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    Unit 5 - Sensors & Transducers

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    satya
    This document discusses sensors, transducers, and sensor systems. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, such as converting mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy into electrical signals. Transducers can take the form of sensors, which detect and measure stimuli, or actuators, which generate stimuli. A typical sensor system includes a primary transducer that converts a real-world parameter into an electrical signal and a secondary transducer that converts the electrical signal into analog or digital values. The document then discusses various characteristics, classifications, and operating principles of sensors and transducers.

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    Unit 5 - Sensors & Transducers

    Uploaded by

    satya
    56 views29 pages
    This document discusses sensors, transducers, and sensor systems. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, such as converting mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy into electrical signals. Transducers can take the form of sensors, which detect and measure stimuli, or actuators, which generate stimuli. A typical sensor system includes a primary transducer that converts a real-world parameter into an electrical signal and a secondary transducer that converts the electrical signal into analog or digital values. The document then discusses various characteristics, classifications, and operating principles of sensors and transducers.

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    Unit 5_Sensors & Transducers

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    This document discusses sensors, transducers, and sensor systems. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, such as converting mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy into electrical signals. Transducers can take the form of sensors, which detect and measure stimuli, or actuators, which generate stimuli. A typical sensor system includes a primary transducer that converts a real-world parameter into an electrical signal and a secondary transducer that converts the electrical signal into analog or digital values. The document then discusses various characteristics, classifications, and operating principles of sensors and transducers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views29 pages

    Unit 5 - Sensors & Transducers

    Uploaded by

    satya
    This document discusses sensors, transducers, and sensor systems. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, such as converting mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy into electrical signals. Transducers can take the form of sensors, which detect and measure stimuli, or actuators, which generate stimuli. A typical sensor system includes a primary transducer that converts a real-world parameter into an electrical signal and a secondary transducer that converts the electrical signal into analog or digital values. The document then discusses various characteristics, classifications, and operating principles of sensors and transducers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Sensors & Transducer

    Unit - 5
    Transducers
    • Transducer
    – a device that converts a primary form of energy into a corresponding
    signal with a different energy form
    • Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical,
    chemical, etc.
    – take form of a sensor or an actuator
    • Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
    – a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
    – acquires information from the “real world”
    • Actuator (e.g., heater)
    – a device that generates a signal or stimulus
    sensor intelligent
    real
    feedback
    world
    actuator system
    Sensor Systems
    Typically interested in electronic sensor
    – convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
    • General Electronic Sensor
    – primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical signal
    – secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital values

    real primary analog secondary usable


    world transducer signal transducer values

    • Typical Electronic Sensor System sensor

    input
    signal sensor data microcontroller network
    (measurand)
    sensor signal processing display
    analog/digital
    communication
    Sensors

    Definition: a device for sensing a physical variable of a physical


    system or an environment

    Classification of Sensors
    • Mechanical quantities: displacement, Strain, rotation velocity,
    acceleration, pressure, force/torque, twisting, weight, flow
    • Thermal quantities: temperature, heat.
    • Electromagnetic/optical quantities: voltage, current, frequency
    phase; visual/images, light; magnetism.
    • Chemical quantities: moisture, pH value
    Characteristics of Sensor
    • Accuracy: error between the result of a
    measurement and the true value being measured.
    • Resolution: the smallest increment of measure that a
    device can make.
    • Sensitivity: the ratio between the change in the
    output signal to a small change in input physical
    signal. Slope of the input-output fit line.
    • Repeatability/Precision: the ability of the sensor to
    output the same value for the same input over a
    number of trials
    Characteristics of Sensor
    • Dynamic Range: the ratio of maximum recordable input
    amplitude to minimum input amplitude, i.e. D.R. = 20 log (Max.
    Input Ampl./Min. Input Ampl.) dB
    • Linearity: the deviation of the output from a best-fit straight line
    for a given range of the sensor
    • Transfer Function (Frequency Response): The relationship
    between physical input signal and electrical output signal, which
    may constitute a complete description of the sensor
    characteristics.
    • Bandwidth: the frequency range between the lower and upper
    cutoff frequencies, within which the sensor transfer function is
    constant gain or linear.
    • Noise: random fluctuation in the value of input that causes
    random fluctuation in the output value
    Attributes of Sensors

    • Operating Principle: Embedded technologies that make sensors function,


    such as electro-optics, electromagnetic, piezoelectricity, active and passive
    ultraviolet.
    • Dimension of Variables: The number of dimensions of physical variables.
    • Size: The physical volume of sensors.
    • Data Format: The measuring feature of data in time; continuous or
    discrete/analog or digital.
    • Intelligence: Capabilities of on-board data processing and decision-
    making.
    • Active versus Passive Sensors: Capability of generating vs. just receiving
    signals.
    • Physical Contact: The way sensors observe the disturbance in
    environment.
    • Environmental durability: will the sensor robust enough for its operation
    conditions
    INTRODUCTION OF TRANSDUCERS

    • A transducer is a device that convert one form of energy


    to other form. It converts the measurand to a usable
    electrical signal.
    • In other word it is a device that is capable of converting
    the physical quantity into a proportional electrical
    quantity such as voltage or current.

