BIOGRAPHY awareness but that nevertheless motivate most

of our words, feelings, and actions. Although we

• Born in Freiberg Moravia (now the may be conscious of our overt behaviors, we
Czech Republic) in 1856 often are not aware of the mental processes
• Spent most of life (80 years) in that lie behind them. For example, a man may
Vienna Austria know that he is attracted to a woman but may
• Was the eldest son of Eight not fully understand all the reasons for the
• Studied medicine, specializing in
attraction, some of which may even seem
Psychiatry; interested in science.
irrational.
• Studied hysteria with Charcot &
Breuer
• Studied on Hysteria (1895) Provinces of the Mind
• Abandoned seduction theory in 1897
and replaced it with Oedipus -THE ID
Complex. -THE EGO
-THE SUPEREGO
Overview of Psychoanalysis:
ID- Instincts
-A set of philosophical of human nature Ego- Reality
Superego-Morality
-Both approaches of theory and therapy
The ID (PLEASURE PRINCIPLE)
-Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the
main cause of behavior lies in the According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, the id
unconscious mind is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind
that contains sexual and aggressive drives and
Levels of Physical state: hidden memories.

-Conscious At the core of personality and completely

-Preconscious unconscious is the psychical region called the id,
-Unconscious a term derived from the impersonal pronoun
meaning “the it,” or the not-yet owned
Consciousness, which plays a relatively minor component of personality. The id has no contact
role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as with reality, yet it strives constantly to reduce
those mental elements in awareness at any tension by satisfying basic desires. Because its
given point in time. It is the only level of mental sole function is to seek pleasure, we say that
life directly available to us. the id serves the “Pleasure principle”.

The preconscious level of the mind contains all THE EGO (REALITY PRINCIPLE)
those elements that are not conscious but can
become conscious either quite readily or with The ego is the realistic part that mediates
some difficulty. between the desires of the id and the super-
ego.
The unconscious contains all those drives,
urges, or instincts that are beyond our
The ego, or I, is the only region of the mind in • BECAUSE THE MOUTH IS THE
contact with reality. It grows out of the id during FIRST ORGAN TO PROVIDE AN
infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of INFANT WITH PLEASURE,
communication with the external world. It is FREUD’S FIRST INFANTILE
governed by the “Reality principle”, which it STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THE
tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of ORAL PHASE. INFANTS OBTAIN
the id. As the sole region of the mind in contact LIFE-SUSTAINING
NOURISHMENT THROUGH THE
with the external world, the ego becomes the
ORAL CAVITY, BUT BEYOND
decision-making or executive branch of
THAT, THEY ALSO GAIN
personality.
PLEASURE THROUGH THE ACT
OF SUCKING
THE SUPEREGO (MORAL OR IDEALISTIC
PRINCIPLE) ANAL PHASE ( AGES 1-3)

The superego incorporates the values and • Erogenous zone : Anus

morals of society which are learned from one's • Harsh or lenient toilet training
parents and others. can make a child either:
• Anal retentive : stubborn,
In Freudian psychology, the superego, or above- stingy, orderly and compulsively
clean
I, represents the moral and ideal aspects of
• Anal expulsive: disorderly,
personality and is guided by the moralistic and messy, destructive or cruel
idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure • Pleasure is gained by being able
principle of the id and the realistic principle of to control feces (Potty training).
the ego. The superego grows out of the ego,
and like the ego, it has no energy of its own.

STAGES OF
PHALLIC PHASE ( AGES 3-6)
DEVELOPMENT/PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES Awakening of sexuality

-ORAL Oedipus Complex: for boys only.

-ANAL Boys feels rivalry with his father
-PHALLIC for his mother affection. When a
-LATENCY male child wants to eliminate his
father so he can have sex with
-GENITAL his mother. ( from Greek tale
“Oedipus rex” by Sophocles)
ORAL PHASE (0-1)
• EROGENOUS ZONE: MOUTH Female Oedipus Complex
(ORAL) (Electra complex): girls love her
• GRATIFICATION IS GAINED BY father and competes with her
ORAL STIMULATION mother. Girl identifies with her
(BREASTFEEDING) mother more slowly because she
• IF A CHILD IS OVER GRATIFIED already feels.
OR UNDER GRATIFIED, ORAL
TRAITS WILL DEVELOP.
 Erogenous zone: Genitals
• DISPLACEMENT

