109am - 5.EPRA JOURNALS-5089

SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.
36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)

EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Volume: 5 | Issue: 9 | September 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF

GROUNDNUT SHELLING MACHINE PEDAL OPERATED
Engr Aminu Baba Usman

Adamawa State Polytechnic,College of Engineering Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Ezekiel Usman Jabba

Adamawa State Polytechnic,College of Engineering Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering
ABSTRACT
Shelling is the removal of grains from their stalk or pod by stripping, impact action, rubbing or any combination of
these methods. The most popular method of shelling which is still widely used in the northern part of Nigeria is the
method of crushing or pressing the pods between the thumb and the finger to break off the pods and release the seed.
This method has low efficiency, it is time consuming, and has high demand of energy. In addition, the output per-man
hour is as low as 1-2.5kg of groundnut. There are different methods of shelling and different machines have been
fabricated and used to shell wide variety of crops under different condition. The peasant farmer cannot afford these
machines because they are too costly and complex in operation and maintenance. Also the operator had to be trained
and spare parts imported. These factors increase the overall cost of production which does not make any economic sense
to the farmer which necessitated the need for designing, construction and evaluation of a groundnut shelling machine
pedal operated. Materials for the design include shaft, chain, sprocket, bearing, Sheller bit and columns. The product
to be shelled is fed through the hopper which falls into the shelling chamber which is powered by pedaling by means of
chain and sprocket connections. The concave forms the base of the crushing chamber which allow the ground nut to
move in between the Sheller bit and the concave where they will be shelled falling through the perforation on the
groundnut concave which has higher production output and easy to maintain.
KEYWORDS:- Groundnut, shelling machine pedal operated
INTRODUCTION the global production of this crop. The production of

Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa (56% and
crop in the world. It contains 48-50% oil and 26-28% 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global
protein, and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals production, (Acharya, 1990). Over 60% of global
and vitamins. It grows best on soils that are well groundnut production is crushed for extraction of oil
drained, loosely textured and well supplied with for edible and industrial uses while 40% is consumed in
calcium, potassium and phosphorous. Over 100 food uses and other "such as seed for sowing in the
countries worldwide grow groundnut. Developing next season crop" (Birthal, Nigam, Narayanan and
countries constitute 97% of the global area and 94% of Kareen, 2011). Groundnut haulms constitute nutrition
2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |22 |

SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)
fodder for livestock, they contain protein (8-15%) major short coming of this machine is that it is labor
lipids (1-3%) mineral (9-17%) and carbohydrate (38- intensive and consumes lots of time. Output is about
40%) at level higher than cereal fodder. The 60-80kg/hour. This particular design overcomes all
digestibility of nutrients in the groundnut haulm is those short comings and also has an improved
around 53% and that of crude protein is 88% when feed efficiency. It comprises the hopper, crushing chamber,
to cattle. Haulms release energy up to 2337 Cal Kg-1 of separation chamber and the blower unit. It is also
dry matter. Being a legume crop, groundnut help in powered by pedaling, which saves time and with a well
improving soil health and fertility by leaving behind improved shelling capacity. The machine is also in
Nitrogen (N2) and organic matter in the soil. light weight and easy to operate and maintain, the spare
(Pasupaleti, Nigam, and Rajeev, 2013) parts are also available locally Ugwuoke et-al (2014).
Shelling is the removal of grains from their In the beginning the nuts were separate from shell by
stalk, pod or cub, either by stripping, impact action and workers. The hand method by opening the pod up and
rubbing or any combination of these methods. groundnut is removed from it, the method is very slow
Kulbhushan, Nitin, and Abhijit, (2017) in their research and it was also boring and production rate is in small
paper it is reported that based on the shelling action quantity, and also the traditional method of separating
they can be divided into two categories. Hand operated nuts from groundnuts by putting the peanut in a cloth
and pedal operated, hand operated groundnut bag and rolling over it with a rolling pin, the technique
decorticator 50-75Kg per hour capacity was evaluated, did good job of cracking the shell (deleting the pain full
whereas a pedal operated groundnut decorticator was finger problem).This is not a reliable method for shell a
found to have capacity of 75Kg/hour. groundnut due to the crack the groundnut and nut
The most popular method of shelling which is mixed with shell basic on this the traditional method is
still widely used in the northern part of Nigeria is the not a sufficient method for separating the groundnut.
method of crushing or pressing the pods between the The researchers identify some major problem and to
thumb and the finger to break off the pods and release overcome this problem, in views of this research it
the seed. This method has low efficiency, it is time develops and evaluate groundnut shelling machine
consuming, and has high demand of energy. In pedal operated. The research objectives include to:-
addition, the output per-man hour is as low as 1-2.5kg  To design and construct a simple groundnut
of groundnut. There are different methods of shelling shelling machine pedal operated
and different machines have been fabricated and used  To design adjustable shelling bit
to shell wide variety of crops under different conditions  To reduce the fatigue involve during operation
(Ebunilo, Orhorhoro, Oviorunraye, and Owunna, of the machine
2016). The peasant farmer cannot afford these  A machine which easy to operate and
machines because they are too costly and complex in maintain.
operation and maintenance. Also the operator had to be Sheller’s are generally machine used for the
trained and spare parts imported. These factors increase removing of shells (husk) of groundnut, bean, and
the overall cost of production which does not make any cowpea e.t.c by opening their bivalves. The groundnut
economic sense to the farmer. Hand operated shelling Sheller is a machine designed specifically for shelling
machine which is of concave or semi-rotary design is groundnut from its shells.
widely used locally. It had no expelling unit; hence Ugwuoke et-al (2014). Their work focused on
separation is achieved by winnowing. A simple hand the design and fabrication of a groundnut shelling and
operated groundnut Sheller has a semi-cylindrical separating machine electrically powered by a 1hp
screen closed on both sides. A shaft carrying a lever at motor. The machine has a capacity of shelling 400kg of
one end is fixed across the centre of the semi-cylinder. groundnut per hour with shelling and separating
On the lever is a pair of plate with shoes or beater bars, efficiencies of 95.75 percent respectively. The machine
having blunts on their undersides. For successful is cheaper to maintain. It is also light weight and
operation of the machine, the operator stands by the comprises of the hopper, crushing champers, separation
side, then holding the operating lever (handle) and champers and the blower unit, but required a trained
swinging it by pushing to and fro to provide shelling labour.
action on the shoes assembly. The semi-rotary, action
of the shoes shells the pods against the screen. The

