GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL CENTRE, OPP. SAFDARJUNG AIRPORT, NEW DELHI – 110003

CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS

nd
SECTION 7 – FLIGHT CREW STANDARDS DATED: 22 SEP 2014
SERIES 'I' PART II ISSUE II, REVISION 5 EFFECTIVE: 15th MAY 2017

F. No. 22024/27/2014-FSD

SUBJECT: AUTHORIZATION OF INSTRUCTORS AND LINE TRAINING

CAPTAINS FOR SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL OPERATORS WITH
FIXED WING AIRCRAFT AND FOR APPROVED TRAINING
ORGANISATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

This Civil Aviation Requirement is issued under Rule 29C and Rule 133A of the
Aircraft Rules 1937 laying down the minimum requirements for the authorization
of instructors as provided for in Rule 38A of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 for
scheduled commercial operations with fixed-wing aircraft. An Instructor is an
operator/ATO employee, “authorized” by DGCA to impart instructional training
with an operator. To provide adequate trainers for line training and meet the
objectives of an operator’s/ATO’s training programme, this CAR lays down the
minimum requirements for an operator to “authorize” line training captains
(LTCs). The appointment of Line Training Captains is an operator’s function and
responsibility for standards rests with the post-holder Training of the operator.
Approval/authorization of DGCA is not required for LTCs.

2. TYPES OF INSTRUCTORS

(a) Type Rating Instructor – Simulator (TRI-S). For conduct of simulator

and aeroplane training and checking (other than base training).

(b) Type rating Instructor - Aeroplane (TRI-A). For conduct of simulator and
aeroplane training and checking.

(c) Synthetic Flight Instructors (SFI). For conduct of simulator training by

pilots not holding current and valid commercial pilot licenses.

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3. PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF INSTRUCTORS

3.1 The seniority, the position in the organisation and remuneration received by the
pilots shall not be the consideration for authorization as Instructors.

3.2 The number of Instructors depends on the requirement of line training needs of
the operator. Operators while recommending the names of pilot for
authorization of Instructors shall ensure and confirm that pilots recommended
for authorization as Instructors are of recognised integrity, free from prejudices
and strong likes and dislikes and capable of recording fair assessments and
shall be known for impartial conduct. They shall be capable of instilling high
standard of discipline among the flight crew and shall have balanced attitude
towards them.

3.3 Operators, before recommending the names of the pilots, shall subject the
pilots to a process of selection and suitability tests.

3.4 After completion of training, the completed records shall be submitted to FSD,
DGCA for authorization as Instructor.

Note: The minimum training requirements for Instructors are prescribed

in Appendix A.

3.5 The pilots recommended for authorization as TRIs:

(a) shall have been regularly flying the aircraft type for which the
authorization is sought. They should have consistently shown
satisfactory proficiency;

(b) shall not have failed in any of the proficiency checks on simulator/aircraft
during the preceding three months;

(c) shall have functioned as a Line Training Captain on the same type with
the operator for a minimum period of 6 months preceding nomination as
T R I or should have functioned as a TRI with the same operator for
a minimum period of 6 months, or should have functioned as a TRI with
another operator for a minimum period of 12 months in the previous 5
years, or for a pilot issued with FATA employed by the operator,
functioned as a TRI on type with an ICAO Contracting State for a
minimum period of 2 years during the previous 3 years, and;

(d) shall have minimum 100 hours of line training as LTC unless the pilot
has functioned as TRI earlier.

(e) shall not have tested alcohol positive during a pre/post flight medical
check in the previous 3 years.

(f) shall not have been held blameworthy for an aircraft accident/incident in
the previous 3/1 years respectively.

