Hindawi

Mobile Information Systems

Volume 2023, Article ID 6046503, 23 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6046503

Research Article
Blockchain Technology Applied to Supply Chain Management: A
Systems’ Analysis

Ruli Liu ,1 Wenxue Ran ,2 and Shiwen Liu3

1
Business School, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650000, China
2
School of Logistics and Management Engineering, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650000, China
3
Business School, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenxue Ran; [email protected]

Received 8 May 2022; Revised 26 July 2022; Accepted 6 August 2022; Published 22 August 2023

Academic Editor: Mohammed Shuaib

Copyright © 2023 Ruli Liu et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Blockchain technology can be used to record real data at various nodes in the entire supply chain and can achieve timely data
sharing and full traceability of the whole lifecycle of products in the supply chain. Tis study conducts a systematic literature
review based on the WOS database, focusing on the research topic of the application of blockchain technology in supply chain
management. We propose clear search and screening criteria based on 4 research questions and fnally obtain 591 target studies.
We conduct a detailed study on the distribution of the target literature in this research area, country/region, institution, and
journal. Diferent countries/regions cooperate with each other and, thus, are clustered into fve signifcant countries regions’
cooperation networks. Tere is a strong coupling relationship between research institutions, forming four major institutional
cooperation networks. According to the analysis of those papers with a high number of citations, most of such papers were
published in 2019, while the cross-citation phenomenon between papers occurred more frequently in 2021 and 2022. We use
VOSviewer for visual coupling analysis of all keywords, which are automatically clustered into three research hotspots. Using
CiteSpace to perform timeline-based keyword cooccurrence analysis, we fnd that scholars have gone through a “discovery-
acceptance-question-improvement” process for the application of blockchain technology in supply chain management.
According to the intensity and duration of burst detection words in diferent years, we draw three key points for future research. (i)
Blockchain technology should be used to restructure and optimize the high-end food and medical cold chain supply chains. (ii)
Blockchain technology should be used to enhance the cooperative relationship between supply chain members and the overall
competitiveness of the supply chain. (iii) Innovate blockchain encryption technology that should be used to reduce the risk of
information and privacy leakage in the supply chain.

1. Introduction helps solve the problem of product traceability and ac-

countability in the supply chain. Of course, the timely
Te supply chain plays an important role in production and sharing of product circulation data based on blockchain
people’s lives, as people depend on it for daily necessities. A technology increases the service satisfaction of consumers,
supply chain is like a bridge, providing a link for the ex- which efectively improves overall supply chain competi-
change of materials between nature and human beings. Real tiveness. Blockchain technology can be widely applied in
product information can be shared and traced throughout various supply chain management scenarios (Alam et al.
the supply chain in a timely manner to avoid overproduc- [1]).
tion. Moreover, blockchain technology can be used to record For supply chain management, blockchain technology
real data at each node in the entire supply chain to achieve was frst applied in the fnancial feld. As early as 2016,
timely data sharing and full traceability throughout the Nguyen et al. [2], Huckle et al. [3], Tsai et al. [4], and Singh
product lifecycle of the supply chain, which not only greatly et al. [5] studied how blockchain technology could con-
improves the efciency of supply chain management but also tribute to changes and developments in the fnancial
2 Mobile Information Systems

industry. In 2017, blockchain technology rapidly penetrated Tis study is divided into six sections. Section 2 intro-
the healthcare sector (Kuo et al. [6] and Benchouf et al. [7]), duces the research background and related concepts in
automotive sector (Drubin [8] and Kennedy et al. [9]), and detail. Section 3 describes the specifc steps of the research
feld of e-commerce (Lee et al. [10] and Zhang and Wen method, including the research question, database selection,
[11]). In the past three years, blockchain technology has been retrieval conditions, retrieval process, data screening crite-
further integrated with the Internet of Tings (IoT), artifcial ria, and fnally 591 target studies. Section 4 makes a sys-
intelligence, big data, and 5G technology and not only is tematic bibliometric analysis of the target literature based on
used in the medical (Rahmani et al. [12]), food (Ehsan et al. four research questions. Section 5 is the discussion. Section 6
[13]), energy, fower, timber, and automobile supply chains presents the summary and prospects.
but also plays an important role in land registry management
(Shuaib et al. [14–16] and Khalid et al. [17]) and enterprise 2. Research Background and
resource planning (ERP) (Aslam et al. [18]). Concept Definition
With the increasingly extensive application of block-
chain technology in supply chain management, faced with If blockchain technology can prevent information tampering
numerous previous studies, researchers urgently need to and forgery, then this feature provides a starting point for its
clarify the research context, hotspots, and bottlenecks in the application in supply chain management.
literature to identify a new breakthrough. Literature review Furthermore, the global outbreak of COVID-19 in re-
papers play an important role in the development and cent years has provided a new opportunity for the appli-
progress of this research feld. Many scholars, such as cation of blockchain technology in supply chain
Niknejad et al. [19], have conducted meaningful bibliometric management. COVID-19 led to the rupture of the global
studies including those on blockchain technology in food supply chain and large-scale regional blockades (Free et al.
supply chains (Pandey et al. [20]) and blockchain technology [24]), which made the circulation of products in the supply
in healthcare (Saeed et al. [21]). Te majority of the large chain difcult. Te efcient operation of the food and drug
number of literature review papers in this area focus on the supply chains is directly related to people’s lives and health.
application of blockchain technology to a specifc supply Blockchain technology escorts the circulation of products in
chain. Tus, it is necessary to discuss the application of the supply chain, ensuring that they can be delivered to the
blockchain technology by including the whole supply chain place of need for the frst time and of the appropriate quality
(Britta et al. [22] and Musigmann et al. [23]). Literature and quantity. In view of this, the relevant literature on the
review papers must be timely and novel and present a de- application of blockchain technology in supply chain
tailed analysis. Only in this way can such works provide fresh management has mushroomed in recent years.
research ideas to later researchers and a basis for the gov-
ernment to formulate relevant policies.
2.1. Supply Chain. Te supply chain frst originated from the
In this study, 591 studies in Web of Science (WOS)
economic chain proposed by Peter Drucker and then de-
from 2017 to 01-01 to 2022-03-15 are selected for sys-
veloped into a value chain according to Michael Porter [25],
tematic analysis, aiming at accomplishing the following
before eventually evolving into its current form. Te supply
objectives. (i) We conduct the most detailed analysis of the
chain has always been a hot spot in management research,
targeted literature on the application of blockchain tech-
and its concept and connotation have been constantly
nology to supply chain management, including the number
enriched over time. A defnition of a supply chain has been
of annual studies, subject areas, funding institutions, and
widely accepted by scholars. Tat is, the supply chain in-
research journals. (ii) Is there collaborative research or
volves the following: the core enterprise, through the control
independent research among the target literature? We
of information fow, logistics, and cash fow, from raw
make a judgment by analyzing whether there is a high
materials procurement, made into intermediate and fnal
degree of clustering in diferent countries/regions or dif-
products, which are fnally sent to the hands of consumers
ferent research institutions. Furthermore, cross-citations
through the sales network. Te supply chain links suppliers,
between papers and authors can also refect the degree of
manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to end users as a
cooperation between the target literature. (iii) Use VOS-
whole function net chain structure. Te supply chain is the
viewer for the cooccurrence network analysis of the key-
link between nature and human beings and provides a
words, which are automatically clustered into diferent
variety of clothing, food, housing, and transportation
clusters according to the frequency of occurrence, intimate
products and services.
relationships, and afliation relationships, and according to
these diferent keyword clusters, we explore the hot spots
and difculties in the application of blockchain technology 2.2. Supply Chain Management. Supply chain management
in supply chain management research from a macro- refers to the planning, coordination, operation, control, and
perspective. (iv) Use CiteSpace to conduct timeline-based optimization of the entire supply chain system through close
keywords and burst detection words cooccurrence analysis. cooperation between trading partners to provide the best
We try to explore the innovation and breakthrough points service at the lowest cost. Efective supply chain manage-
of applying blockchain technology to supply chain man- ment must ensure “5 rights”: the right time, right place, right
agement research. Te above aims provide some clear ideas quantity, right quality, and right people. Te goal of supply
for future research direction. chain management is to establish an efcient supply chain
Mobile Information Systems 3

