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Week 15 (Part 3) - Integration by Partial Fractions

The document discusses techniques for evaluating integrals of rational functions using partial fraction decomposition. It covers four cases: distinct linear factors, repeated linear factors, distinct quadratic factors, and repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for determining the partial fractions and evaluating the integrals.

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39 views15 pages

Week 15 (Part 3) - Integration by Partial Fractions

The document discusses techniques for evaluating integrals of rational functions using partial fraction decomposition. It covers four cases: distinct linear factors, repeated linear factors, distinct quadratic factors, and repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for determining the partial fractions and evaluating the integrals.

Uploaded by

qweqwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 17

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Differential and Integral Calculus


Lesson 3:
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
BY PARTIAL FRACTION

Differential and Integral Calculus


OBJECTIVE:
• evaluate integrals using partial fractions

Differential and Integral Calculus


Definitions:
A rational function is a function which can be expressed as a
quotient of two polynomial function. That is, a function 𝐻 is a rational
function if:
𝒇 𝒙
𝑯 𝒙 = ,
𝒈 𝒙
where both 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 are polynomials and 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0. In general, we
𝒇 𝒙
shall be concerned in integrating expressions of the form: ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝒈 𝒙
If the degree of 𝑓 𝑥 , the numerator, is less than the degree of the
denominator, 𝑔 𝑥 , their quotient is called proper fraction; otherwise, it is
called improper fraction.

Differential and Integral Calculus


An improper fraction can be expressed as the sum of a polynomial and a
proper fraction. Thus, given a proper rational function:
𝒙𝟑 𝒙
𝟐
=𝒙− 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏
It was expressed as the sum of the monomial 𝑥 and a proper fraction by the
process of division.

Every proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of


simpler fractions (partial fractions) which may have a linear or quadratic
denominator.
The method of partial fractions is an algebraic process of expressing
a given rational function as a sum of simpler fractions called the partial
fraction decomposition of the given rational function. Partial fraction is
used in the decomposition of proper fraction. Four cases shall be
considered, namely

Differential and Integral Calculus


CASE 1: DISTINCT LINEAR FACTOR OF THE
DENOMINATOR
For each linear factor 𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 of the denominator, there
corresponds a partial fraction having that factor as the denominator and a
constant numerator. That is,

𝒇 𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑵
≡ + + ⋯+
𝒈 𝒙 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏

where A, B,…, N are constant to be determined. Thus,

𝒇 𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑵
න 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ + න 𝒅𝒙
𝒈 𝒙 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏

Differential and Integral Calculus


Differential and Integral Calculus
CASE 2: REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR OF THE
DENOMINATOR
If the linear factor (𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 ) appears 𝑛-times, that is there is a factor
𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 𝒏 , as the denominator of the rational function, for each repeated
linear factor of the denominator, there corresponds a series of partial
fraction,

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑵
+ + + ⋯+
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝟑 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒏

(to make each fraction independent of the other) where A, B, C,…,N are
constants to be determined. The degree 𝒏 of the linear factor gives the
number of partial fractions in a series. Thus,

𝒇 𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑵
න 𝒅𝒙 ≡ න 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ + න 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒈 𝒙 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃

Differential and Integral Calculus


Differential and Integral Calculus
CASE 3: DISTINCT QUADRATIC FACTOR OF
THE DENOMINATOR
For each irreducible quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, with its
discriminant, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, occurring once in the denominator of a
proper rational function, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the
form:

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑨 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 + 𝑩
𝒐𝒓
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

where 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 represents the derivative of the quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +


𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄. Thus, if 𝒈 𝒙 representing the denominator of the rational
function, has factors:
𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄 …
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄

Differential and Integral Calculus


Then,
𝒇 𝒙 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫
න 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒈 𝒙 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑴𝒙+𝑵
+⋯+ ‫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒂 ׬‬+𝒃 𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
or
𝒇 𝒙 𝑨 𝟐𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑪 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝑫
න 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒈 𝒙 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑴 𝟐𝒂𝒏 𝒙+𝒃𝒏 +𝑵
+⋯+ ‫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒂 ׬‬+𝒃 𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏

where 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, … , 𝑵 are constants to be determined.

Differential and Integral Calculus


Differential and Integral Calculus
CASE 4: REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTOR
OF THE DENOMINATOR

For each irreducible quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, with 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 <


𝟎, occurring n-times as factor of the denominator of a proper rational
function, there corresponds a sum of n-partial fractions of the form:

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫 𝑴𝒙 + 𝑵
+ 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒏

Or

𝑨 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 + 𝑩 𝑪 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 + 𝑫 𝑴 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 + 𝑵


+ + ⋯+
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒏

where 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, … , 𝑵 are constants to be determined.

Differential and Integral Calculus


Differential and Integral Calculus
EXERCISE:
Evaluate the following integrals:

𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙
1. ‫𝟐𝒙 ׬‬+𝟓𝒙+𝟒 𝒅𝒙 5. ‫׬‬
𝒙𝟑 +𝟖

𝟑𝒚−𝟒 𝒚𝟐 +𝟐𝒚−𝟏
2. ‫𝟑𝒚 ׬‬−𝟑𝒚𝟐+𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 6. ‫𝟒𝒚 ׬‬−𝟏𝟔 𝒅𝒚

𝟑𝒙+𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟒 +𝟓
3. ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 7. ‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒 +𝟒𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏

𝒚+𝟓
𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 8. ‫𝟔𝒚 ׬‬+𝟒𝒚𝟒+𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚
4. ‫𝟒𝒚 ׬‬−𝟔𝒚𝟑+𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 +𝟖𝒚 𝒅𝒚

Differential and Integral Calculus

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