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Note:

Another type in context of (c) above means turboprop to turboprop,

turbojet to turbojet

3.6 The pilots recommended for authorization as SFIs:

(a) (i) shall have been current in flying as PIC on the same/another type
of commercial air transport with a scheduled operator on aeroplane
with AUW exceeding 5700 kgs in the preceding 5 years; or,

(ii) shall have been a simulator trainer on the same/another

type of commercial air transport with a scheduled operator or a
DGCA/ICAO Contracting State approved TRTO/ATO on
aeroplane AUW exceeding 5700 kgs in the preceding 5 years; or,

(iii) For a foreign pilot employed / engaged by an operator

without FATA, functioned as a TRI/SFI on the type with an ICAO
Contracting State for a minimum period of 2 years during the
previous 3 years; and

(b) shall not have tested alcohol positive during a pre/post flight
medical check in the previous 3 years of flying; and,

(c) shall not have been held blameworthy for an aircraft

accident/ incident in the previous 3/1 years of flying
respectively; and,

(d) shall have undergone a medical assessment by a doctor

qualified in Aviation Medicine on suitability for simulator
instructional duties that will address;

● Physical ability
● Visual and colour perception
● Hearing

Note
1: In addition to entry requirements, the medical assessment above
shall be conducted annually for SFIs above the age of 70 years.
The medical assessment may be conducted by any doctor including
operator’s doctor trained in aviation medicine,

2: Another type in context of (a) above means turboprop to turboprop,

turbojet to turbojet

3: For pilot qualified on another type as in Para 3.6 (a) (i), (ii) above,
or not current on the same type in preceding 3 years, full type rating
course as per CAR Section 7 Series B Part XIX including skill tests
and IR/PPC shall be completed for the pilot to be eligible to commence
training for SFI.

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4. For TRI/ SFI who have not exercised their privileges, the following
training shall apply to regain currency;

(a) 06 months to 01 year  observe and conduct of one FFS training

session.

(b) 01 to 02 years -> i) 2 hrs briefing session by TRI covering duties

and responsibilities of TRI ii) 2 hrs of IOS panel handling (not
applicable to pilots functioning as DE) iii) observe and conduct of
two FFS training session.

(c) More than 2 years  i) 2 hrs briefing session by TRI covering

duties and responsibilities of TRI ii) two hrs of IOS panel handling
(not applicable to pilots functioning as DE) iii) observe and conduct
of two FFS training session iv) one hour of FFS training PF from
RHS

3.7 The pilots recommended for authorization as Instructors shall undergo

the stipulated ground training and satisfactory checks on an approved
simulator/ aircraft. The pilots who fail in the check should not be
recommended for the respective approval for a period of three months.

3.8 The pilot trained as Instructors shall be checked for proficiency by

DGCA Flight Inspector or a nominated DE. The pilots who fail in the
proficiency check should not be recommended for the respective approval
for a period of three months.

Note: Nominated DE may be assigned responsibility for conducting checks

by the DGCA as per OC 4 of 2017. FOI check will be carried out as per
form in Annexure 16 to CAP 8200 FOI Manual.

4. PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF LINE TRAINING CAPTAINS

4.1 The seniority, the position in the organisation and remuneration

received by the pilots shall not be the consideration for authorization as
LTCs.

4.2 The number of LTCs depends on the requirement of line training needs of
the operator. It should be ensured that LTCs are of recognised integrity,
free from prejudices and strong likes and dislikes and capable of
recording fair assessments and shall be known for impartial conduct. They
shall be capable of instilling high standard of discipline among the flight
crew and shall have balanced attitude towards them.

4.3 The pilots appointed as LTCs :

(a) should have been regularly flying the aircraft type. They should
have consistently shown satisfactory proficiency;
(b) should not have failed in any of the proficiency
checks on simulator/aircraft during the preceding three months;
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(c) should not have tested alcohol positive during a pre/post flight
medical check in the previous 3 years.
(d) should not have been held blameworthy for an aircraft accident
in the previous 3 years or an aircraft incident in the previous 1
year.
Note: Pilots employed by an operator with FATA and holding current LTC or
equivalent approvals from an ICAO Contracting State will be permitted to
function as LTCs subject satisfactory completion of the selection and release
process as for national license holder LTCs.

4.4 LTCs shall be trained prior to being utilized for line training duties. The pilots
authorized as LTCs shall undergo the stipulated ground training and
satisfactory checks on an approved simulator/aircraft. The pilots who fail in
the check should not be appointed for a period of three months.

Note: The minimum training requirements for LTCs are prescribed in

Appendix B.