Handa et-al (2014) Design and fabrication of

a groundnut Sheller machine, the performance of the Unshelled groundnut, Ung = X 100
machine was evaluated in terms of through shelling
efficiency, material efficiently and mechanical change. Where Ung = Unshelled groundnut, %
Anantachar et-al (1997) Development and performance Wng = Weight of unshelled groundnut,
evaluation of pedal operated decorticator. The major Kg
component of the decorticator is Sheller shaft, sieve, Wg = Weight of total feed, Kg
decortications champers, hopper, and supporting frame
of a pedal operated device. Separation efficiency, Es = 1- X 100
Mathew John (1992) In Nigeria a student of federal
Where Wu = weight of unshelled groundnut,
university of technology in Adamawa state fabricates
Kg
the manually operated fabricated in 1992.Sanusi
Wt = total weight of groundnut feed
Abubakar (2012) made two improvements on the
in the machine, Kg.
machine, to reduce the fatigue and difficulty in using
Design Parameters
the manually conventional type by employing the use
The researchers put into consideration parts of
of electric motor or diesel engine as the power source.
the groundnut Sheller machine which includes the
following: -
METHODOLOGY Chain
Materials for the design and construction of To eliminate the use of large diameter gear on
the modified groundnut Shelling machine were the this machine chain is then used. They can either be
shaft, the chain sprocket, and bearing. Sheller bit, the block chain, roller chain or inverter troth, sometimes
columns. The material were locally purchased and they celled silent chain and each is suitable for different
are selected based on the power required for the types of operations. The researchers make used of the
groundnut Shelling machine. In order to achieve high roller types of chain because is rugged and durable and
efficiency reliability and cheap method of producing if properly selected installed and lubricated it give a
the shelling machine, the researcher take into very good service.
consideration the principles of operation of the Sprocket
machine, convenience of operation rate of shelling to This involve the use of bicycle sprocket to
meet commercial needs ease of manufacturer of the provide the power, it was a simple task to attach the
machine among others. In this research the vertical is bicycle sprocket to a platform where the operator sits
replaced by a pedaling system which was peddled by on the platform and pedal, which in turn powered the
an operator as it obtains in a bicycle. The Sheller unit is sprocket B. And it is cheaply found in local market and
bolted down and can be dismantled for service by for this reason it is selected for the machine. The choice
loosening the bolts which holds down bearing house. of sprocket and the chain is based on power take off.
The following parameter were calculated Sheller Bit
using the standard formula as given below by Nagesh, It is made up of wood and steel fixed to a
Mohan, Dhanush, and kiran, (2018). rotating shaft, as it rotates. It creates a pressure there by
shelling the groundnut seeds on the groundnut concave
Shelling Capacity, Sc =
where both the shells and the groundnut seeds comes
Where Sc = shelling capacity, Kg/h out from it.
Ws = Weight of shelled groundnut, Kg Bearing
T = Operating time, Minute. The shaft is supported by ball bearing which are
located inside the bearing housing and bolted to the
Breakage Percentage, Br = X 100 mainframe. The ball bearing has the following
advantage.
Where Br = breakage percentage  Low coefficient of fraction
Wb = Weight of broken groundnut, Kg  Have less axial space.
Ws = Weight of shelled groundnut, Kg  Lubrication is simple
 Wear is negligible if lubricant is correct

Columns Similarly, V2 = Volume of the shelling drum is given

They are vertical supports that carry machine or as
structures. They can be made up of wood, metal, or V2 = πr22L2
concrete. But in this research, the researchers make use Where:- d1= diameter of the drum
of metal. d2 = diameter of the shelling drum
Design Analyses r1 = radius of the drum
The various dimensions of the machine have to be r2 = radius of the shelling drum
determined for the successful operation of the machine. L1 = length of the drum
The important parameter includes: - L2 = length of the shelling drum
Shafts The Volume of the Shelling Unit is given by
For solid shaft as in the groundnut shelling machine the V0 = V 1 - V2
required shaft size is given by Assembly of the Machine
Ss =16Mt/πd3 --------------------------------- (1) In this research the hopper was be welded to
the shelling unit casing, and the discharge unit were
Where: - Ss =Shear stress 4000N/m2 for shaft with key also being welded to the shelling unit at the bottom side
ways. which covers the groundnut concave as intended to.
Mt =Tensional moment. The shelling unit which carries the hopper and the
D = shaft diameter discharge unit was mounted into the frame and were
but the tensional moment acting on shaft can be bolted to the frame. And the transmission shaft passes
determined from Mt =9550Kw/rpm and the power through the horizontally inserted or place inside the
produced by a normal human is 50w. Also the average shelling unit casing. two bearings were fitted into the
number of revolution per minute is 15. two bearing housing and the two bearing were welded
Angle of Twist (θ) = 584MtL/Gd4 permanently into the two bearing housing case which
Where:- G =Tensional modules of elasticity N/m. was inserted into transmission shaft from both ends and
Θ = Angle of twist (degree). bolted to the drum casing.
L = shaft length (m). Chain sprockets was fitted to the shaft, thus
D = shaft diameter (m). the smaller one on the shaft, while the bigger one was
Sprockets placed under the operator seat as it is with the bicycle,
To determine the pitch diameter of the bigger and also the handless and seat were also fitted into the
smaller sprocket is given by: - mainframe by bolt and nuts.
Bigger D1 = P/sin (180/T1)
Operation of the Machine
Smaller D2 = p/sin (180/T2)
The product to be shelled is fed through the
Where: - D = diameter of the sprockets.
hopper which falls into the shelling chamber. The
P = pitch diameter 1.24 standard.
machine is powered by the operator by means of
T = Number of teeth.
pedaling which is transmitted through the chain and
Speed Ratio for two Sprockets is given by
sprockets connection. The concave forms the base of
U = T1/T2
the crushing chamber enable the groundnut to move in
Chain The length of the chain is given by between the Sheller bit and the concave where the
L = P (2c/p) +N1+N2/2 + (N2 – N1)2 /NTπ2 (c/p) shelled groundnut fall through the perforation in the
Where:- L = length of the chain groundnut concave.
P = chain pitch
N1 = number of teeth on smaller Sprocket CONCLUSION
N2 = number of teeth on the larger Sprocket The groundnut shelling machine has been
designed and developed, performance test was
Volume of the Sheller conducted on the machine. There are several numbers
The volume of the Sheller is given by of important conclusion that have been observed: -
VO = V 1 – V2 1. The operation was performed automatically and did
But V1 = Volume of the drum containing not require high skilled labour
V1 = πr12 L1

