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Vortrag Hajian Poorya

The document describes the design and implementation of an RDS encoder for a campus broadcast sender at the University of Duisburg-Essen. The RDS encoder transmits program identification and other data using conventional FM radio broadcasts. It was tested successfully by connecting it to a PC for data input and an FM transmitter to broadcast the RDS signal. Future work will expand the RDS encoder to transmit additional data like radio text, enhanced other network information, and clock time.

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Claudinei Figueira
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9 views45 pages

Vortrag Hajian Poorya

The document describes the design and implementation of an RDS encoder for a campus broadcast sender at the University of Duisburg-Essen. The RDS encoder transmits program identification and other data using conventional FM radio broadcasts. It was tested successfully by connecting it to a PC for data input and an FM transmitter to broadcast the RDS signal. Future work will expand the RDS encoder to transmit additional data like radio text, enhanced other network information, and clock time.

Uploaded by

Claudinei Figueira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Universität Duisburg-Essen

Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften


Fachgebiet Hochfrequenztechnik (HFT)

Bachelor Thesis
RDS Encoder for the Campus Broadcast Sender

Poorya Hajian

Supervisor:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Sollbach

Zweitgutachter:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Beyer

June 2009
What is RDS
Encoder?

Radio Data System, or RDS, is a communications protocol for


transmmiting small amounts of digital information like Program
service identificaton,Program identification by using conventional FM
radio broadcasts to send information over a communications channel
standard from the European Broadcasting Union.
Usage of RDS

The RDS system contains several types of information


transmitted, including time, track/artist info and
station identification which is the practice of radio or
television stations or networks identifying on air.

The Radio Data System, RDS, is intended for application to VHF/FM sound broadcasts
in the range 87.5 MHZ to 108.0 MHZ which may carry either stereophonic (pilot‐tone
system) or monophonic programs. The main objectives of RDS are to enable improved
functionality for FM receivers and to make them more user‐friendly by using features
such as Program Identification, Program Service name display and where applicable,
automatic tuning for portable and car radios, in particular.
RDS Encoder Circuit
The box of the RDS encoder from
front and from the back
How to connect RDS Encoder to PC?

The RDS encoder is connected directly to PC via


standard serial lap‐link cable terminated by
CANON D‐SUB female plugs.
We use our program to control the RDS. In fact
the Magic RDS works as a Demo version
software for our RDS encoder.
How to connect RDS Encoder to
transmitter?
Alternative connection for RDS
Encoder
RDS Connection in Radio Campus
Duisburg‐Essen University

The output of the RDS Encoder should be


connected to the SCA2(sub-carrier2 input
level adjustment) of the transmitter in
order to transmit the Program service
identification which is Campus FM.

Our Transmitter name is Cte broadcast 25


W FM Transmitter TX25 PLUS.
How to connect RDS Encoder to a
Transmitter in University?
Attention before connection
The interface of
software
RDS Encoder
Description
Interface of our Program

The program has been written in Delphi and has been attached with the
software in a CD to the documentation. In our case here in Duisburg‐Essen
University we gave for our Default PS the CAMPUSFM as program service
Identification which can be received in very high frequency of 104.50 from
Duisburg and 105.60 from Essen.
Message Format and
addressing for PS
Switch ON

Display opening message

Do you
want to use
yes previous No
setting?

Perform
Input new
Data

Output
Data

Flow Chart of Our Program


RDS Encoder Block diagram
Concept
Modulation characteristics of the data channel

Multiplex
left signal VHF/FM
Sound transmitter
program Stereo
19kHz pilot‐
signal Encoder tone signal
Right
Biphase symbol generator
Impulse Td/ + cosΠƒTd/ Suppressed‐carrier
converter 2
4 Amplitude modulator
Delay ‐

57 kHZ
RDS Subcarrier
frequency

57KHz
÷2 ÷24
2375 HZ Oscilator

The power of the data signal around the 57 kHz sub‐carrier is minimized by
coding each source data bit as a binary‐phase symbol.
4‐Bit D/A(Digital to Analog) Converter

The 4‐bit D/A converter is done with a R‐2R ladder network as


shown in figure below and produces the output voltage
according to V out, where the D's take the value 0 or 1 and
V ref = 5 v.

R‐2R ladder network.