4.5 The pilots trained as LTCs shall be checked for proficiency by the operator.
The pilots who fail in the proficiency check should not be appointed for a
period of three months.

4.6 The record of successful completion of training and checks shall be

maintained by the operator and may be scrutinized by DGCA at any time.

5. QUALIFYING EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS

(a) Instructors

(i) Total Flying Experience 3,500 hours

(ii) Total Command Experience 1,500 hours
(iii) Total Command Experience on the type 1,000 hours
The total command experience on the type for approval as an Instructor shall
be 500 hours in case the pilot has been a functional instructor with the same
operator for not less than 1 year on another type and 750 hours in case the
pilot has been a functional instructor with another operator on another type for
not less than 1 year.

Note: Total command experience on the type Sub-Para (iii) above is applicable
only for TRI-S/A

(b) Line Training Captains

(i) Total Flying Experience - 3,000 hours

(ii) Total Command Experience - 1,000 hours
(iii) Total Command Experience on the type - 500 hours

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6. PRIVILEGES OF INSTRUCTORS AND LTCs

6.1 Type Rating Instructor - Simulator

(a) Training of PIC/co-pilots for type rating

(b) Training for issue/renewal of Instrument rating.
(c) Recurrent pilot proficiency training
(d) Line training including SLF
(e) Training and assessment of TRI-A and S/SFIs and LTCs
(f) Aeroplane/Simulator checks and assessment except Skill Tests,
PPC and IR Check and PIC upgrade route checks

6.2 Type Rating Instructor – Aeroplane

(a) Training of PIC/co-pilots for type rating

(b) Training for issue/renewal of Instrument rating.
(c) Recurrent pilot proficiency training
(d) Line training including SLF
(e) Training and assessment of TRI-A and S/SFIs and LTCs
(f) Aeroplane/Simulator checks and assessment except Skill Tests,
PPC and IR Check and PIC upgrade route checks
(g) Aeroplane training (Base training)

6.3 Synthetic Flight Instructors

(a) Training of PIC/co-pilots for type rating

(b) Training for issue/renewal of Instrument rating.
(c) Recurrent pilot proficiency training
(d) Simulator training of SFIs and LTCs

Note: Special operations training can be imparted by the Instructor provided he

has observed and conducted applicable special operations training simulator
session with an Instructor qualified to conduct such training.

6.4 Line Training Captains

(a) Line training including SLF

(b) Line checks and assessments when authorized by the operator,
except PIC upgrade route checks

6.5 (a) An TRI/LTC shall exercise his privileges on an aeroplane only when he
has a minimum of 10 hours flying experience as PIC on the type
during the preceding 90 days. In case an Instructor does not meet
this requirement, he shall exercise privileges limited to that of an SFI
till he has this recent experience; and

(b) An Instructor/LTC shall continue to exercise his privileges when he

has exercised the privileges of Instructor/LTC as applicable on the
type during the preceding 6 months except when a pilot is newly
authorized on the type. In case an Instructor is not meeting this
recent experience, he shall first exercise his privileges under the
supervision of a functional Instructor. He shall start functioning
independently again, only if his proficiency is found satisfactory.

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7. VALIDITY AND RENEWAL OF INSTRUCTORS:

7.1 Unless revoked or suspended, the authorization of the Instructor shall remain
valid for a period of five years from the date of issue of authorization so long
as the pilots continue to meet the applicable requirements of this CAR and
remain in the employment of the operator who has obtained the
authorization.

7.2 The DGCA authorized Instructors shall be required to undergo assessment

of
their continued proficiency in carrying out their privileges as Instructors.
Such assessment shall be carried out in the simulator as a “Instructor
Standardization Check” once in two years by an F O I o r a Designated
Examiner of the operator/ DE assigned to the ATO for purpose of checks,
record of which will be forwarded to FSD.

7.3 Renewal of authorization of Instructor shall be accorded after submitting the

following documents by the operators at least three months in advance.

(a) Copy of license and medical certificate.

(b) Record of standardization checks.

The request will be examined at FSD, and if found satisfactory, a DGCA

FOI/nominated DE will assess the proficiency as in para 3.8 above following which
the authorization may be extended for another 5 years.

