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Graphs MME

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24 views41 pages

Graphs MME

Uploaded by

Damanpreet Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION OF GRAPHS lmmib{ Piecewise Greatest integer function Fractional part function Least integer function Exponential Logarithmic/Inverse of exponential ‘Transcendental | Inverse trigonometric curves i ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS F(R) = ay + xt ax? +... + a,x"; fereneN and 219, G, Mp,...,d, € Re "Then, Fis called a polynomial function. “ (x) is also called polynomial in x”. A function of the form: Ree a scanned with CamScanner some of basic functions are (i) Identity function/Graph of f(x) = ‘A function f defined by f(<) = x for all xe R, is called the straight line passing through with x-axis shown as: nctions are both identity function. Here, y = x clearly represents 2 the origin and inclined at an angle of 45° ‘The domain and range of identity fu = x? is called the square function. ction is R and its range is R* U{0} I = x1, is a parabola. Since y =x" is an even ee symmetrical about y-axis, shown as: ° ‘ 5 meatex?<.., eae > x >... mex? x? Fig. 1.5 viding a polynomial by another polynomial is called a ra _P@) fO-om Domaine R ~ {x | Q(x) = 0} ‘those points for which denominator = 0. (i) Graph of fx) = 5 Here, (2) = J, isan even function, sits graph is symmetrical about y-axis. Domain of f(x) is R - {0} and range is (0, =). Y Also,as yoo as lim f(x) or lim fx). x OF x30" and y>0 as lim f(x. rote Thus, f(x) =, could be shown as in Fig. 1.7. x Z fee canned with CamScanner {a9 raph off = 20 nen js an odd function, so its graph is ee po= 5; fix)=-...., etc x x graph of fixy=2 which has ‘axes, shown as in Fig. 1.8 ifg(x) = x*. Then f(x) = x? yex main f(x) € R, ge of f(x) ER. of f(x) = x" is shown in Fig. Fig. 1.11 120 EN s defined for all x € [0, ») and the values of f(x) are [0, =). x¥" is the mirror image of the line y = x, when x € [0, ~). ) = x44, ... are shown as; y It yay? Fig. 1.12 sydeay yo uononpo.jUy} neN for all xe R. So, y, ve ae Fig. 1.13 (6) Signum function. @) Fractional part function. Scanned with CamScann pis the umerical valve of 1° eaymmmnetric bout y-axis” where domain © R e Dixise= jejee = xs-a SPOS rt yis\xi+\y! pe y} = jixl-lylt ction; y = Sgrix) yes +1, if x>0 co Seite x-0 ——___|o } 7 if x=0 a! Fig. 1.15 (a29) (e canned with CamScanner Fig. 1.28 Ay and x ¢ R, where domain eR, Range € (0, «). with the increase in x, ie., f(x) is increasing function on R. yaxis ae (0,1) a + xaxis Fig. 1.30 yeax—yanis FOViS ocact is (on) a > x-axis Fig. 1.31 function, and their range is the set R strictly decreasing when sydeip jo uonoNpowUy li canned with CamScanner Wo 0} {a, b > 0} {a>0 and meR} {a>0 and a#l} {a,b>0, b#1 and meR {a,b>0 and a,b#1} {a, b> 0# {1} and m> 0} {a,m>0O and a#l} {a,b,c>0 and c#1} x>y, if m>1 {m,x,y,>Oandm+1} i, if Olog,, yswhen x b*) iy 2 @ hyperbola) (v) xy Here, the asymptotes KS a8 asymptote, /e., the curve would never meet vais. For canned with CamScanner +ve) fx) *fixdea raph of f(x) upward through fix) *fid-a staph of f(x) downward through ‘a’ unit: ‘a’ units Fig. 2.13 e+ yae™ — 1 with the help of y = e*. (exponential function) could be plotted as; Also y = e* — 1, is shifted downwards by 1 unit, shown as scanned with CamScanner Plot y=|x|+2 and y =|x|- 2, with the help of y =|x|. know; y =|x| (modulus function) could be plotted as; xy yabl=x00 yalx|4+2=x92;x20 ya |x]=xixr0 y= |x|=x: x>0 y= |x|-2=x-2: x>0 x could be plotted as; canned with CamScanner y =sin™ x + 1, is shifted upwards by | unit y = sin * x ~ 1, is shifted downwards by 1 unit y=sinot 4) yosinx y=-t y=sin"(x-1) and y=sin(x+1. shown in Fig. 2.26. wet | sin \(x—1) Fig. 2.26 canned with GamScanner transforms to a f(x) IO) — af00;, a1 ‘the graph of f(x)‘a' times along y-axis ‘ fe)— 2 fon >. staph of f(x) ‘a’ times along y-axis he could be stated as shown in Flot y= sin xand y= sin Aswe know; 1 ye Tso the graph of f(x) along y-axis, Fig. 2.31 yallan) yal yo tx Fig. 2.32 the graph of sin x by ‘2’ units along L | canned with CamScanner Plot y=sinx and y= sin~ Z ny =sin(*} is to stretch (or expand) the z2yh Gi) Plot y = sin(): Fig. 2.37 . CamsScanner Be yee is as plane mirror f “s it iny-axis as plaj ‘ory 2 ; then y =¢ is the image As y =e" isknown; y y =log.