GROUP PROPERTIES OF ELEMENT B.

Group I-B – coinage metals

- Employed for ornamental
A. Group I-A – Alkali metals
- One valence electron – very and coinage purposes

similar properties - Resemble alkali only with

- Good reducing agents respect to the valence

electrons
- Very reactive metals; cesium
is the most active metal C. Group II-A – Alkaline earth

- Form hydroxides which are metals

- Lose two electrons to form
strongly basic
- Form hydrides with 2+ ions thus they are all

hydrogen and halides with strong reducing agents

(except with Be)
halogen
- All metals combine with
- Reaction of oxygen: lithium
forms normal oxide (Li2O; oxygen, halogens, nitrogen,

sodium forms peroxides sulphur and hydrogen

(except Mg)
(Na2O2), and potassium
- Salts are not as soluble as
rubidium and cesium form
superoxides (MO2) those of the alkali metals

- Reaction of water: D. Group II-B – zinc family

- Zinc and cadmium are soft
 hydrides to form
hydrogen gas and while mercury (aka

metal hydroxide “quicksilver) exists liquid at

(stores under kerosene room temperature.

- Reacts with halogens,
coated with paraffin or
protected in some oxygen, nitric acid and other

other ways. common oxidizing agents.

 Oxides to form - Forms ions are –amines,

cyano-, and halo-.
hydroxides
 Peroxides and - Form oxide or basic

superoxides to form carbonate coating when

oxygen along with exposed to air, which

prevents further oxidation of
hydroxides
- Salts are all water soluble
 the metal, hence zinc is used G. Group IV-B – Titanium Family
in the manufacture of iron. - These elements form
- All are used in alloys; alloys oxidation states of +2 (good
of mercury are called reducing states), +3, and +4
amalgams. (most common one).
E. Group III-A – Boron family - Titanium is identified by the
- Oxidizes when heated in air, red color produced by
though stable at ordinary hydrogen peroxide in acid
temperatures; solution.
- React readily with sulphur H. Group V-A – Nitrogen Family
and halogens - Nitrogen and phosphorous
F. Group IV-A – Carbon Family are non-metals while
- Elements vary from non- antimony and bismuth as
metals ( C and Si) to metals metals
with (Sn and Pb) - Outer s2p3 electronic
- Elements exhibit 2+ and 4+ configuration, sharing 3 or 5
oxidation states. electrons which accounts for
- Lead and tin may give up 3+ and 5+ oxidation states
their two unpaired p - All elements combine to
electrons to form Pb2+ and hydrogen to form hydrides.
Sn2+. - Nitrogen form triple bonds
- Silica and silicates are found which accounts for its
everywhere on earth’s crust. greater stability with
- Germanium is rare and are oxidation and reduction.
found at minute quantities. - Phosphorous exist on two
- Tin occurs as oxides, SnO2. allotropes.
- Lead occurs as sulphide, PbS I. Group V-B -
called “galena”. Vanadium/Tantalum family
- Carbon is inert at room - Form compounds with
temperature and is said to oxidation states of 2+
be the building block of through 5;
organic compounds.
-
 - Good reducing agent but gas, bromine is reddish
inert to chemical action in brown liquid and iodine is a
finely divided form; black solid.
J. Group VI-A - Oxygen family - Most active family or non-
- Non-metallic, oxygen is a gas metals in the periodic table.
and sulphur as solid. - Fluorine is the best oxidizing
- Oxygen is the most abundant agent and most
element in the earth’s crust; electronegative element.
- Sulphur is commonly known - React with non-metals to
as “brimstone” or burning form covalent bonds.
stone; yellow solid M. Group VIII - Triad
- Metallic character increases 1. Iron triad – oxidation
as progressing down the states of 2+ and 3+; only
group. elements possessing
- Form monoatomic anions – magnetic properties at
oxides, sulphides, etc. room temperature
K. Group VI-B - Chromium family 2. Platinum metals –
- All metals, high melting nonreactive and occurs
points, great hardness and free in nature;
excellence resistance to N. Group VIII-B - Noble gas
corrosion. - Nonreactivity; 8 valence
- Chromium forms oxidation electrons
states of 2+, 3+ and 6+.
- Molybdenum and tungsten
oxidation states of 2+
through 6+.
- Form oxides which those of
high molecular weight are
acidic, include chromates
and molybdates.
L. Group VII-A - Halogen family
- Fluorine is pale yellow gas,
chlorine is greenish yellow