8. WITHDRAWAL OF INSTRUCTOR PRIVILEGES

8.1 Privileges granted to a pilot as an Instructor may be withdrawn by the DGCA

if
the pilot is found lacking in any of the requirements. Post Holder Training of
the operator/ATO may also recommend to the DGCA, withdrawal of
privileges as Instructor in respect giving adequate justification.

8.2 Instructor privileges may be withdrawn by the DGCA, in part or in whole, for
due cause. In these cases, the DGCA Flight Standards Directorate will
issue a written notification of withdrawal of privileges to the Instructor
concerned, and also inform the applicable Operator(s)/ATO. Where there is
an immediate threat to safety, this privilege will be withdrawn immediately.
The DGCA may withdraw an Instructor’s authority if evidence shows that
an Instructor has:

• At any time, acts in a manner which is in contravention of the

guidelines contained in this CAR;

• Failed to follow the applicable instructions to maintain the required

standards, or to follow proper procedures;

• Tested alcohol positive in a pre/post flight medical check;

• Fraudulently misused Instructor authority, or acted in any other way

that would discredit the DGCA;

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• Breached the DGCA Civil Aviation Rules and Regulations; or

• During the course of a Proficiency Check, Skill Test or Standardization

Check failed to meet the required DGCA Standards.

Except where there is an immediate threat to safety, the DGCA, prior to

making a final decision in the matter of withdrawal of an Instructor’s
authority, shall ensure the matter has been investigated thoroughly; and
the Instructor and, where applicable, the concerned Operator, have been
given a formal opportunity to respond to the allegations, either verbally or
in writing.

Note: Refer Operations Circular 2 of 2013 - Withdrawal/Reinstatement of

Trainer Approval

9. VALIDITY, RENEWAL AND STANDARDS OF LTC

The validity and renewal of LTC authorization and standards required to be

maintained by the LTC are the responsibility of the operator.

10. GENERAL

10.1 A pilot may hold independent yet concurrent appointment as DE and

authorization as Instructor. The requirements for such appointment or
authorization will be met separately with distinct approval, standardization
processes and validity periods. Withdrawal and reinstatement would be
treated separately for both cases.

10.2 SFIs approved for one operator/ATO may be cross-utilized by another

operator/ATO with the same type of aeroplane provided an indoctrination
course of the respective Operations Manual/Training and Procedures
Manual with minimum duration 8 hours is conducted followed by a
standardization check by the Post-holder Training or his nominated TRI.
Training and duty records will be maintained by both operator/ATO involved
in the cross-utilization. No separate authorization is required by DGCA.

10.3 A DGCA FOI, when scheduled by the FSD, DGCA may conduct any training
or checks. FOI may monitor (by way of random check) any Instructor or LTC
conducting any training or check, at any time.

11. FEES

11.1 Fees for Instructor approval is Rs Ten Thousand only and for renewal of
Instructor approval is Rs Five Thousand only.

11.2 Whenever DGCA FOI is on board the aircraft / simulator to conduct Instructor
release check / standardization check fees shall be applicable in accordance
with Rule 48 (2) of the Aircraft Rules 1937.

(BS Bhullar)
Director General of Civil Aviation

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APPENDIX A

MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUCTORS

1. Ground Training

Ground training shall consist of two parts;

(a) Technical theoretical knowledge instruction (technical training)

comprising of minimum 12 hours training to include the revision of
technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the
development of classroom instructional skills to enable the
Instructor to instruct the technical theoretical knowledge syllabus.

(b) Teaching and learning instruction (trainers course) comprising of

minimum 40 hours training to cover;

● Learning process
● Teaching process
● Training philosophies
● Techniques of applied instruction
● Airborne instruction techniques
● Student evaluation and testing
● Training programme development
● Human performance and limitations relevant to flight
instruction
● Specific hazards involved in simulating systems failures
and malfunctions in the aircraft during flight
● Training administration

Note: Ground training for Instructors can be modular. Validity of the

ground course will be 2 years. In case of change of operator, credit for
similar duration ground course can be carried forward.

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2. Simulator Training

2.1 Phase I

(a) One simulator session of at least two hours from right hand seat
and for the purpose of familiarisation and handling of normal,
abnormal and emergency conditions especially in traffic circuits.