(- 0 © xj isto take mirror image of y = o8< x about y-axis. Shown ¥ =- (log x). jven then y = ~ log x ‘the x-axis as plane {x; where { -} denotes the fractional part of x. ‘of y = {x} about x-axis as plane mirror. amScanner (ji) Image about x-axis. i) Image about y-axis. ly it could be stated as; Plot the curve y @ = (-x). (where (.) denote fractional par know the curve for y © (x) ‘To plot y =~ (=x) ut x-axis. =[-x] (where [ -] denotes the greatest integer function.) y=(x amScanner ee (ii) Take image about y-axis: + represents modulus function) ofl): (where | fe) — |fCO| the part of f(x) above x-axis) as itis. art of f(x). {ie., the part of f(x) below m in two steps. ave the positive part of f(x), {te., ‘the mirror image of negative pé ‘plane mirror. a OR portion of the graph of f(x) which lies below xeanis, OR lying below x-axis by 180° about x-axis. Fig. 2.53 Scanned with Camcanner ‘Above transformation of graph is very important as to discuss ditferentiability of Gay ‘note ‘As trom above example we Could Say y = /(x)is differentiable for aii « «© R~(O ‘But; y =| (0118 diferentiable for all xe R - (1, 0,1) differentiable.” Draw the graph for y = |tog x} TION To draw graph for _y = |log x| we have to follow two steps erika the (+ ve) part of y = log x, as it is (i). Take images of (-ve) part of y = log x, te, Shown as: Graph for y = log x: M the part below x-axis in the x-axis as pl jane mirror. Graph for y = |log x}: y o Tae Fig. 2.54 Fig. 2.55 entiable for all x < (0, <°) which is clearly differentiable for all x©(0,~)- {1}. “as at x=1 their is a sharp edge” the graph for y =| x? — 2x - 3h 0 Gihe graph for y = x? ~ 2x - 3=(x—3)(e +1) is a parabola; so to 3] we have to follow two steps. part of y = x? ~ 2x - 3 asitis. (of negative part of y = x” ~ 2x~ 3, ie, the part below x-axis in the irror shown as in Fig. 2.56, Graph for y= |x" = 2x= 3]! ‘Sketch the graph for y =|sin x} - is known. i Recatace mirror image (in x-axis) of the portion of the graph of sinx y 0x), Pala retest follow two steps: of curve for x > 0 about y-axis. scanned with CamScanner as Graphically shown yefin) Fig. 2.59 Sketch the curve y = log|x| ‘Aswe know, the curve y = log x. “= y= log] x] could be drawn in two steps: ‘graph lying right side of y-axis as it is. of f(x) in the y-axis as plane mirror. Image for y=f(x);x20 Fig 2.62 x < Oand take image about y-axis for x> (0. Shown as ib L ——_ G WZ scanned wi ~amocanner Plot the curve y = sin| x} , ¥=|x|? - 2|x|~ 3is to be plotted as shown in Fig. 2.65. FO) — 1 FCx19] scanned with CamScanner ee wyelfl yeif) Fig. 2.67 Fig. ¥=|x/? - 2|x|-3./ Gi) (Dy =| FC x1): Sketch the curve for y =| |x|? ~ 2|x|- 3]. 2.69 xeR-{-3 ~2)x|- 3 y =||x|? - 2|x}-3] 0, 3}. Fig. 2.71 Clearly, above figure is differentiable for all scanned wi ~amocanner given as y = + f(x). il ‘where f(x) is non-negative ™ re f(x) < Ois neglected”. canned with CamScanner oR remove (or neglect) the portion of the graph which lies below x-axis plot the remaining portion of the graph, and also its mirror image in the x-axis wy ic could be stated as shown in Fig. 2,76, i ) Graphical a for y =f): (1) vet) (1,=1) — mirrorinage about x-axis Fig. 2.76 Sketch the curve | y| = (x ~1)(x - 2). the graph for , Sy =(- DO - 2) —>|y/=(%- DO - 2), is shown in Fig. 2.77. as shown in Fig, 2.78, Y neglecting Image on x-axis, when (x-1)(-2) 20 Fig. 2.78 Scanned with CamScanner Fig. 2.79 x— lyl = sinx yesin scanned with CamScanner Sketch the curve|x|-|y|=1 As the graph for y = x ~ lis known; TION y xa 50" Fit. 2.84 py=r-i—yelx|-2 (i) y=|x|-1—>|y|=|x|-1 y= [foo > l= 1/041 (i) scanned with CamScanner Fig. 2.88 @ y=le*|— bi=lerk Xx canned with cam@eanner y~ p yet Hab tele Th ti Plot the curve |yl= sings 3. ‘Here; we know the graph for y = sin x, is shown as 4 canned wi ~amocanner ies fas Pato y K—Kie KAA = waaew., WADI ~¥=f@)—lyl=1fCO} ¥=f@)— y=|f@L Ux)! I— ly 1=1fUx)h - Scanned with CamScanner r —o~ yey =1feo Gi ¥ =| fy) , >y=|f\x\) 4 —~_| —_ 7 ot on . 2.100 hy Fig. 2.101 gi y= 1x11 — ly |= LF) oI Fig. 2.103 . x 1 1 ii) y = e*- - Gy 2 2 y a 1/2 092, 092 . O| | ie Fig. 2.105 scanned with CamScanner Fig. 2.108 GH) y=log|x| — y =|log|| —Z Scanned with CamScanner Fig. 2.112 Bx- 2 y=|xI?- 3|x|- 2 (i) y =|x/? - 3|x|-2> y =|]x|? - 3[x|- 2). y -3 = of 7 3 Fig. 2.114 Wvi=llxl?—3[x|-2| Se scanned with CamScanner

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