and create higher value for end users. Te implementation of Information sharing in the supply chain improves con-
supply chain management means not only that enterprises sumers’ shopping experience, and product traceability en-
strive to build strategic alliances but also that they strive to ables consumers to buy greener and safer products.
integrate themselves from a management perspective. Te Blockchain technology efectively improves supply chain
bullwhip efect refers to a phenomenon of demand variation competitiveness, providing a broad prospect for the appli-
amplifcation in the supply chain. When the information cation of blockchain technology in supply chain manage-
fow is transmitted from the fnal client to the original ment. Te action mechanism diagram of blockchain
supplier, the real information cannot be shared efectively technology applied to supply chain management is shown in
and, thus, becomes distorted and amplifed step by step, Figure 1.
leading to the increasing fuctuation in demand information
in the supply chain, which is the largest obstacle to im-
3. Research Methods and Data Selection
proving its operational efciency. Te supply chain must
introduce new technologies to achieve timely and highly Following the practice of Shuaib et al. [29], we obtain the
shared real information. data required in this paper by selecting research methods,
putting forward research questions, selecting research da-
2.3. Blockchain Technology. Blockchain technology is an tabases, setting retrieval conditions, and carrying out data
emerging technology with the features of being distributed, deduplication and purifcation. Finally, 591 references are
tamper evident, and traceable, it can compensate for the obtained. Te specifc steps are shown in Figure 2.
shortcomings of traditional credit systems, prevent in-
formation tampering and forgery, and reduce credit costs
across society [26]. Te concept of blockchain was frst 3.1. Research Methods. We adopt the bibliometrics research
proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in the article “Bitcoin: a method and choose visualization software as a research tool.
Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” [27] and has grad- Te visualization software VOSviewer can classify a large
ually attracted the attention of scholars in countries number of samples for research. Let us take the example of a
worldwide. Blockchain technology is a technical solution keyword cooccurrence analysis for the blockchain tech-
that stores, verifes, transfers, and communicates network nology literature as it applies to supply chain management.
data by its own distributed nodes without relying on a third VOSviewer can visualize (i) keyword frequency, which is
party. Moreover, blockchain provides instant, shared, and shown by the keyword size in the graph, (ii) keyword afnity,
completely transparent information stored on an immu- which is shown by the distance among the keywords in the
table ledger that can be accessed only by licensed network graph, and (iii) whether the keywords belong to the same
members. Furthermore, the advent of a search encryption cluster, which is shown by the keyword colour in the graph.
scheme based on blockchain technology (Xu et al. [28]) has Compared to VOSviewer, CiteSpace has the advantages of
made the circulation of data transmitted through block- performing a keyword cooccurrence analysis based on
chain technology maintain strong commodity demand timelines and determining the burst detection words in each
information. period, which allows us to visualize the hotspots and dif-
fculties of the research in each period. Terefore, VOS-
viewer and CiteSpace are selected as the research tools in this
2.4. Blockchain Technology and Supply Chain Management. study to capitalize on the advantages of both.
Te application of blockchain technology has greatly im-
proved the efciency of supply chain management. Trough
blockchain technology, all information on the whole life- 3.2. Research Problems. Aiming at the research objectives of
cycle of products in the supply chain can be recorded, and this study, we propose four research questions accordingly.
the obtained information can be shared among the members In the following, the bibliometric study on the target lit-
of the entire supply chain in a timely manner. Tis im- erature will focus on how to solve these four problems.
mutable information fow efectively alleviates the “bullwhip
Question 1: what are the distribution characteristics of
efect” in the supply chain and ensures that real product
the target literature in the research years, subject areas,
demand information is transmitted from consumption to
and research journals?
production ends. Blockchain technology not only solves the
problem of information distortion in the supply chain but Question 2: is there collaborative research or inde-
also plays an important role in tracing the source of pendent research among the target literature? Specif-
problematic products in the supply chain. Once the end ically, it includes the following. (i) Is there any
consumer receives a defective product, the relevant enter- cooperative research among diferent countries/re-
prise in the supply chain must be held accountable. Supply gions? (ii) Is there collaborative research between
chain data that can be falsifed lack the necessary infor- diferent institutions? (iii) Is there cross-citations
mation for accountability. Blockchain technology acts as a among study authors? (iv) Is there cross-citations
public ledger that records detailed information about among highly cited papers?
products as they move along the supply chain, providing Question 3: what are the research hotspots of block-
data support and even a legal basis for the traceability and chain technology applied to supply chain management
accountability of problematic products in the supply chain. (based on keyword clustering analysis)?
4 Mobile Information Systems

A complete supply Introduce blockchain Application of the The application Effect of application
chain technology medium mechanism

Material
purchase Effectively alleviate the
logistics True
"bullwhip utility" in the
information
supply chain and provide
accurate supply and
demand information
Intelligent
manufacturing

Blockchain
Further improve
Products technology applied to Information Information
customer satisfaction
sale Supply chain flows sharing
and ensure “ 5 Right ”
management
in the supply chain

logistics

To realize product
Capital Information lifecycle traceability
Terminal flows traceback and accountability
consumer

Figure 1: Action mechanism diagram of blockchain technology applied in the supply chain management.

WOS

keywords = “block chain” and keywords=“block chain” and

“supply chain” “supply chain management”

SCI (SCIE) SSCI SCI & SSCI

N=431 N=383 N=168

Data Sorting

Excluded review articles, editorial Import CiteSpace

materials, book chapters and n=688 software to exclude n=683
revision materialset al duplicate documents

•Delete literature that is irrelevant to the topic

•Delete literature that isweakly related to the topic

n=591

Figure 2: Flowchart of target document acquisition.