LATENCY ( AGES 6- PUBERTY) • FIXATION

DURING THIS STAGE, SUPEREGO • REGRESSION

CONTINUES TO DEVELOP WHILE
THE ID'S ENERGIES ARE
• PROJECTION
SUPPRESSED. CHILDREN DEVELOP
SOCIAL SKILLS, VALUES AND
• INTROJECTION
RELATIONSHIPS WITH PEERS AND
ADULTS OUTSIDE OF THE FAMILY.
• SUBLIMATION
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGO
AND SUPEREGO CONTRIBUTES TO • Repression is the
THIS PERIOD OF CALM. THE STAGE withdrawal
BEGINS AROUND THE TIME THAT from consciousness of an
CHILDREN ENTER INTO SCHOOL unwanted idea, affect, or
AND BECOME MORE CONCERNED desire by pushing it down, or
WITH PEER RELATIONSHIPS, repressing it, into the
HOBBIES, AND OTHER INTERESTS. unconscious part of the mind.
• An example may be found
in a case of hysterical
amnesia, in which the victim
GENITAL STAGE ( AGES 12- has performed or witnessed
PUBERTY-ON) some disturbing act and then
completely forgotten the act
THE ONSET OF PUBERTY CAUSES itself and the circumstances
THE LIBIDO TO BECOME ACTIVE surrounding it.
ONCE AGAIN. DURING THE FINAL
STAGE OF PSYCHOSEXUAL Reaction Formation
DEVELOPMENT, THE INDIVIDUAL
DEVELOPS A STRONG SEXUAL
INTEREST IN THE OPPOSITE SEX. is the fixation in consciousness of an
THIS STAGE BEGINS DURING idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to
a feared unconscious impulse.
PUBERTY BUT LAST THROUGHOUT
THE REST OF A PERSON'S LIFE.
An example of a reaction formation can
be seen in a young woman who deeply
DEFENSE MECHANISMS BY: resents and hates her mother. Because
SIGMUND FREUD she knows that society demands
affection toward parents, such
• REPRESSION conscious hatred for her mother would
produce too much anxiety. To avoid
• REACTION FORMATION painful anxiety, the young woman
concentrates on the opposite impulse— CONFLICTS WERE UNRESOLVED.
love. DEFENSE MECHANISMS. IN
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY, THE
EGO'S PROTECTIVE METHODS OF
DISPLACEMENT REDUCING ANXIETY BY
UNCONSCIOUSLY DISTORTING
IN DISPLACEMENT, HOWEVER,
REALITY.
PEOPLE CAN REDIRECT THEIR
UNACCEPTABLE URGES ONTO A
REGRESSION
VARIETY OF PEOPLE OR OBJECTS
SO THAT THE ORIGINAL IMPULSE IS
ONCE THE LIBIDO HAS PASSED A
DISGUISED OR CONCEALED.
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, IT MAY,
DURING TIMES OF STRESS AND
FOR EXAMPLE, A WOMAN WHO IS
ANXIETY, REVERT BACK TO THAT
ANGRY AT HER ROOMMATE MAY
EARLIER STAGE. SUCH A
DISPLACE HER ANGER ONTO HER
REVERSION IS KNOWN AS
EMPLOYEES, HER PET CAT, OR A
REGRESSION (FREUD, 1917/1963).
STUFFED ANIMAL. SHE REMAINS
REGRESSIONS ARE QUITE COMMON
FRIENDLY TO HER ROOMMATE, BUT
AND ARE READILY VISIBLE IN
UNLIKE THE WORKINGS OF A
CHILDREN.
REACTION FORMATION, SHE DOES
NOT EXAGGERATE OR OVERDO HER
FOR EXAMPLE, A COMPLETELY
FRIENDLINESS.
WEANED CHILD MAY REGRESS
DEMANDING A BOTTLE OR NIPPLE
FIXATION
WHEN A BABY BROTHER OR SISTER
IS BORN. THE ATTENTION GIVEN TO
FIXATION IS THE PERMANENT
THE NEW BABY POSES A THREAT TO
ATTACHMENT OF THE LIBIDO ONTO
THE OLDER CHILD. REGRESSIONS
AN EARLIER, MORE PRIMITIVE
ARE ALSO FREQUENT IN OLDER
STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT (FREUD,
CHILDREN AND IN ADULTS.
1917/1963). LIKE OTHER DEFENSE
MECHANISMS, FIXATIONS ARE
PROJECTION
UNIVERSAL. PEOPLE WHO
PROJECTION IS THE PROCESS OF
CONTINUALLY DERIVE PLEASURE
DISPLACING ONE'S FEELINGS ONTO
FROM EATING, SMOKING, OR
A DIFFERENT PERSON, ANIMAL, OR
TALKING MAY HAVE AN ORAL
OBJECT.
FIXATION, WHEREAS THOSE WHO
ARE OBSESSED WITH NEATNESS
WHEN AN INTERNAL IMPULSE
AND ORDERLINESS MAY POSSESS
PROVOKES TOO MUCH ANXIETY,
AN ANAL FIXATION.
THE EGO MAY REDUCE THAT
ANXIETY BY ATTRIBUTING THE
A LINGERING FOCUS OF PLEASURE-
UNWANTED IMPULSE TO AN
SEEKING ENERGIES AT AN EARLIER
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE, IN WHICH
EXTERNAL OBJECT, USUALLY this term as instinct, but more accurately the
ANOTHER PERSON. word should be “drive” or “impulse.” Drives
operate as a constant motivational force. As
an internal stimulus, drives differ from
INTROJECTION/ IDENTIFICATION external stimuli in that they cannot be
avoided through flight.
TENDS TO REPLACE ALL OR PART
OF PERSONALITY
SEX
INTROJECTION IS THE PROCESS BY
The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but
WHICH THE SUBJECT REPLICATES this pleasure is not limited to
BEHAVIORS, ATTRIBUTES, OR genital satisfaction. Freud believed that the
OTHER FRAGMENTS OF THE entire body is invested with libido. Besides
SURROUNDING WORLD, the genitals, the mouth and anus are
ESPECIALLY OF OTHER SUBJECTS. especially capable of producing sexual
pleasure and are called erogenous zones.
EXAMPLE: A PATIENT ACTS AS AGGRESSION
MOSES
The aim of the destructive drive, according to
SUBLIMATION Freud, is to return the organism to
an inorganic state. Because the ultimate
inorganic condition is death, the final aim of
Each of these defense mechanisms serves
the aggressive drive is self-destruction.
the individual by protecting the ego
from anxiety, but each is of dubious value
As with the sexual drive, aggression is
from society’s viewpoint. According to
flexible and can take a number of forms,
Freud (1917/1963), one mechanism—
such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm,
sublimation—helps both the individual and
humiliation. humor, and the enjoyment of
the social group.
other people’s suffering. The aggressive
tendency is present in everyone and is the
Sublimation is the repression of the genital
explanation for wars, atrocities, and religious
aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or
persecution.
social aim. The sublimated aim is expressed
most obviously in creative cultural
ANXIETY
accomplishments such as art, music, and
literature, but more subtly, it is part of all
Sex and aggression share the center of
human relationships and all social pursuits.
Freudian dynamic theory with the concept
of anxiety. In defining anxiety, Freud
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
(1933/1964) emphasized that it is a felt,
affective, unpleasant state accompanied by
DRIVES (SEX AND AGGRESSION)
a physical sensation that warns the person
ANXIETY (NEUROTIC, MORAL, AND
against impending danger. The
REALISTIC ANXIETY)
unpleasantness is often vague and hard to
pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt.
DRIVES

