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ELECTIVE

Statistics refers to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data. It involves descriptive statistics, which describes data properties, and inferential statistics, which draws conclusions from data. The key processes in statistics are data collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation. There are different levels of measurement for data, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Population refers to the total subjects studied, while a sample is a smaller representative group. Common sampling techniques include random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.

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18 views5 pages

ELECTIVE

Statistics refers to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data. It involves descriptive statistics, which describes data properties, and inferential statistics, which draws conclusions from data. The key processes in statistics are data collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation. There are different levels of measurement for data, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Population refers to the total subjects studied, while a sample is a smaller representative group. Common sampling techniques include random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.

Uploaded by

mavel aying
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics - refers to a set of pertinent activities such as collection,

presentation, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data.


Latin word “Status” or Italian word “Statistia” or German word “Statistik” or
the French word “Statistique”; meaning a political state.

NATURE OF STATISTICS:
1. Descriptive Statistics - refers to that field of statistics that includes the
methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and averaging data with the
objective describing the properties of the data on hand.
2. Inferential Statistics - higher degree of critical judgement and advanced
mathematical models. This field with drawing conclusions or generalizations
from organized data.

Leonardo Fibonacci - meaning the son of Bonacci, he is well known for the
Fibonacci sequence and numbers.
John Grant - Published the book titled "Natural and Political"

Collection of data - refers to the process of gathering numerical information.

Four Essential Processes in Statistics:


Collection of data
Organization and presentation of data
Analysis of data
Interpretation of data

Methods of Gathering Pertinent Information:


Interview
Questionnaire
Observation
Experiments, and
Documentary analysis.

Measurement - Assignment of numerals according to rules that give these


numeral quantitative meaning.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT:
Nominal - Is the lowest level of data measurement where the values for the
variables are used for identifications purposes only. Merely aims to identify
label or class of variable.
Example: Martial Status in a survey such as single, married/living with a
partner, widowed, and separated.

Ordinal - Numbers are used to express rank to denote position in the ordering.
Example: Oliver rank 1st in his class while Donna is 2nd.

Interval - values in a set of interval data are consistent and meaningful, but
does not involve a true zero point.
Example: ‘IQ score of students in a grade 10 class’.

Ratio - Has all the properties of the interval scale in this level, there is a true
zero point (an absolute value of zero). Multiplication and division of
measurement can be performed.
Example: height and weight.

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA:
Primary Data - are first hand information.
Example: data gathered from a survey, where the person who collected the
data is the one using it.

Secondary Data - are second hand information.


Example: information from newspapers or journals, economic indicators.
The data being used are collected by another person or organization.

Internal Data - a private data collected within the organization from


departments like sales, finance, human resource, and marketing to help in
making decisions for the organization.
Example are organization’s health and safety records, mission and vision
statements, sales report.

External Data - Data collected and processed outside the organization.


Example are government reports, press release, internet.
Features of a Good Questionnaire:
1. Valid
2. Reliable
3. Clear
4. Succinct
5. Interesting
6. Limited number of questions
7. Proper sequence of questions
8. Simplicity
9. Instructions
10. No undesirable questions
11. Non – controversial questions
12. Objective – type questions.

Population - refers to the totality of all subjects under study.

Sample – small part that serves as the representative of the population.

Sampling – refers to the method of getting a small part form the population.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

Random Sampling - in this sampling method, each item in the population has
an equal and likely possibility of getting selected in the sample Since the
selection of item completely depends on the possibility, therefore this method
is called “Method of chance Selection”.

Systematic Sampling - members of the population are put in some order. A


starting point is selected at random, every nth member is selected to be in the
sample.

Stratified Sampling - in this sampling method, a population is divided into


subgroups that may differ in important ways. Divide the population into
subgroups (called strata).

Cluster sampling - is similar to stratified sampling, researchers divide a


population into smaller groups known as clusters.

Biased Sampling - a sample that doesn't accurately reflect all members of the
population.
Variable - is used to define certain observable values or characteristics. Any
information, attitude, characteristics, number, or quantity that describes as
person, a place or event, a thing, or an idea that can be measured or counted.

TWO TYPES OF VARIABLE:

1.Qualitative Variable/Categorical Data - are those obtained from variables


which are in the form of categories, characteristics, names or quantity that
describes a person, a place or event and answers the questions “what kind”
Example: gender, socio-economic status, civil status, religion.

2.Quantitative Variable/Numerical Data - are those obtained from variables


which are the form of numbers and answer the questions “how much” and “how
many”.
Example: age, height, weight, amount, speed, diameter, and the number of
marbles in a bag.

Central Tendency - measure of central tendency (also referred to as measures


of central location) is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole
set of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of its
distribution.

Unimodal - If there is only one mode.


Bimodal – if there are two modes.
Multimodal – 3 or more modes.

Mean - is sensitive to outliers that are found in skewed distributions, you


should only use the mean when the distribution is more or less normal.

Median - is used when either one of two conditions is met.

Mode - is used when you want to know the most frequent response, number, or
observation in a distribution.
COMPUTATIONS:

Slovin's Formula - is used to calculate an appropriate sample size from a


population.

Slovin’s Formula:
n = N/1+Ne^2

N is the population size


e is the margin of error
n is the sample size

Ex. Find the sample size if the population size is 250 at 95% accuracy.

Population size = 250


Margin of error = 100% - 95% = 5 (Turn it into decimal [0.05])

n = 250/1+250(0.05)^2
1+250(0.05)^2 = 1.625
250/1.625 = 153.84
Final Answer = 154

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