Mobile Information Systems 5

Question 4: what are the innovations and break- Table 1: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for material selection.
throughs in diferent years (based on keywords and Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total
burst detection words analysis)?
Inclusion 4 20 80 198 331 50 683
Exclusion 1 2 10 34 39 6 92
3.3. Data Acquisition. On March 15, 2022, we selected the Actual 3 18 70 164 292 44 591
WOS core collection database as the literature source. Te
selection criteria are (keywords � “blockchain” and “supply show the research trend on blockchain technology as it
chain”) or (keywords � “blockchain” and “supply chain applies to supply chain management, we used the trend
management”). Te search time span was 6 years, from 2017 function to forecast the quantity of studies in 2022. Te
01-01 to 2022-03-15 (note: the studies in Science Citation predicted value was 376 before excluding the interfering
Index (SCI), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), and literature, and the actual value was 312 after excluding this
Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) in the WOS for this literature. Tis result is shown in Figure 3. As a whole, in
topic are available from 2017 and on). A literature search 2017 and 2018, the number of studies on blockchain tech-
yielded 814 initial documents meeting the above nology as it applies to supply chain management did not
requirements. increase signifcantly. Starting in 2019, the number of such
studies started to grow signifcantly. In 2021, approximately
3.4. Data Selection. Tis study conducts data selection in 300 studies were published. Blockchain technology solves
three steps. Step 1: the search results were sorted according the challenge of full traceability in the supply chain, based on
to the subject correlation, and we excluded review articles, which it establishes a trust mechanism. Especially at the
editorial materials, book chapters, and revision materials, for present time, when the world is facing COVID-19, new
a total of 688 articles. Step 2: to eliminate the interference of technology such as blockchain can be widely applied to
duplicate works in this study, we imported the 688 studies medical and food supply chains to safeguard people’s lives.
into CiteSpace to purify them, eliminated the duplicate In view of this special situation, more scholars are likely to
studies, and fnally obtained 683 required studies. Step 3: devote themselves to researching blockchain technology as it
following the practice of Chakraborty et al. [30], we further applies to supply chain management in the coming years.
screened 683 studies individually by year and carefully read
the title, abstract, keywords, research direction, and text. We 4.2. Distribution Characteristics in the Subject Areas. Te 591
removed (i) papers irrelevant to the topic and (ii) papers papers in this work on blockchain technology as it applies to
only weakly related to the topic. Te judgment criteria for supply chain management cover 68 subject areas, the top 10
weak correlations were as follows: LR1: “blockchain” and of which are shown in Figure 4. Among them, 158 papers
“supply chain” were found only in cited expressions, LR2: (17%) belong to computer science information systems,
“blockchain” and “supply chain” were seen only in keywords followed by operations research management science (12%),
or references, LR3: “blockchain” or “supply chain” was seen electrical and electronic engineering (12%), telecommuni-
only in problem defnitions, and LR4: any of the above in cations (11%), and industrial engineering (11%). Tese four
combination. After selection, 591 articles were obtained. felds of study accounted for 46% of the articles published,
Each selected study contained information such as paper had approximately the same number of articles, and had a
title, author, author unit, publication, country/region, weight of more than 10%. As the international situation has
keywords, abstract, publication date, and references. Journal changed, the price of oil in some countries/regions has
articles were the main literature types. Tese studies were soared, and the green low-carbon supply chain has become
imported into CiteSpace and VOSviewer in plain text fle more popular. Tus, more scholars are expected to conduct
format for processing. All of the following analyses are based research on the application of blockchain technology in
on these 591 articles. Te inclusion and exclusion criteria for supply chain management in environmental sciences, en-
material selection are shown in Table 1. vironmental studies, green sustainable science technology,
and other disciplines in the future.
4. Bibliometric Analysis of Blockchain
Technology Applied in Supply 4.3. Distribution Characteristics in the Research Journals.
Chain Management We performed a bibliometric analysis of blockchain tech-
Question 1: what are the distribution characteristics of the nology as it applies to supply chain management, one
target literature in the research years, subject areas, and particularly important task of which was to perform a de-
research journals? scriptive statistical analysis of the publishing journals. Ta-
ble 2 shows the top ten journals in terms of the contribution
rate. Tese journals had a cumulative volume of 255 articles,
4.1. Distribution Characteristics in the Research Years. accounting for 43% of the 591 articles. Tis result demon-
Because the SCI (SCIE) and SSCI works on blockchain strates that these top ten journals were the major publishing
technology as it applies to supply chain management were journals for blockchain technology as it applies to supply
included in WOS starting in 2017, the research period was chain management and that they made signifcant contri-
relatively short: from 2017 01-01 to 2022-03-15. To better butions to article published in this feld. Te journal with the
6 Mobile Information Systems

400
350
300
250

Number 200
150
100
50
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Inclution
Exclusion
Actual
Figure 3: Publication volume of the target studies from 2017 to 2022.

Subject Areas among diferent countries/regions? (ii) Is there collaborative

research between diferent institutions? (iii) Are there cross-
citations among study authors? (iv) Are there cross-citations
among highly cited papers?
6%
6% 17%
8% 4.4. Research Countries/Regions. From a worldwide per-
spective, the number of studies on the topic of blockchain
8% 12%
technology as it applies to supply chain management
difered signifcantly across diferent countries/regions.
9% Table 3 shows that China published a total of 210 such
12%
studies, which makes it the country with the largest
11% 11% contribution to blockchain technology as it applies to
supply chain management. Moreover, the 210 Chinese
studies received 406 grants from 246 funding agencies; as
the average number of grants received per study was 1.93,
Computer Science Information Systems 17% it can be seen that China had a higher number of studies
Operations Research Management Science 12% than other countries/regions. Te US, which ranks second
Engineering Electrical Electronic 12% in terms of the contribution rate, published 118 papers
Telecommunications 11% related to the research topic, with an average of 1.2 grants
Engineering Industrial 11%
per article. At the same time, we found that the funding for
Environmental Sciences 9%
Green Sustainable Science Technology 8%
the target literature was mainly from the ofcial gov-
Engineering Manufacturig 8% ernment funding institutions and supplemented by pri-
Environmental Studies 6% vate funding institutions. From this fnding, we speculate
Computer Science Interdisciplinary Application 6% that the application of blockchain, a new technology, has a
certain national orientation. When one country/region
Figure 4: Contributions and proportions of the top 10 subject
areas.
provides more fnancial support for the application of
blockchain technology in supply chain management
compared to other countries/regions, it produces more
highest number of publications was IEEE Access, with a papers on the topic.
cumulative total of 57 articles. Te second largest contrib- Scholars from diferent countries/regions are increas-
utor was sustainability, with 55 articles. Overall, the annual ingly jointly publishing certain works. Figure 5 shows the
publication volume of major journals in 2021 increased coupling between diferent countries/regions, which is based
signifcantly compared to that in the previous year. Te on three points: (i) the number of collaborations between
application and research of blockchain technology continue countries/regions, (ii) the afnity between diferent coun-
to emerge, and we expect the number of publications in 2022 tries/regions, and (iii) whether diferent countries/regions
to increase compared to that in 2021. belong to the same cluster category. We obtained fve major
Question 2: is there collaborative research or indepen- countries/regions’ cooperative networks of blockchain
dent research among the target literature? Specifcally, it technology as it applies to supply chain management. (i) Te
includes the following. (i) Is there any cooperative research red cluster class has China as its core, and the country is
Mobile Information Systems 7

Table 2: Top 10 most productive journals.

