.3. Pit
1.3. Pit Excavation T.G L*W*H Squ Unit Excavation
+4.5 +1.5
4 4.30 2 3.50
4.30 3.50
1.20 88.75 m³ F1-c1 1.00 24.50 m³ F3-c3
2 3.90 4 3.50
3.90 3.50
1.20 36.50 m³ 1.00 49.00
F2-c2 m³ F3-c4
2 3.50 2 2.90
3.50 2.90
1.00 24.50 m³ F3-c3 0.80 13.46 m³ F4-c3
2 3.50 2 2.90
3.50 2.90
1.00 24.50 m³ F3-c4 0.80 13.46 m³ F4-c6
2 3.50 2 2.50
3.50 2.50
1.00 24.50 m³ F3-c5 0.60 7.50 m³ F5-c7
2 2.50 2 3.90

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2.50 3.90
0.60 3.75 m³ F5-c7 1.00 30.42 m³ CF-1
1
10.50
202.51 m³ Total
6.50
1.00 68.25 m³ CF-2

206.58 m³ Total
Total pit excavation
=
409.09
m³

T.G L*W*H Squ Unit Description T.G L*W*H Squ Unit Description
2.concrete work 2.concrete
+4.5 work + 1.5
2.1 lean
2.1 lean concrete concrete
A. under
4 3.8 A. under footing pad 2 3 footing pad
3.8 57.76 m² F1-c1 3 18 m² F3-c3
2 3.4 4 3
3.4 23.12 m² F2-c2 3 36 m² F3-c4
2 3 2 2.4
3 18 m² F3-c3 2.4 11.52 m² F4-c3
2 3 2 2.4
3 18 m² F3-c4 2.4 11.52 m² F4-c6
2 3 2 2
3 18 m² F3-c5 2 8 m² F5-c7
2 2 2 3.4
2 8 m² F5-c7 3.4 23.12 m² CF-1

10
142.88 m² Total 1
6 60.00 m² CF-2

168.16 m² Total
Total lean concrete
=
311.04
m²

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2.2 C-30
2.2 C-30concrete concrete +
+ 4.5 1.5

A) for pad A) for pad

4 4 2 3
4 3
1 69.31 m³ F1-c1 1 18.00 m³ F3-c3
2 3 4 3
3 3
1
27.74 m³ 1 36.00
F2-c2 m³ F3-c4
2 3 2 2
3 2
1 18.00 m³ F3-c3 1 9.22 m³ F4-c3
2 3 2 3
3 3
1 18.00 m³ F3-c4 1 13.46 m³ F4-c6
2 3 2 2
3 2
1 18.00 m³ F3-c5 1 4.80 m³ F5-c7
2 2 2 3
2 3
1 8.00 m³ F5-c7 1 23.12 m³ CF-1
1
10
159.06 m³ Total
6
1 60.00 m³ CF-2

164.59 m³ Total
Total C-30 concrete
for pad =
323.65
m³

B) for
B) for foundation foundation
column +4.5 column +1.5
4 0.90 2 0.70
0.90 0.70
0.80 2.59 m³ F1-c1 1.00 0.98 m³ F3-c3
2 0.80 4 0.60
0.80 0.60

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0.80 1.02 m³ 1.00 1.44

F2-c2 m³ F3-c4
2 0.70 2 0.70
0.70 0.70
1.00 0.98 m³ F3-c3 0.40 0.39 m³ F4-c3
2 0.60 2 0.70
0.60 0.30
1.00 0.72 m³ F3-c4 0.40 0.17 m³ F4-c6
2 0.90 2 0.70
0.35 0.30
1.00 0.63 m³ F3-c5 1.40 0.59 m³ F5-c7
2 0.70 4 0.60
0.30 0.60
1.40 0.59 m³ F5-c7 1.00 1.44 m³ CF-1
4
0.60
6.53 m³ Total
0.60
1.00 1.44 m³ CF-2

6.45 m³ Total
Total C-30 concret for foundetion column =
12.98
m³

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