Digital RDS signal
Anti‐aliasing Filter Frequency response

Digitally generated eight time over sampled RDS signal after D/A converter
and related 4‐bit bus states are shown in Figure below. The anti‐aliasing filter
is needed to suppress the overtones.
The anti‐aliasing filter is needed to suppress the overtones. It can be seen that the first overtone is
suppressed with approximately 40 dB.

Figure Anti‐aliasing filter frequency response


Baseband RDS bi‐phase signal
After RDS signal passes through the filter, only baseband bi‐phase signal
remains as shown in Figure below.
Spectrum of bi‐phase signal

Maximum baseband frequency is 2.4 kHz, and all the


frequencies above 2.4 kHz are suppressed over 30 dB
These impulse‐pairs are shaped by a filter HT(f), to give the required band‐limited
spectrum

The basic clock frequency is obtained by dividing the transmitted


RDS sub-carrier frequency (57 kHz) by 48. Consequently,
the basic data-rate of the system is 1187.5 bits/second.

This method of modulation may alternatively be thought of as a form of two‐phase


phase‐shift‐keying (PSK) with a phase deviation of ± 90 degree.
The Radio Data System is intended for application to VHF/FM sound
broadcasting transmitters in the range 87.5 to 108.0 MHZ, which carry
stereophonic (pilot-tone system) or monophonic sound broadcasts.

FM signal spectrum

The data signals are carried on a subcarrier which is added to the stereo multiplex signal
(or monophonic signal as appropriate) at the input to the VHF/FM transmitter.
We use the 19 kHz pilot synchronization only with the event that
we transmit in stereo.

During stereo broadcasts, the subcarrier will be locked to the 19 kHz


pilot‐tone.

The tolerance on the frequency of the 19 kHz pilot tone is ±2Hz ;


therefore the tolerance for the frequency of the subcarrier during
stereo broadcast is ±6 Hz.
When the RDS encoder operates
in mono mode ,a subcarrier
oscillator is stand‐alone quartz
controlled digital oscillator, done
with PLL(phase locked loop)

First, the 19 kHz band pass filter is needed to isolate 19


kHz stereo pilot‐tone from the MPX signal.

Next, the signal goes to the phase detector where it is


compared with a three times divided VCO (Voltage
Controlled Oscillator) signal.
PLL System

Figure shows the waveform of the 19 kHz input and 57 kHz


output of the PLL circuit
DSB‐SC Modulation

Double side band ‐ suppressed carrier modulation method is described as

where um(t) is the modulation signal, and ω0 is the circular frequency of


the modulated carrier. If um(t) is a harmonious function such as

Finally we can see that the DSB‐SC modulation method have an upper
side band (ω0 + ωm) and a lower side band (ω0 – ωm) around the
suppressed carrier.
DSB‐SC realization in our case is obtained by sampling the baseband bi‐
phase signal with a 57 kHz clock and filtering around 57 kHz with a band
pass filter. The band pass filter is fourth order active filter (type
Butterworth) shown in Figure
The whole principle of DSB‐SC modulation with this method is
shown in Figure below. After the DSB‐SC realization method, a RDS
signal obtains this figure below.

DSB‐SC carrier spectrum is shown


DSB‐SC modulated RDS signal.
RDS signal spectrum
Summary Block

The last issue is to sum RDS signal with a FM composite stereo multiplex or
mono signal depending on the input signal. We can use a variable resistor
which is used to set the RDS signal level. After the summing, buffer
amplifier outputs the MPX and RDS signal together as

PLL signals
Realization of summation block
Measurement of the signals with Oscilloscope

RDS signal Pilot tone 19 kHz


Figures show the appearance of RDS signal, pilot tone and a RDS signal
added to the pilot tone.

Pilot and RDS in‐phase Pilot and RDS in quadratic


(0 degrees phase shift) (90 degrees phase shift)
Figure shows the RDS signal in time domain
RDS Encoder signal
RDS Encoder signal
RDS Encoder Signal Spectrum
Conclusion

The goal was to make simple RDS Encoder which


transmits the Program Service Identification which is
Campus FM. That is done using a RDS Encoder which
can be used to connect to a PC and a transmitter for
collecting data and for generating bi‐phase signal. RDS
encoder was tested on air with FM transmitter and it
worked within expectations.
Future work on RDS encoder is to implement radio text
(RT), enhanced other network information (EON) and
clock time (CT) and M/S Music Speech.

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