Journal (year) IEEE SUS IJPR SEN AOR TRPELTR CIE JCP IJPE ASB
2017 1
2018 2 4 1
2019 14 2 7 1 4 5 1 2 1
2020 18 12 12 4 3 6 3 3 4
2021 21 31 14 9 10 7 7 11 7 8
2022 1 6 3 3 4 3
Total 57 55 36 18 17 17 15 15 13 12
IEEE, IEEE Access; SUS, sustainability; IJPR, International Journal of Production Research; SEN, sensors; AOR, Annals of Operations Research; TRPELTR,
Transportation Research Part-e Logistics and Transportation Review; CIE, Computers Industrial Engineering; JCP, Journal of Cleaner Production; IJPE,
International Journal of Production Economics; ASB, Applied Sciences Basel.

Table 3: Top 10 most productive countries/regions (based on any author of an article).

Country/region NA Proportion NOFI TFI TNF TNF/NA
PEOPLE’S R CHINA 210 0.327 National natural science foundation of China (NSFC) 246 406 1.93
US 118 0.184 National science foundation (NSF) 108 142 1.20
INDIA 76 0.118 Department of science & technology (India) 34 36 0.47
ENGLAND 62 0.096 UK research & innovation (UKRI) 35 53 0.85
AUSTRALIA 40 0.062 Australian government 26 32 0.80
ITALY 32 0.050 Italian ministry of agriculture (MiPAAF) 17 18 0.56
SOUTH KOREA 32 0.050 National research foundation of korea 36 46 1.44
CANADA 29 0.045 Natural sciences and engineering research council of Canada (NSERC) 28 33 1.14
FRANCE 23 0.035 European commission 15 15 0.65
GERMANY 21 0.032 German research foundation (DFG) 11 11 0.52
NA : number of articles; NOFI : number-one funding institution; TFI : total number of funding institutions; TNF : total number of funding sources; PEOPLE’S
R CHINA : Te People’s Republic of China.

Figure 5: Cooccurrence maps of those countries/regions with a threshold of 2 articles (peoples r China: Te People’s Republic of China).
8 Mobile Information Systems

Table 4: Top 10 most productive research institutions.

Journal (year) HKPL KUST WPI NITNS UOHK SZU CAS HKSE KSU USG
2017
2018 1
2019 4 2 3 1 1 1 1
2020 7 4 3 4 6 2 2 2 3 2
2021 9 10 7 8 4 5 6 6 5 5
2022 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Total 21 17 14 13 11 10 9 9 9 9
HKPL, Hong Kong Polytechnic University; KUST, Khalifa University of Science Technology; WPI, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; NITNS, National
Institute of Technology; UOHK, University of Hong Kong; SZU, Shenzhen University; CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences; HKSE, Hanken School of Science
and Technology; KSU, King Saud University; USG, University System of Georgia.

closely connected with 3 other countries/regions, including

the UK, France, and Germany. (ii) Te blue cluster has the
US as its core and has close ties with Australia, Spain, and
other countries/regions. (iii) Te green cluster has India as
its core and is closely linked with Italy, South Africa, and
other countries/regions. (iv) Te purple cluster has Canada
as its core. (v) Te yellow cluster has the United Arab
Emirates as its core. Te above fndings also exhibit a new
round of blockchain technology discovery, which has trig-
gered a global research boom that is unlike the First and
Second Industrial Revolutions, which were led by one or a Figure 6: Institutional cooperative network analysis based on a
few countries/regions. Blockchain technology is the result of literature coupling with a threshold of 3 articles.
national cooperation and can occur in various countries/
regions worldwide at the same time.
networks. (i) Te largest collaborative network is that, with the
Khalifa University of Science Technology as its core, and the
4.5. Research Institutions. On the topic of the application of common research theme is the integration of blockchain and
blockchain technology to supply chain management, we IOT technology in supply chain management. Te main re-
analyzed the top 10 research institutions contributing to this search areas in this network are the intelligent manufacturing,
research area, as shown in Table 4. At the macrolevel, all of medical, agricultural food, and fnancial industries. (ii) Te
the articles published by the top 10 contributing institutions second largest institutional cooperation network is that, with the
were published after 2019, and only the Worcester Poly- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China as its
technic Institute published an article in 2018. Tis fnding core, the joint research theme of which is architecture design for
indicates that many research institutions started researching blockchain implementation, and the main research areas of
this topic relatively late. Tese institutions produced very which are the transportation and logistics industry and the
high volumes of literature despite their short research pe- circular economy industry. (iii) Te third largest cooperative
riods. Te lead contributing institution is Hong Kong network of institutions is that, with Hong Kong Polytechnic
Polytechnic University, which has published 21 articles in University as its core, the joint research theme of which is
the past 4 years. Te second highest contributor is the blockchain technology applied to Industry 4.0, which can solve
Khalifa University of Science Technology, with 17 articles. the COVID-19 pandemic problem; the main research areas of
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, the third highest contrib- this cooperative network are the e-commerce and supply chain
utor, has published 14 articles. Tese fndings indicate that fnance felds. (iv) Te fourth largest institutional cooperation
the core research institutions engaged in more in-depth network is that, with Shenzhen University as its core, its most
research on blockchain technology applications in supply researched feld is the medical industry, and its common themes
chain management and produced a large number of high- are the application of blockchain technology in green supply
quality articles in a shorter time. chains and the government’s regulation of blockchain tech-
A single research institution is often unable to break nology. Diferent cooperative institutions have diferent re-
through its own bottleneck when conducting research on search felds, content, and methods, the details of which are
blockchain technology as it applies to supply chain manage- described in Table 5.
ment. Cooperation among institutions has become a necessary
tool for the deep development of blockchain technology. We
used VOSviewer to analyze the network of institutional co- 4.6. High Yield Authors and Cross-Citations between Tem.
operation and establish a connection between institutions In our statistical analysis of the authors of articles on the
through “bibliographic coupling.” Te results are shown in application of blockchain technology in supply chain
Figure 6, which exhibits four major institutional cooperation management, we found a particularly interesting
Mobile Information Systems 9

Table 5: Four major institutional cooperative networks.

SN Core institution Other institutions CRF CRT
Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan Intelligent manufacturing
Khalifa University University; King Saud University; Jeju industry [31–34]; medical industry
Fusion of blockchain and IOT
1 of Science National University; [35–38]; agricultural food industry
technology [46–50]
Technology Beijing university of posts [39–42]; fnancial industry
telecommunications, etc. [43–45]
University of University of Hong Kong; Hanken Transportation and logistics
Electronic Science School of Economics; Guangdong industry [51–55]; Architecture design for blockchain
2
and Technology of University of Technology; University circular economy industry implementation [59–63]
China of Alabama system [56–58]
Blockchain technology applied to
Hong Kong Tongji University Nanjing University
E-commerce feld [64–66]; industry 4.0 [70, 71]; blockchain
3 Polytechnic of Science Technology; Northeastern
supply chain fnance feld [67–69] technology solving the COVID-19
University University China
pandemic problem [72, 73]
Shenzhen South China University of Technology; Green supply chain [77, 78];
4 Medical industry [74–76]
University National Taiwan University government regulation [79, 80]
SN, serial number; CRF, common research feld; CRT, common research topics.

