Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete

Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Categorical
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Categorical
Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Interval
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Nominal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Interval
Type of living accommodation Ordinal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Ratio
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Interval
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Ordinal
Religious Preference Ratio
 Barometer Pressure Interval
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Ratio

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?
Ans. 2^3=8
Total probability combinations are –
(HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, TTH, THT, TTT)
The probability that two heads and one tail are HHT, HTH, THH
That is 3 so probability=Number of favorable outcome/Total number of
outcome
=3/8 = 0.375
Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3
Ans. Two dice are rolled then Sample space is 36
a) Equal to 1 = as there are two dice the result will always start by at least
two only
b) Less than or equal to 4 = possible outcomes are {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),
(2,2),(3,1)} so Probability is = 6/36 =1/6
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3 = possible outcomes are {(1,5),(2,4),(3,3),
(4,2),(5,1),(6,6)} so probability is 6/36 = 1/6
Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random.
What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?

Ans. Total balls = (2 + 3 + 2) = 7

through combinations 7*6/2*1=21

 The probability that none of the balls drawn is blue means only red and green
should obtained Total number of balls = (2 +3) = 5
Through combinations 5*4/2*1=10
Event of drawing two balls, none of which is blue = 10/21 = 0.476

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of
the child-Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
Ans. Expected number of candies
= 1 *0.015 + 4*0.20 + 3*0.65 + 5*0.005 + 6*0.01 + 2 *0.12
= 0.015 + 0.8 + 1.95 + 0.025 + 0.06 + 0.24
=3.090
= 3.09

Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range &
comment about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points,Score,Weigh>
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
and also Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
Use Q7.csv file
Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below
 a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected
Value of the Weight of that patient?
Ans. As there are 9 patients
Probability of selecting each patient = 1/9
P(x) = 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9
Expected value = (1/9)(108) + (1/9)(110) + (1/9)(123) + (1/9)(134) +(1/9)
(135) + (1/9)(145) + (1/9)(167) + (1/9)(187) +(1/9)(199)
= (1/9)(108 + 110 + 123 + 134 + 135 + 145 + 167 + 187 + 199)
= (1/9) (1308)
= 145.33
Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
Use Q9_a.csv

SP and Weight(WT)
Use Q9_b.csv

Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

Ans. The above histogram is right skewed i.e positively skewed . There is one
outlier on right side
The boxplot has some outliers above upper extreme
Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in
Mexico. We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of
3,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average person in our
sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30
pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?

Ans. Using t-distribution, it is found that :

 The 94% confidence interval is (198.73, 201.27).

 The 96% confidence interval is (198.61, 201.39)
 The 98% confidence interval is (198.43, 201.57)

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
2) What can we say about the student marks?
Ans. 1) Mean = 41 , Median = 40.5 , Variance = 25.52 and SD = 5.05

2) We don’t have any outliers and the data is slightly skewed towards because
mean is greater than median means positively skewed

Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Ans. The nature of is depends on the mean, median and mode, it may be positive,
negative or zero. if the mean, median of data are equal, hence the kurtosis is
zero.
Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median ?
Ans. If the mean is greater than median, then the distribution is positively
skewed.
Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
Ans. If the mean is less than median, then the distribution is negatively skewed.
Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data ?
Ans. Positive value of kurtosis indicate that distribution is peaked and possesses
thick tails
Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Ans. Negative value of kurtosis indicate that distribution is flat and has thin tails.
Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.

What can we say about the distribution of the data?

Ans. The above boxplot is not normally distributed the median is towards the
higher value
What is nature of skewness of the data?
Ans. The data is skewed towards left. The whisker range of minimum value is
greater than maximum means negatively skewed.
What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?
Ans. The Inter Quartile Range = Upper Quartile – Lower Quartile = 18 – 10 = 8
Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect
Boxplot 2.
Ans. 1) There are no outliers.
2) Both the box plots shares the same median that is approximately in a range
between 275 to 250 and they are normally distributed with zero to no skewness
neither at the minimum or maximum range.
Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.
MPG <- Cars$MPG
a. P(MPG>38)
b. P(MPG<40)
c. P (20<MPG<50)

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv
Ans. a) MPG of cars follows normal distribution
 b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference
(Waist) from wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv
Ans. Adipose Tissues (AT) and Waist does not follows Normal Distribution
Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence interval,
60% confidence interval
Ans. Given:
Given confidence intervals are
90%
94%
60%
We need to find the z-scores at these intervals
Solution:
For 90% confidence interval:
We have the significance level at 5% (it is two tailed test)
That is:
α = 5% = 0.05
z at α = 0.05 from the z table will be:
z = 1.645.
For 65% confidence interval, we get:
We have the significance level at 3% (as it is two tailed test)
That is:
α = 3 % = 0.03
z at α = 0.03 from the z table will be:
z = 1.555.
For 60 % confidence interval, we get:
We have the significance level at 20 % ( as it is a two tailed
test)
that is:
α =20 % = 0.2
z at α = 0.2 from the z table will be:
z = 0.253
Therefore, we get that the z score at 90 % confidence interval
is 1.645, at 94 % confidence interval is 1.555 and at 60 %
confidence interval is 0.253.

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence interval,
99% confidence interval for sample size of 25
Ans. To compute the 95% confidence interval, start by
computing the mean and standard error: M = (2 + 3 + 5 + 6 +
9)/5 = 5. σM = = 1.118. Z.95 can be found using the normal
distribution calculator and specifying that the shaded area is
0.95 and indicating that you want the area to be between the
cutoff points
Confidence Level z
0.90 1.645
0.92 1.75
0.95 1.96
0.96 2.05
With a 90 percent confidence interval, you have a 10 percent
chance of being wrong. A 99 percent confidence interval would
be wider than a 95 percent confidence interval (for example,
plus or minus 4.5 percent instead of 3.5 percent).

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270
days. A researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs
last an average of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the
CEO's claim were true, what is the probability that 18 randomly selected
bulbs would have an average life of no more than 260 days

Hint:
 rcode  pt(tscore, df)

df  degrees of freedom

Ans: For probability calculations, the number of degrees of freedom is n - 1, so

here you need the t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom.
The probability that t < - 0.471 with 17 degrees of freedom assuming the
population mean is true, the t-value is less than the t-value obtained With 17
degrees of freedom and a t score of - 0.471, the probability of the bulbs lasting less
than 260 days on average of 0.3218 assuming the mean life of the bulbs is 300
days.