(b) Assessment of at least two hours with the trainee instructor in the
right hand seat, instructor in left hand seat acting as a Pilot-
under-training during which the trainee Instructor Pilot shall
demonstrate his skill in handling the aircraft in normal, abnormal
and emergency conditions and taking timely corrective actions.

2.2 Phase - II

(a) The trainee Instructor Pilot shall observe a complete PIC or Co-
pilot training profile as per CAR Section 7 Series B Part XIX
(except IR/PPC and skill tests).

(b) The trainee Instructor Pilot shall impart instructions under

supervision of an Instructor a complete training profile of PIC or
Co-pilot as per CAR Section 7 Series B Part XIX ((except IR/PPC
and skill tests).
Note 1: If a batch of at least two PIC/Co-pilot trainees is being
trained together for the complete course, the trainee Instructor
Pilot may impart instructions along with the Instructor Pilot
alternatively, thus reducing the simulator timings.

Note 2: The Operator shall formulate and specify additional

syllabus of simulator training for trainee SFIs depending upon
their background and experience level to enable them to
demonstrate adequately exercises such as, but not limited to,
reject take off, engine failure on take off and approach, circuits
and landings including with engine inoperative, stall and
recovery, crosswind take off and landing.

Note 3: For TRI-S upgrading to TRI-A, full training credit for training
for TRI-S is allowed, requiring additional training as in Para 3 below
only.
Note 4: The validity of Phase I training (Para 2.1) is 3 months
within which Phase II (Para 2.2) must be completed. If more than
3 months have elapsed, then Phase I training must be repeated
prior to commencing/resuming Phase II training.

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3. Aircraft Training (required only for TRI-A)

3.2 Phase I

Adequate flying training to the satisfaction of instructor with the trainee

Instructor Pilot occupying right hand seat and TRI occupying left hand
seat acting as Pilot-under-Training. Minimum 3 take-offs and landings
out of which at least one landing shall be with simulated one engine
inoperative. This is to provide practice in handling the aircraft in normal,
abnormal and emergency conditions from right hand seat and also to
impart instructions and to take timely corrective actions.

Note: Phase I above may be carried out in a simulator. Phase I (Para 3.1)
is not required if Phase I (Para 2.1) has been completed out in the
preceding 3 months.

3.3 Phase II

(a) Observe an Instructor conduct base training in an aeroplane,

consisting of minimum 3 take offs and landings
(b) Conduct under supervision of an Instructor base training in an
aeroplane consisting of minimum 3 take offs and landings.

Note 1: The validity of Phase I training (Para 3.1) is 3 months within

which Phase II (Para 3.2) must be completed. If more than 3 months have
elapsed, then Phase I training must be repeated prior to
commencing/resuming Phase II training.

Note 2: The Instructor supervising the base training (Para3.2)

occupies the observer seat while the under trainee instructor, having
been trained in Phase I satisfactorily occupies the LHS/RHS seat as
PIC. It is acceptable for the instructor to occupy LHS/RHS as PIC and
act as under training while supervising the trainee instructor rather than
occupying the observer seat.

4. Line Training

4.1 For TRIs, at least one SLF sector should be conducted by the trainee
Instructor pilot under supervision of an Instructor. Instructor may
occupy left hand seat or right hand seat and act as a Pilot-under-
training also.
4.2 For SFIs, observation of 4 sectors line flights/4 LOFT sessions in a
simulator with an Instructor.

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5. Release Check

Final proficiency check of the trainee Instructor Pilot shall be carried out
by a DGCA Flight Inspector/nominated DE in a simulator or on aircraft (if
there is no simulator) as per Annexure 16 to CAP 8200 FOI Manual.
Credit for TRI-S proficiency check permitted for TRI-S upgrading to TRI-
A. The FOI check will not be required separately for authorization as
TRI-A in this case.