Table 6: Top 10 authors and their information (based on the corresponding author).
Author TNPPCA TNPPAA Issuing unit Research direction
Jayaraman, R 9 15 Khalifa Univ. Computer science; engineering; telecommunications
Natl Taiwan Univ.; Hong Kong
Choi, TM 5 10 Operations research & management science
Polytech Univ.
Worcester Polytech Univ.; Hanken Science & technology - other topics; environmental sciences
Sarkis, J 4 12
Sch. Econ. & ecology
Yaqoob, I 4 7 Khalifa Univ. Computer science; engineering; telecommunications
Tanwar, S 4 5 Nirma Univ. Telecommunications
Science & technology - other topics; environmental sciences
Nandi, S 3 3 Appalachian State Univ.
& ecology
Gunasekaran,
2 5 Calif State Univ. Operations research & management science
A
Li, X 2 4 Hong Kong Polytech Univ. Construction & building technology; engineering
Bai, CG 2 3 Univ. Elect Sci & Technol. China Engineering operations; research & management science
Business & economics; engineering; operations research &
Luo, SY 2 3 Shenzhen Univ.
management science
TNPPCA, total number of papers published as a corresponding author; TNPPAA, total number of papers published as any author.

phenomenon. Jayaraman, R, Salah, K, Omar, M, and other identifed the top 10 authors in terms of contribution rate,
authors formed a research group and copublished numerous each with its own research focus and direction. We used
articles as cofrst authors. Terefore, to fully refect the VOSviewer to plot the cocitation analysis between authors,
authors’ contributions to blockchain technology as it applies as shown in Figure 7. Tis plot shows that the cross-citation
to supply chain management, we counted the number of level among authors with a high contribution rate was very
publications based on the corresponding authors. Table 6 low. Te top ten contributing authors had very few cross-
shows the top ten authors in terms of their contribution citations with other authors. Tis fnding further verifed our
rates. Te author with the most publications was Jayaraman, view that, in the feld of blockchain technology as it applies
R, who published 15 papers, 9 of which as a corresponding to supply chain management, authors with high contribu-
author. Tis fnding indicates that individual authors were tion rates tend to engage in their own “unique” research.
relatively thorough in their research on the application of
blockchain technology in supply chain management. Te
main research content was as follows: (i) traceability of the 4.7. Highly Cited Papers and Cross-Citations between Tem.
supply chain with blockchain technology, including the Te number of citations of a paper refects its recognition by
traceability of medical drugs [81, 82] and soybeans [83], and peers and its importance in a certain research feld. In the
(ii) blockchain smart contracts [84–86]. Choi, TM, whose research feld of blockchain technology, as it applies to
research was very broad, ranked second in terms of the supply chain management, the ten articles with the highest
number of posts, applied blockchain technology to fnance, number of citations are shown in Table 7. Overall, three of
logistics, e-commerce, health care, etc. Te 3rd-ranked these ten articles were published in 2018, and fve were
author was Sarkis, J, whose research focused on blockchain published in 2019. Te most frequently cited article (590
technology and sustainable supply chains [87, 88]. We times) was “blockchain technology and its relationships to
10 Mobile Information Systems

Figure 7: Co-citation analysis atlas among high-contributing authors with a citation threshold of 20.

Table 7: Top 10 most frequently cited papers.

TC/
Title First author Year TC
year
Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management Saberi, S. 2019 590 147.5
Blockchain’s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting the privacy Kshetri, N. 2017 186 31
Understanding the blockchain technology adoption in supply chains-indian context Kamble, S. 2019 178 44.5
Te rise of blockchain technology in agriculture and food supply chains Kamilaris, A. 2019 165 41.25
Making sense of blockchain technology: how will it transform supply chains? Wang, Y. 2019 164 41
A novel blockchain-based product ownership management system (POMS) for anti-counterfeits in
Toyoda, K. 2017 159 26.5
the post supply chain
Te mean-variance approach for global supply chain risk analysis with air logistics in the blockchain
Choi, T. 2019 138 34.5
technology era
Research on agricultural supply chain system with double chain architecture based on blockchain
Leng, J. 2018 138 27.6
technology
Blockchain in logistics and supply chain: A lean approach for designing real-world use cases Perboli, G. 2018 132 26.4
Kouhizade,
Blockchain practices, potentials, and perspectives in greening supply chains 2018 126 25.2
M.
Te total number of citations

sustainable supply chain management” [87], written by in the top ten most highly cited papers, but their degree of
Saberi, S, with an average of 147.5 citations per year. Te cross-citation is not high. Overall, most of the papers with a
research topic of this article is how blockchain technology very high degree of cross-citation were published in 2021
can contribute to sustainable supply chain development. and 2022; these include Kouhizadeh et al. [94], Casino et al.
Realizing the sustainable development of green and low- [95], Liu et al. [96], Kayikci et al. [97], and Wamba et al. [98].
carbon supply chains with the help of blockchain technology Tis fnding suggests that new authors in the feld of
is one of the focuses of future research. Te focus on this area blockchain technology application in supply chain man-
was brought about by a series of factors, including political agement prefer to read the articles of their predecessors and
and economic factors as well as the need for environmental then innovate based on their reading.
protection. Kamilaris et al. [89] and Leng et al. [90] studied Question 3: what are the research hotspots of blockchain
the application of blockchain technology in agricultural technology applied to supply chain management (based on
supply chains, while Choi et al. [91] and Perboli et al. [92] keyword clustering analysis)?
studied the integration of blockchain technology in logistics Te keywords of an article summarize the research
supply chains. To verify whether the top ten most frequently content, method, and feld of the article. We used VOS-
cited papers also had a high degree of cross-citation, we used viewer to analyze the 591 articles on the application of
VOSviewer to perform an analytical mapping of the cross- blockchain technology in supply chain management by
citations, as shown in Figure 8. Tere are cross-citations keyword clustering according to (i) keyword frequency, (ii)
among Saberi et al. [89], Choi et al. [93], and Wang et al. [93] keyword afnity, and (iii) whether the keywords belonged to
Mobile Information Systems 11

Figure 8: Co-citation analysis atlas is among the most frequently cited papers with a citation threshold value of 20.

Figure 9: Co-occurrence network analysis of author keywords with a threshold value of 10 occurrences.

the same cluster. Since scholars have been studying the chain” as the core of the blue cluster, and (iii) “management”
application of blockchain technology in supply chain as the core of the red cluster.
management for only a short time, the research content is
rather scattered. To better capture the research hotspots and
thus cluster the keywords, we set the minimum number of 4.7.1. “Blockchain” as the Core of the Green Cluster. In the
keyword occurrences to 10 and obtained a keyword cooc- green cluster category, the keyword “blockchain” is the core.
currence map, as shown in Figure 9. Te hotspots of Te three keywords that were most closely related to it and
blockchain technology as it applies to supply chain man- that appeared in the largest proportion were “Internet,”
agement can be divided into three major clusters for analysis: “smart contracts,” and “security.” It could be seen that the
(i) “blockchain” as the core of the green cluster, (ii) “supply research hotspots of scholars on green clusters focus mainly
12 Mobile Information Systems

