Notations:

N - the set of all natural numbers

Z - the set of all integers
Q - the set of all rational numbers
R - the set of all real numbers
C - the set of all complex numbers
ā - complex conjugate of a ∈ C
At - the transpose of the matrix A
Ā - the complex conjugate of the matrix A
|A| - the determinant of the square matrix A
Mm×n (S) - the set of all m × n matrices with entries in the set S, where S = R or C
Mn (S) - the set of all n × n matrices with entries in the set S, where S = R or C
GLn (S) = {A ∈ Mn (S) | |A| = 6 0} - the set of all n × n invertible matrices with entries in the set
S, where S = R or C. This is called general linear group.
SLn (S) = {A ∈ Mn (S) | |A| = 1} - the set of all n × n invertible matrices with determinant 1,
where S = R or C. This is called special general linear group.
Sn (R) = {A ∈ Mn (R) | At = A} - the set of all n × n symmetric matrices
SSn (R) = {A ∈ Mn (R) | At = −A} - the set of all n × n skew-symmetric matrices
Hn (C) = {A ∈ Mn (C) | Āt = A} - the set of all n × n hermitian matrices
SHn (C) = {A ∈ Mn (C) | Āt = −A} - the set of all n × n skew-hermitian matrices
S[x] - the set of all polynomials with coefficient from the S
Pn (S) - the set of all polynomials with coefficient from the S of degree ≤ n
C(X) - the set of all continuous functions from the set X to R i.e. the set of all real valued
continuous functions on X

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 Problem Set- I

1. Show that (Mm×n (R), +) is a group, where ‘+′ denotes matrix addition. What can you say
about the followings:

(a) (Mn (R), · ), where ‘ · ′ denotes matrix multiplication.

(b) (GLn (R), · ), where GLn (R) is the collection of n × n invertible matrices and ‘ · ′

denotes matrix multiplication.

(c) (SLn (R), · ), where SLn (R) is the collection of n × n matrices with determinant 1 and
‘ · ′ denotes matrix multiplication.

2. Let A, B ∈ Mn (R).

(a) Show by an example that if AB 6= BA then (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2 need not

hold.
m

m−i i
(b) If AB = BA then show that (A + B)m = Σmi=0 i A B.

3. Find all elements of S3 (the set of all permutations of the set {1, 2, 3}) and determine which
permutations are odd.
 
1 2 3 4 5
4. Let σ ∈ S5 be given by .
5 4 1 2 3
(a) Find sign of σ and σ −1 .
(b) Find σ ◦ τ and τ ◦ σ, where τ = (1 2 3 4 5).

5. Denote an elementary row operation by ρ. If A ∈ Mm×n (R) then ρ(A) = ρ(I) · A, where I
is the m × m identity matrix.
   
    1 0 2 1 0 2
1 2 0 1
6. Decide if they are row-equivalent: (i) and (ii) 3 −1 −1 and 0 2 1
4 8 1 2
5 −1 5 2 0 4
7. Which of the following matrices are elementary?
       
1/2 0 0 0 0 1 1 −1 0 0 0 1
(i) 0
 1 0 (ii)0 1 0 (iii)0 1 0 (iv)1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
8. Suppose Ax = b and Cx = b have same solutions for every b. Is it true that A = C?

9. Determine whether the given matrix is in row reduced echelon form, row echelon form, or
neither      
  1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 −2 1 −1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3  0 0 1 0 0  0 1 1 0 −1
(i) 6 0 0 0 4 (ii) 0 0 1 −4 (iii) 0 0 0 1 −3(iv) 0
    
0 0 1 −2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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10. Find a matrix in row echelon form that is equivalent to the given matrix. Give two possible
answers
 in each. 
1 2 3 4 5  
2 3 4 5 1
    0 2 4 3 0
2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
  5 10 15/2 0
3 4 5 1 2 (ii) 3 0 3 0 2 (iii) 3 0 3 (iv) 0
(i)        
4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3/2 4
5 7 −9 2 3 4 7 −8
0 2 4 3 2
5 1 2 3 4
11. Describe explicitly all 2 × 2, 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 row reduced echelon matrices.

12. Find
 the inverse
 of the
 following
matrices
 using Gauss
 -Jordon method.
  
2 1 2 1 0 2 1 −3 2 2 4 3 1 2 −2
(i) 1 0 5 (ii) 2 −1 3 (iii) 2
     0 0 (iv) 0 1 1  (v) −1 3 0
2 5 11 4 1 8 1 4 1 2 2 −1 0 −2 2
13. Find non-singular matrices P and Q so that P AQ is in normal form for the following
matrices:
 
  2 3 1 4
1 2 3
(i) (ii) 1 2 2 3
3 1 2
0 −1 −3 −2
14. Let B be an invertible matrix. Then, prove that the system Ax = b and BAx = Bb are
equivalent.
 
6 −4 0
15. Let λ = 2, 3, 5. Find the all solutions of AX = λX, where A =  4 −2 0.
−1 0 3
16. For an n × n matrix A, show that the following statements are equivalent.

(a) A is invertible.
(b) The homogeneous system AX = 0 has only the trivial solution.
(c) The system AX = Y has a solution for each n × 1 matrix Y .

17. An n × n matrix A = (aij ) is called upper-triangular if aij = 0 for i > j i.e. if every entry
below the main diagonal is 0. Prove that an upper-triangular matrix is invertible if and
only if every entry on its main diagonal is different from 0.

18. Let A be an m×n matrix and B be an n×m matrix. Then prove that Im −AB is invertible
if and only if In − BA is invertible.

19. Find all the solutions of following system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordon elimination
method, if exists:

(a) x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 1, 2x1 + 2x3 = 1, x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 2

(b) x1 − 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 1, x1 + x2 − x3 + x4 = 2, x1 + 7x2 − 5x3 − x4 = 3
(c) x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 = 3, 2x1 + 6x2 − 2x3 + 4x4 = 18, x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 10
(d) 5x1 + 2x2 + 7x3 = 4, 3x1 + 26x2 + 2x3 = 9, 7x1 + 2x2 + 10x3 = 5
(e) x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 = −5, x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 + x4 = −2, 3x1 + 7x2 + 7x3 − x4 = 6

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 (f) 2x1 − 2x2 + 4x4 = 2, − x1 + 3x3 + x4 = 6, 6x1 − 6x2 + x3 + 8x4 = 3

20. Find the condition on a so that the linear system

x + 2y − 3z = 2, 2x + 6y − 11z = 4, x − 2y + 7z = a

has a solution. Find the solution set.