6. Training for Current Instructors on Type with Change of Operator

Indoctrination course of the respective Operations Manual/Training and

Procedures Manual with minimum duration 8 hours followed by a
standardization check by the Post-holder Training or his nominated TRI.
Thereafter the operator will apply for approval of the instructor from FSD,
DGCA submitting previous approval and training records as above. In
this case, standardization check cycle will be based on original instructor
proficiency check by FOI and credit for standardization checks carried
out with previous operator.

7. Training for Pilots not Current or Qualified on Type of Aeroplane

7.1 For DGCA/ICAO Contracting State approved instructors who have held
an instructor approval in the previous 5 years, credit for ground training
as in Para 1 of this Appendix is permitted provided such ground training
has been carried out in the preceding 2 years. In this case, recurrent
ground training will suffice, followed by training/checks as in Para 2 to 5
of this Appendix.
7.2 Full type rating course including skill tests and IR/PPC is to be completed
prior to commencing training as instructor on type on which the pilot is
not current or qualified in preceding 3 years.

8. Recurrent Training Requirements for Instructors

8.1 An operator/ATO shall ensure that instructors undergo recurrent Trainers

course of at least one day once in 2 years covering topics in Para 1 (b)
above. If the recurrent g r o u n d course is done within 3 months prior to
original expiry date, the next recurrent is to be done within 2 years of the
original expiry date.
8.2 An operator/ATO shall ensure that SFIs undergo annual technical and
performance recurrent ground training as per CAR Section 8 Series F
Part II
8.3 An operator/ATO shall ensure that SFIs undergo at least 2 hours of FFS
training as PF every 6 months covering exercises required in type rating
profiles.

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APPENDIX B

MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR LINE TRAINING CAPTAINS

1. Ground Training

Ground training shall consist of two parts;

(a) Technical theoretical knowledge instruction (technical training)

comprising of minimum 12 hours training to include the revision of
technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the
development of classroom instructional skills to enable the LTC to
instruct the technical theoretical knowledge syllabus.

(b) Teaching and learning instruction (trainers course) comprising of

minimum 24 hours training to cover;

● Learning process
● Teaching process
● Training philosophies
● Techniques of applied instruction
● Airborne instruction techniques
● Student evaluation and testing
● Training programme development
● Human performance and limitations relevant to flight
instruction
● Specific hazards involved in simulating systems
failures and malfunctions in the aircraft during flight
● Training administration

Note: Ground training for LTCs can be modular with credit for
modules carried forward in case of LTC to Instructor upgrade within 2
years of the ground course. Validity of the ground course will be 2
years. In case of change of operator, credit for similar duration ground
course can be carried forward.

2. Simulator Training
(a) One simulator session of at least two hours from right hand seat for the
purpose of familiarisation and handling of normal, abnormal and
emergency conditions from right hand seat.
(b) One simulator session of at least two hours from left hand seat for the
purpose of familiarisation of Pilot Monitoring duties from left hand seat
(c) Assessment of at least 2 hours from right hand seat.

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3. Aircraft Training

Adequate flying training to the satisfaction of instructor from right hand

seat with minimum of 3 take-offs and landings and at least one landing
shall be with simulated one engine inoperative. The purpose of the
training flight is to establish proficiency in handling the aircraft in normal,
abnormal and emergency conditions from right hand seat.

Note: For aircraft where Level ‘D’ Simulator is available, this requirement
of aircraft training can also be carried out on Simulator along with
Simulator Training as in para 2 above. Where Simulator Training cannot
be availed, aircraft training as at para 3 above is required to be carried
out.

4. Line Training

At least two SLF sectors with trainee LTC occupying right hand seat with
Instructor in left hand seat. Out of the two, at least one flight should be at
night. The purpose is to introduce the trainee LTC to line flying duties
from right hand seat as PF.

5. Release Flight

On successful completion of Line Training, the post-holder Training (or

his nominee) shall observe the trainee LTC from the observer seat and if
performance is satisfactory, the pilot may be authorized as LTC to act as
PIC from LHS/RHS for line training flights.

6. Recurrent Training for LTCs

An operator shall ensure that LTCs undergo recurrent Trainers course of
at least one day once in 2 years covering topics in Para 1 (b) above. If
the recurrent g r o u n d course is done within 3 months prior to original
expiry date, the next recurrent is to be done within 2 years of the original
expiry date.

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