on the following. (i) “Blockchain and Internet”: in fact, 4.7.3. “Management” as the Core of the Red Cluster. In the
scholars were more interested in studying the integration of red cluster category, the keyword “management” is the core.
blockchain technology with the Internet and the IoT to Te three keywords that are most closely related to it and
jointly improve the overall efciency of the supply chain; have the largest occurrence proportion are “challenges,”
examples include Sultan et al. [99], Banerjee [100], Azizi “framework,” and “sustainability.” It could be seen that the
et al. [101], and Zhang et al. [102]. (ii) Regarding “blockchain research hotspots of scholars on the red cluster focus mainly
smart contracts,” Omar et al. studied their application in on the following. (i) “Management and challenges:” most
supply chain procurement management [103] and inventory scholars believe that the application of blockchain tech-
management [86]. Other scholars studied the application of nology in supply chain management is a matter of both
blockchain smart contracts in supply chain gaming (Gio- opportunities and challenges (Chang et al. [121], Ahmad
vanni [104] and Grida et al. [105]). (iii) Regarding “block- et al. [122], and Pd et al. [123]). Other scholars believe that
chain and security,” some scholars (Jiang et al. [106] and blockchain technology introduces profts into supply chain
Zulkifi et al. [107]) argued that blockchain technology management (Hackius et al. [124] and Katsikouli et al.
ensures the security of information transfer in the supply [125]). A few scholars have studied the challenges of the
chain. Another group of scholars (Bakiras et al. [108] and digital transformation of supply chains (Rauniyar et al.
Shahzad et al. [109]) argued that blockchain technology as it [126]). (ii) Regarding “management and framework,” the
applies to supply chain management continues to have framework design of the application of blockchain tech-
security vulnerabilities, such as being subject to cyberattacks. nology to supply chain management is a hot research topic
Terefore, blockchain technology is a double-edged sword, for scholars. Moreover, Wang et al. [127] and Rodrigues
and thus, its application and popularity still face many et al. [128] researched the abovementioned theoretical
challenges. framework, while Wang et al. [129] and Vu et al. [130]
researched the system framework. Additionally, Shoaib et al.
4.7.2. “Supply Chain” as the Core of the Blue Cluster. In the [131] and Boutkhoum et al. [132] researched the ensemble
blue cluster, the keyword “supply chain” is the core. Te framework. (iii) Regarding “management and sustainabil-
three keywords that are most closely related to it and have ity,” Esmaeilian et al. [133] studied blockchain technology to
the largest occurrence proportion are “technology,” help achieve sustainability in supply chains, and Bickel et al.
“logistics,” and “traceability.” It could be seen that the [134] studied how blockchain technology can achieve the
research hotspots of scholars on the blue cluster focus sustainable development of supply chains by promoting a
mainly on the following. (i) “Supply chain and tech- circular economy.
nology:” the research theme of this paper is the appli- Question 4: what are the innovations and breakthroughs
cation of blockchain technology in supply chain in diferent years (based on keywords and burst detection
management, so the keyword “technology” appeared words analysis)?
more frequently and was closely related to “supply chain.”
Te technology in the sample literature referred mainly to
4.8. Research Innovations and Breakthroughs Based on the
blockchain technology, so we do not repeat it here. (ii)
Timeline. We used CiteSpace, V.5.8. R3, to perform keyword
Regarding “supply chain and logistics,” many scholars
clustering analysis on the target literature and drew a timeline-
believe that logistics are subordinate to the supply chain
based keyword cooccurrence map, as shown in Figure 10. Te
and that supply chain management is the conceptual
results show that the clustering module value was Q � 0.7265
extension and expansion of logistics management. Te
and that the clustering means profle value was S � 0.9237,
supply chain includes logistics, capital fow, and infor-
which clearly demonstrates the credibility of the clustering
mation fow. Some scholars have studied blockchain
results. Figure 10 shows the core keywords for each year. To
technology for green logistics or green supply chain
further study the shift in research hotspots each year, we used
services (Kouhizadeh et al. [110] and Diniz et al. [111]),
CiteSpace to determine the top 20 burst detection words, as
while other scholars have studied the application of
shown in Table 8. Considering the core keywords and burst
blockchain technology in the logistics of products derived
detection words together, we conducted a research trend
from e-commerce (Gao et al. [112] and Chen et al. [113]).
analysis by year. Considering that the time span of the target
Other scholars have studied blockchain and logistics f-
literature was from 2017 to 2022, that the number of studies in
nance or supply chain fnance (Li et al. [114]). (iii) Te
2017 was very small, and that the time span of the available
topic “supply chain and traceability” examines how the
literature in 2022 was short, 2017 and 2022 were excluded. We
introduction of blockchain technology enables the timely
selected four full years (2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021) for the
traceability in the supply chain. A large number of
research trend analysis. After systematic analysis, we found that
scholars have studied the application of blockchain
scholars have gone through a “discovery-acceptance-question-
technology in food supply chain traceability (Demes-
improvement” process for the application of blockchain tech-
tichas et al. [115] and Taratipyakul et al. [116]), textile
nology in supply chain management research.
supply chain traceability (Ahmed et al. [117] and Agrawal
et al. [118]), and pharmaceutical supply chain tracing
(Uddin et al. [119]). In addition, a small group of scholars 4.8.1. Analysis of the Research Innovations in 2018: Discovery.
studied blockchain to improve the transparency of the Table 8 shows that the burst detection words in 2018 were
supply chain through traceability (Sunny et al. [120]). “origin” and “technology,” which were also the core
Mobile Information Systems 13

Figure 10: Timeline-based co-occurrence map with a threshold value of 5 occurrences.

Table 8: Top 20 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.

Keywords Year Strength Begin End 2017–2022
Technology 2017 1.61 2018 2019
Origin 2017 1.35 2018 2018
Green 2017 0.99 2018 2018
Internet 2017 3.19 2019 2019
Framework 2017 1.31 2019 2019
Quick response 2017 1.23 2019 2019
Antecedent 2017 1.16 2019 2019
User acceptance 2017 1 2019 2019
Integration 2017 1 2019 2019
Acceptance model 2017 1 2019 2019
Security 2017 0.92 2019 2019
Risk 2017 1.7 2020 2020
Uncertainty 2017 1.28 2020 2020
Capability 2017 0.9 2020 2020
Smart contract 2017 0.85 2020 2020
Mutual authentication 2017 0.85 2020 2020
Impact assessment 2017 0.85 2020 2020
Competition 2017 0.96 2021 2022
Transparency 2017 0.96 2021 2022
Health 2017 0.85 2021 2022

keywords in 2018, as shown in Figure 10. In 2018, blockchain applications. Scholars started to apply blockchain technol-
technology, as it applies to supply chain management re- ogy to supply chain management in various industries and
search, began to be studied. Kouhizadeh et al. [110] explored made some initial explorations: Cartier et al. [135] in the gem
the potential and prospects of blockchain technology industry, Mao et al. [136] in the agricultural industry,
14 Mobile Information Systems