    Pressure Voltage
    BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSDUCERS
    • Transducer contains two parts that are closely related to
    each other i.e. the sensing element and transduction
    element.
    • The sensing element is called as the sensor. It is device
    producing measurable response to change in physical
    conditions.
    • The transduction element convert the sensor output to
    suitable electrical form.
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

    The transducers can be classified as:

    I. Active and passive transducers.


    II. Analog and digital transducers.
    III. On the basis of transduction principle used.
    IV. Primary and secondary transducer
    V. Transducers and inverse transducers.
    ACTIVE and PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS
    Piezoelectric Transducer
    • Active Transducer
    These transducers do not need any external
    source of power for their operation.
    Therefore they are also called as self
    generating type transducers.

    • Passive Transducers :
    These transducers need external source of
    power for their operation. So they are not
    self generating type transducers.
    CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS
    CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE
    TRANSDUCERS
    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
    TRANSDUCERS
    • Some transducers contain the mechanical as well as electrical
    device. The mechanical device converts the physical quantity
    to be measured into a mechanical signal. Such mechanical
    device are called as the primary transducers, because they deal
    with the physical quantity to be measured.
    •The electrical device then convert this mechanical signal into
    a corresponding electrical signal. Such electrical device are
    known as secondary transducers.
    CONTD
    •Ref fig in which the
    diaphragm act as primary
    transducer. It convert pressure
    (the quantity to be measured)
    into displacement(the
    mechanical signal).
    •The displacement is then
    converted into change in
    resistance using strain gauge.
    Hence strain gauge acts as the
    secondary transducer.
    Transducer and Inverse Transducer

    TRANSDUCER:

    •Transducers convert non electrical quantity to


    electrical quantity.

    INVERSE TRANSDUCER:

    • Inverse transducers convert electrical quantity to a


    non electrical quantity
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    According to Transduction Principle
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    According to Transduction Principle
    CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER:
    •In capacitive transduction transducers the measurand is converted to
    a change in the capacitance.
    • A typical capacitor is comprised of two parallel plates of
    d
    conducting material separated by an electrical insulating material
    called a dielectric. The plates and the dielectric may be either
    flattened or rolled. Area=A
    • The purpose of the dielectric is to help the two parallel plates
    maintain their stored electrical charges.
    • The relationship between the capacitance and the size of capacitor
    plate, amount of plate separation, and the dielectric is given by
    C = ε0 εr A / d
    Either A, d or ε can be varied.
    d is the separation distance of plates (m)
    C is the capacitance (F, Farad)
    ε0 : absolute permittivity of vacuum
    εr : relative permittivity
    A is the effective (overlapping) area of capacitor plates (m2)
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    According to Transduction Principle
    ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSDUCTION:
    •In electromagnetic transduction, the measurand is
    converted to voltage induced in conductor by change in
    the magnetic flux, in absence of excitation.
    •The electromagnetic transducer are self generating active
    transducers
    •The motion between a piece of magnet and an
    electromagnet is responsible for the change in flux
    Current induced in a coil.
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    According to Transduction Principle
    PIEZO ELECTRIC INDUCTION :

    •In piezoelectric induction the measurand is converted


    into a change in electrostatic charge q or voltage V
    generated by crystals when mechanically it is stressed
    as shown in fig.
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    According to Transduction Principle
    PHOTO CONDUCTIVE TRANSDUCTION :

    •In photoconductive transduction the measurand is


    converted to change in resistance of semiconductor
    material by the change in light incident on the material.
    PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS
    • Resistive transducers :
    – Resistive transducers are those transducers in which the
    resistance change due to the change in some physical
    phenomenon.
    – The resistance of a metal conductor is expressed by a simple
    equation.
    – R = ρL/A
    – Where R = resistance of conductor in Ω
    L = length of conductor in m
    A = cross sectional area of conductor in m2
    ρ = resistivity of conductor material in Ω-m.
    There are 4 type of resistive transducers.

    1. Potentiometers (POT)
    2. Strain gauge
    3. Thermistors
    4. Resistance thermometer
    VARIABLE-INDUCTANCE
    TRANSDUCERS
    • An inductive electromechanical transducer is a transducer
    which converts the physical motion into the change in
    inductance.

    • Inductive transducers are mainly used for displacement


    measurement.
    LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL
    TRANSFORMER(LVDT)
    • AN LVDT transducer
    comprises a coil former on to
    which three coils are wound.
    • The primary coil is excited
    with an AC current, the
    secondary coils are wound
    such that when a ferrite core
    is in the central linear
    position, an equal voltage is
    induced in to each coil.
    • The secondary are connected
    in opposite so that in the
    central position the outputs
    of the secondary cancels
    each other out.
    LVDT contd…
    • The excitation is applied to the primary winding and the armature
    assists the induction of current in to secondary coils.

    • When the core is exactly at the center of the coil then the flux
    linked to both the secondary winding will be equal. Due to equal
    flux linkage the secondary induced voltages (eo1 & eo2) are
    equal but they have opposite polarities. Output voltage eo is
    therefore zero. This position is called “null position”

    • Now if the core is displaced from its null position toward sec1
    then flux linked to sec1 increases and flux linked to sec2
    decreases. Therefore eo1 > eo2 and the output voltage of LVDT
    eo will be positive

    • Similarly if the core is displaced toward sec2 then the eo2 > eo1
    and the output voltage of LVDT eo will be negative.

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