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Cell Structure Function

All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest units capable of carrying out life functions. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack internal structures and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles surrounded by membranes. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus that contains DNA, mitochondria that produce energy, and a cell membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell.

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Angelo Gabriel
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14 views

Cell Structure Function

All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest units capable of carrying out life functions. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack internal structures and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles surrounded by membranes. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus that contains DNA, mitochondria that produce energy, and a cell membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell.

Uploaded by

Angelo Gabriel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.


• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is


capable of performing life
functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cell
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
Eukaryotic cell
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
“Typical” Plant Cell
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane

• Outer membrane of cell


that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer; composed
of phospholipid bilayer
embedded with proteins
and carbohydrates.
• Semipermiable
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found in plant
cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells (plant
cells)
• Located outside the cell
membrane
• Made up of cellulose –
polysaccharide which is a
substance composed of long
chain of carbohydrates
• Plasmodesmata (singular:
plasmodesma) are channels in
the cell wall that allow the
exchange of substances
between adjacent cells.
• Composed of amino acids and sugars
• Peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria
give their structure and provide protection.
Chitin
• Is a nitrogen-
containing
polysaccharide
similar to
cellulose.
• it forms
semitransparent
substance
• Chitin in the cell
walls of fungi
cells serve as
structural
support.
Inside the Cell
Nucleus

• Directs cell activities


• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
Nucleolus
• Pl: nucleoli
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture; semi-fluid substance
called cytosol, where the different
organelles are suspended
• Found within the cell membrane, is where
most cellular processes take place.
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around in cell
• Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes;
detoxifies certain compounds
in liver cells, assists in the
contraction of muscle cells,
and synthesizes male and
female hormones in brain
• Rough ER: ribosomes
embedded in surface;
manufacture secretory
proteins such as pancreatic
cells (produce insulin and
enzymes in the digestive tract)
Ribosomes
• Found freely in the
cytoplasm, attached
to the endoplasmic
reticulum or as
polyribosome, a
series of ribosomes
attached to mRNA.
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
Mitochondrion
• Pl: mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes*
• Has hydrolytic enzymes (
proteins that use water to
break down substances);
functions: digest food,
recycle old components of
cell, and kill invading
microorganisms)
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant cells
• Where photosynthesis takes
place
• Contains:
✓ chlorophyll – green pigment
responsible for capturing light
energy during photosynthesis
✓ Stroma – pl: stromata;
colorless fluid surrounding
several grana (pl; granum)
✓ Lumen – space inside the
thylakoid, which serves as site
of several reactions during
photosynthesis.
Flagella and Cilia
• Are appendages
responsible for the
locomotion of cells.
• A flagellum (singular)
moves in a whiplike
manner such as
Euglena (protist); Cilia
require power and
recovery strokes, as
in swimming
movement of the
Paramecium (protist)

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