Figorilli et al. [137] in the wood industry, and Ko et al. [138] Farooque et al. [152] suggested that blockchain technology
in the manufacturing industry. Te other two core keywords could greatly improve the efectiveness and efciency of
in 2018 were “consumer perception” and “beneft.” Block- product lifecycle assessment in the supply chain. Moreover,
chain technology solves the information asymmetry prob- Kohler et al. [153] and Longo et al. [154] assessed the
lem for supply chain stakeholders, among which customers impact of blockchain on the food supply chain, while
are certainly one type. Mao et al. [139], Sander et al. [140], Zarour et al. [155] assessed the impact of blockchain on the
and Kumar et al. [141] studied how blockchain technology healthcare supply chain, proving that the impact of
could establish an information trust mechanism among blockchain technology on the supply chain had been
supply chain stakeholders. A few scholars also studied green further expanded. Te advantages of blockchain technology
supply chains during the year, which were analyzed in the as a distributed ledger that applies to supply chain man-
previous section and thus are not repeated here. Up until agement are well known, but some scholars have ques-
2018, scholars made some preliminary explorations re- tioned whether the high level of information sharing in the
garding blockchain technology being applied in supply chain supply chain leads to uncertainty risks such as those related
management and discussed its novelty, putting forward to personal privacy leakage. Te two words revealed by the
some expectations and visions for its future development. burst detection to have the greatest intensity in 2020 were
“risk” and “uncertainty,” while “privacy” was the core
keyword of that year. According to Lu et al. [156], indi-
4.8.2. Analysis of the Research Innovations in 2019:
vidual privacy in the supply chain is not adequately pro-
Acceptance. Table 8 shows that there was a burst detection
tected. Yu et al. [157] suggested that personal privacy
word, “Internet,” in 2019, along with the core keywords
disclosure is one of the most serious challenges in block-
“IoT” and “big data.” Tis fnding demonstrates that many
chain technology applications. Te illegal disclosure of
scholars were working on blockchain technology along with
private user data can cause damaging consequences (Zhang
other advanced technologies (including the Internet, the
et al. [158]). Terefore, it is necessary to establish a personal
IoT, and big data) for supply chain management in 2019
privacy protection plan (Gao et al. [159]). However, the
[100]. Te burst detection word “security” [106] is elaborated
application of blockchain technology is a double-edged
in Section 4.8.1, while the burst detection word “framework”
sword. On the one hand, blockchain technology reduces
[121] is described in Section 4.8.3. Two other burst detection
the risk of the circulation of poor-quality goods in the
words for 2019 were “quick response” and “user acceptance.”
supply chain, according to Erokhin et al. [160], and on the
Te rapid response, high information sharing, timely
other hand, information sharing in real time allows for the
traceability, and other services of the supply chain have
unreserved disclosure of personal privacy (De Aguiar et al.
greatly improved customer satisfaction (Tijan et al. [142]),
[161] and Choi et al. [162]). In 2020, as blockchain tech-
making logistics services more in line with consumer ex-
nology matured, it was used in more industries: the agri-
pectations (Narayanaswarni et al. [143]). “Integration”
cultural industry by Iqbal et al. [163] and Lin et al. [164],
appeared as both a core keyword and a burst detection word
industry 4.0 by Chang et al. [165], and smart cities by
in 2019, indicating that supply chain integration was a re-
Makhdoom et al. [166]. In 2020, scholars began to refect on
search focus in that year. According to Ferdous et al. [144],
whether there are some safety hazards in the excessive use
Tsang et al. [145], and Rahmanzadeh et al. [146], blockchain,
of blockchain. Being questioned is a sign of the more
as a breakthrough technology, enables a high level of supply
mature application of blockchain technology in supply
chain integration. In that year, blockchain technology was
chain management research. Only by breaking through this
applied more broadly, and a large number of scholars
bottleneck can we usher in improved development.
emerged to study the application of blockchain technology
in supply chain management in many industries. Blockchain
technology was applied to cross-border trade by Chang et al. 4.8.4. Analysis of the Research Innovations in 2021:
[147], the food industry by George et al. [148], maritime Improvement. In 2021, the highest number of research
trade by Yang et al. [149], the medical industry by Mackey publications related to blockchain technology as it applies to
et al. [150], and the automotive industry by Sharma et al. supply chain management was found compared to the
[151]. In 2019, scholars made many meaningful explorations previous fve years. Although the application of blockchain
on the research theme of the application of blockchain technology has been questioned, the practical need for such
technology in supply chain management, replicating its
an application further highlights its importance. Te key-
successful application in the supply chain in one industry to
word with the highest burst detection intensity in 2021 was
many other industries. “transparency,” a term that also appears as a core keyword in
Figure 10. On the one hand, as Park and Li [167] found, the
4.8.3. Analysis of the Researchinnovations in 2020: Question. improvement of supply chain transparency depends on
Te number of articles on blockchain technology, as it blockchain technology, which can achieve the traceability of
applies to supply chain management, surged in 2020, with products in the supply chain. On the other hand, Yang et al.
164 articles. Te core keywords of that year, “smart con- [168] suggested that high transparency contributes to supply
tract” and “sustainability,” are described in Section 4.8. One chain sustainability. “Health” was another burst detection
burst detection word for 2022 was “impact assessment,” word in 2021, and the core keywords associated with it were
while “impact” was the core keyword for that year. “food,” “quality,” and “service.” Food safety is closely related
Mobile Information Systems 15

Table 9: Analysis of the study trends in four years.

2018
BD and CK Origin, technology, consumer perception, beneft, green, etc.
Research feld Gem industry [135], agricultural industry [137], wood industry [162], and manufacturing industry [138]
Research Potential and prospects of blockchain technology [110], application of blockchain technology, trust mechanism of supply
hotspot chain stakeholders [139, 140], and green supply chain
Research
Lean approach [92] and operations’ research [141]
method
2019
Internet, IoT, big data, security, framework, challenges, quick response, user acceptance, integration, supply chain
BD and CK
management, etc.
Cross-border trade industry [147], food service industry [148], sea transportation industry [149], medical industry [150],
Research feld
and automotive industry [151]
Research Blockchain and IoT, Internet, big data technology [100], supply chain security [106], supply chain framework [121],
hotspot quick response and user acceptance [142, 143], and supply chain integration [144–146]
Research
Mean-variance approach [91] and game [152]
method
2020
BD and CK A smart contract, sustainability, risk, uncertainty, privacy, impact assessment, impact, agricultural, industry4.0., etc.
Research feld Agriculture [163, 164], industry 4.0 [165], and smart city industry [166]
Research Blockchain and smart contract [104], supply chain traceability [115, 120], lifecycle assessment [153, 154], circulation risk
hotspot of inferior quality goods [160], and risk of privacy disclosure [156–159]
Research
Fuzzy analytic network process (ANP)-modifed total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) approach [183]
method
2021
BD and CK Transparency, health, food, quality, service, competition, coordination, etc.
Research feld Financial industry, pharmaceutical industry, textile industry, and food industry [169–172]
Research Supply chain transparency [167, 168], blockchain ensures food supply chain security, data encryption [175–178], privacy
hotspot computing [179, 180], and coordinate and supply chain competitiveness [181, 182]
Research
Quantum approximate optimization algorithm [173] and mixed-integer programming model [174]
method
BD and CK: burst detection words and core keywords.

to people’s health, a fact that has been shown to be especially technology makes supply chains more competitive. As such,
true in recent years. People worldwide have sufered impacts “competition” was not only a burst detection word but also
from COVID-19 to some extent (Yang et al. [169]), which the core keyword in 2021 and is closely linked to the key-
has further stimulated the demand for high-quality food word “coordination.” Blockchain technology coordinates
(MF et al. [170]). Blockchain technology undoubtedly the relationship between supply chain members, according
provides a better shopping experience for consumers in the to Xu et al. [180], and their cooperation makes the whole
food supply chain, who can enjoy services such as food supply chain more competitive (Niu et al. [181] and Chen
traceability (Collart et al. [171]) and rapid responses (Dey et al. [182]). Terefore, the encrypted reapplication of
et al. [172]). On the one hand, the application demand for blockchain technology should be the focus of future
blockchain technology in supply chain management is in- research.
creasing, and on the other hand, the application of block- We summarized the research feld, research hotspot, and
chain technology has been questioned because of the risk of research method from 2018 to 2021 by year. Te details are
information disclosure. Terefore, scholars have optimized shown in Table 9.
blockchain technology and reapplied it to supply chain
management. We can see two related keywords in Figure 10: 5. Discussion
algorithm and optimization. Some scholars have proposed
In this study, we aim to conduct a detailed analysis of 591
certain improvement schemes. For example, El et al. [173]
target articles by exploring the logicality and correlation
proposed an improved quantum approximate optimization
between these massive disordered documents. We search the
algorithm model based on blockchain technology to im-
research context, hot spots, trends, and future directions of
prove the scalability and reduce the cost of smart logistics,
the research on blockchain technology applied in supply
while Xia et al. [174] proposed a mixed-integer program-
chain management. Te four research questions raised in
ming model based on blockchain-enabled feet sharing.
this study have been efectively solved.
Other scholars have tried to protect data in the supply chain
by means of data encryption (Ma et al. [175], Peng et al.
[176], Li et al. [177], and Zhao et al. [178]) or privacy 5.1. Comparison between Tis Research Method and Tradi-
computing (Feng et al. [179]). Improved blockchain tional Research Methods. Te traditional research literature
16 Mobile Information Systems

typically uses a single visualization software. We combined a supply-chain-based trust mechanism, as such technology
the advantages of CiteSpace and VOSviewer to demonstrate was a common topic in each study year and, thus, could not
the coupling between documents. We performed the most be avoided. In addition, blockchain technology helps im-
detailed systematic research and comparison work to pro- prove the transparency of the supply chain. Terefore, it can
vide the most useful information. In addition, we conducted enable timely information sharing and product traceability
a detailed analysis of the distribution characteristics of the in the supply chain, which was another studied topic. In
sample studies in terms of countries/regions, institutions, 2018, scholars studied the potential and prospects of
journals, and subject areas and described the literature in blockchain technology, trust mechanisms for supply chain
terms of citations, cross-citations, funding support, and stakeholders, and green supply chains. In 2019, supply chain
high-yield authors. More importantly, we analyzed the core security, the supply chain framework, supply chain chal-
keywords, burst detection words, research felds, research lenges, and supply chain integration became the focus of
hotspots, and research methods in detail for each year and scholarly research. Moreover, in 2020, blockchain smart
showed the research trends. To ensure the timelines of the contracts were one of the most important pieces of content
study, our research includes the latest relevant studies. of previous studies. Te circulation risk of inferior goods and
the risk of privacy disclosure in the supply chain became the
research innovation point of that year. In 2021, scholars
5.2. Core Country/Region and Institutional Cooperation
focused on how blockchain technology could ensure the
Networks Contribute Greatly. Although blockchain tech-
security of the food and pharmaceutical supply chains. At
nology for supply chain management has not been studied for
the same time, the use of blockchain technology to enhance
long, the number of publications by a single author is very
the competitiveness of the supply chain became another
high, and this research topic has formed a signifcant network
research hotspot that year. During these four years, we found
of country/region and institutional collaborations. Tere are
a phenomenon: from 2018 to 2021, scholars focused on the
fve country/region cooperation networks, which are centered
research topic of the application of blockchain technology in
on China, the US, India, Canada, and the United Arab
supply chain management, going through a of discovery,
Emirates. Tere are four major institutional cooperation
acceptance-questioning, improvement process.
networks, which are centered on the Khalifa University of
We conducted a systematic bibliometric analysis of the
Science Technology, University of Electronic Science and
application of blockchain technology in supply chain
Technology of China, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and
management and obtained very detailed research results,
Shenzhen University. Each country/region and institutional
which reasonably answered 10 research questions proposed
network has its own research focus. Te above works have
in this study. Te fndings are consistent with the current
made great contributions to the application of blockchain
situation of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Te application
technology in supply chain management.
of blockchain technology in supply chain management is not
only a theoretical concept, it has found many successful cases
5.3. Tree Hotspots of Blockchain Technology as It Applies to in practice around the world. Te research conclusions of
Supply Chain Management Research. Tis study of 591 this study provide useful information for subsequent
papers on the application of blockchain technology in supply scholars in carrying out future research, providing theo-
chain management revealed three major research hotspots. retical support for enterprises in the supply chain in the
(i) Te research focus of the green cluster, with “blockchain” implementation of blockchain technology. Moreover, these
as its core, is as follows: the integration of blockchain fndings provide a meaningful reference for the government
technology with the Internet and IoT technology serves to in the formulation of relevant policies on the application of
improve the overall efciency of the supply chain, the ap- blockchain technology in supply chain management.
plication of blockchain smart contracts in the supply chain,
and the challenge of the popularization of blockchain 6. Conclusions
technology. (ii) Te research focus of the blue cluster, with
“supply chain” as its core, is as follows: the application of As a blast technology, blockchain technology has greatly
blockchain technology in the logistics feld, and the ways in improved the transparency, traceability, and rapid response
which blockchain technology permits the supply chain to be capability of supply chains. Moreover, it has played a large
transparent and traceable. (iii) Te research focus of the red role in achieving sustainable supply chain development. Tis
cluster, with “management” as its core, is as follows: the study uses a systematic literature review to elaborate on the
opportunities and challenges, as well as the framework application of blockchain technology in supply chain
design of blockchain technology in supply chain manage- management. Based on 4 clear research questions, we set
ment. Supply chain sustainability through the use of appropriate search criteria, and 591 studies are selected as
blockchain technology is also included. research objects.

5.4. Research Innovations and Breakthroughs Based on the 6.1. For Question 1. We conclude that computer science
Timeline. Tere are similarities and diferences in the re- information systems are the most important subject area.
search innovation and breakthrough points of diferent Future research will be more inclined to the area of envi-
years. Blockchain technology, as a distributed ledger, builds ronmental protection. People’s Republic of China is the
Mobile Information Systems 17

country with the highest output of papers. Funding from Conflicts of Interest
fnancial institutions has a certain positive signifcance for
the output of papers in a country/region. Te top three Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest.
journals in terms of output contribute signifcantly to this
feld of research. Acknowledgments
Tis work was supported by (i) Cigarette Order Sorting
6.2. For Question 2. Cooperative relationships among dif- Green Packaging Technology Research and Overall Devel-
ferent countries/regions, which can be clustered into fve opment of Simulation Project (project no. 80026091801) and
cooperation networks, exist. Tere is a strong coupling (ii) Scientifc Research project of Hunan Provincial De-
relationship between research institutions, forming four partment of Education “Research on in Nuencing Factors of
major institutional cooperation networks. Te productive Shared Express Packaging Recycling” (project no. 20C1036),
author tends to choose a very narrow direction to perform and (iii) Loudi Social Science Evaluation Committee Project
thorough research. Most papers with a higher number of “Study on the path selection of high quality development of
total citations were published in 2019, but the cross-citation Loudi County economy” (project no. 202105A).
phenomena of such papers were more frequent in 2021 and
2022. References
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