2. It can be used for both household and industrial that farmers in rural areas can easily get it within their
purposes reached.
3. Government and private sector as well as individuals
should engage and encourage the design of this
machine, as well as mass production of this type, so
Working Drawing


REFERENCES
1. Acharya K.T.(1990).Oilseeds and Oil Milling in
India: A Cultural and Historical Survey, Oxford
ans IBH New Delhi.
2. Anantachar M. Maurya, and Naravani B. (1997).
Development and performance Evaluation of Pedal
Operated Decorticator, College of Agricultural
Engineering, Raichur. Department of Farm
Power and Agro Energy.
3. Birthal, P.S. Nigam, S.N. Narayanan, A.V and
Kareen, K.A. (2011). An Economic Assessment of
the Potential Benefits of Breeding for Drought
Tolerance in Crops. A Case of Groundnut
in India. Research Bulletin Number 25 Patancheru:
International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi - Arid Tropic.
4. Ebunilo, P.O. Orhorhoro,E. K. Oviorunraye, E.J.
and Owunna, I.B (2016). Design and Development
of Low Cost Groundnut Shelling Machine
5. Handa C. and Ashish .S. Raghtate (2014). Design
and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine.
Department of Mechanical Engineering KDK
College Engineering Nagpur India.
6. Kulbhushan, M.S. Nitin, B.B and Abhijit, M.B.
(2017). Design and Fabrication of Pedal Operated
Groundnut Decorticator Machine International
Journal for Mechanical Engineering Research
(IJMER) ISSN2249-6645
7. Ikechuwkwu C. Ugwuoke, Olawale J. Okegbile and
Ibukum B. Ikechukwu (2014). Design and
Fabrication Of Groundnut Shelling and Separating
machine, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Federal University of Technology Minna Niger
State, Nigeria.
8. Mathew John (1992). Design and Fabrication of
Manually Shelling Machine. Federal university of
Technology Yola, Adamawa State.
9. Nagesh, S.B. Mohan, N. Dhanush, M.G. and kiran,
B. (2018). Design and Development Mobile
Groundnut Decorticator. International Journal for
Research in Engineering Application &
Management (IJREAM) ISSN2454 - 9150 ,47 - 50
10. Pasupaleti, J. Nigam, S.N. and Rajeev, K.V (2013).
Groundnut Improvement: Use of Genetic and
Genomic Tools.
11. Sanusi Abubakar (1992), Design and construction
of an improve groundnut shelling machine. Ramat
Polytechnic Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria.

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SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.

36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF

Engr Aminu Baba Usman

Ezekiel Usman Jabba

INTRODUCTION the global production of this crop. The production of

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |22 |

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |23 |

Handa et-al (2014) Design and fabrication of

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |24 |

Columns Similarly, V2 = Volume of the shelling drum is given

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |25 |

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |26 |

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |27 |

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |28 |

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