Freud used the German word Trieb to refer

NEUROTIC ANXIETY
to a drive or a stimulus within the
person. Freud’s official translators rendered
Neurotic anxiety is defined as apprehension viewed dreams as “the royal
about an unknown danger. The feeling road” to the unconscious
itself exists in the ego, but it originates from and developed dream analysis,
id impulses. People may experience or dream interpretation, as a
neurotic anxiety in the presence of a way of tapping into
teacher, employer, or some other authority this unconscious material.
figure because they previously experienced
unconscious feelings of destruction against FREUDIAN SLIP
one or both parents. During childhood,
these feelings of hostility are often
Freud believed that many
accompanied by fear of punishment, and
everyday slips of the tongue or
this fear becomes generalized into
pen, misreading,
unconscious neurotic anxiety.
incorrect hearing, misplacing
objects, and temporarily
MORAL ANXIETY
forgetting names or intentions are
not chance accidents but reveal a
Moral anxiety stems from the conflict
person’s unconscious intentions.
between the ego and the superego. After
children establish a superego—usually by
Parapraxes or unconscious slips
the age of 5 or 6—they may experience
are so common that we usually
anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict
pay little attention to them and
between realistic needs and the dictates of
deny that they have any
their superego
underlying significance. Freud,
however, insisted that these
REALISTIC ANXIETY
faulty acts have meaning; they
reveal the unconscious intention
Realistic anxiety, is closely related to fear. It
of the person: “They are not
is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific
chance events but serious mental
feeling involving a possible danger. For
acts; they have a sense; they
example, we may experience realistic
arise from the concurrent
anxiety while driving in heavy, fast-moving
actions—or perhaps rather, the
traffic in an unfamiliar city, a situation
mutually opposing action—of two
fraught with real, objective danger.
different intentions”
However, realistic anxiety is different from
fear in that it does not involve a specific
fearful object.

APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY

DREAM ANALYSIS

FREUDIAN SLIP

DREAM ANALYSIS
• Dream analysis is a
therapeutic technique best known
for its use in
psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud