Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2

NACABS POLYTECHNIC
Akwanga, Nasarawa State
ASSIGNMENT

Database
Management
System
S/N NAME MATRIC SCOR
NUMBER E
1 God’swill Nuhu NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0395

2 Vincent Janet NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0391

3 Baba Grace Nasara NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0359
4 Adeka Joshua Godwin NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0393
P

5 Bulus Danjuma Dajekpe NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0360

U

6 Douglas Emmanuel Ego NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0398

GRO1

GRO1

7 Olisanu Shalom NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0417

8 Audu Farouk Anoze NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0388

9 Ayika Blessing Sunday NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0425

10 Ishaku Praise Shekwosa NPAK/CSC/ND/021/0386
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

What is Data?
Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It can be used in a variety
of forms like text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can be stored in pieces of paper or
electronic memory, etc.

Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single piece of
information.' It is plural of the word datum.

In computing, Data is information that can be translated into a form for efficient
movement and processing. Data is interchangeable.

What is Database?
The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and
delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table,
schema, views, and reports, etc.

A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily accessed and

managed.

For example: The college Database organizes the data about the admin, staff,
students and faculty etc.

Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the information.

The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of information by

storing, retrieving, and managing data.

There are many dynamic websites on the World Wide Web nowadays which are
handled through databases. For example, a model that checks the availability of
rooms in a hotel. It is an example of a dynamic website that uses a database.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB,
Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
Modern databases are managed by the database management system (DBMS).

Evolution of Databases
The database has completed more than 50 years of journey of its evolution from
flat-file system to relational and objects relational systems. It has gone through
several generations.

1. File-Based
1968 was the year when File-Based database were introduced. In file-based
databases, data was maintained in a flat file. Though files have many advantages,
there are several limitations.
One of the major advantages is that the file system has various access methods, e.g.,
sequential, indexed, and random.

It requires extensive programming in a third-generation language such as COBOL,

BASIC.

2. Hierarchical Data Model

1968-1980 was the era of the Hierarchical Database. Prominent hierarchical
database model was IBM's first DBMS. It was called IMS (Information Management
System).

Like file system, this model also had some limitations like complex implementation,
lack structural independence, can't easily handle a many-many relationship, etc.

3. Network data model

Charles Bachman developed the first DBMS at Honeywell called Integrated Data
Store (IDS). It was developed in the early 1960s, but it was standardized in 1971 by
the CODASYL group (Conference on Data Systems Languages).

4. Relational Database
1970 - Present: It is the era of Relational Database and Database Management. In
1970, the relational model was proposed by E.F. Codd.

Relational database model has two main terminologies called instance and schema.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
 The instance is a table with rows or columns

 Schema specifies the structure like name of the relation, type of each column
and name.

This model uses some mathematical concept like set theory and predicate logic.

The first internet database application had been created in 1995.

During the era of the relational database, many more models had introduced like
object-oriented model, object-relational model, etc.

5. Cloud database

Cloud database facilitates you to store, manage, and retrieve their structured,
unstructured data via a cloud platform. This data is accessible over the Internet.
Cloud databases are also called a database as service (DBaaS) because they are
offered as a managed service.

6. NoSQL Database

A NoSQL database is an approach to design such databases that can accommodate

a wide variety of data models. NoSQL stands for "not only SQL." It is an alternative to
traditional relational databases in which data is placed in tables, and data schema is
perfectly designed before the database is built.

NoSQL databases are useful for a large set of distributed data.

7. The Object-Oriented Databases

The object-oriented databases contain data in the form of object and classes.
Objects are the real-world entity, and types are the collection of objects. An object-
oriented database is a combination of relational model features with objects
oriented principles. It is an alternative implementation to that of the relational
model.

8. Graph Databases

A graph database is a NoSQL database. It is a graphical representation of data. It

contains nodes and edges. A node represents an entity, and each edge represents a
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
relationship between two edges. Every node in a graph database represents a unique
identifier.

Graph databases are beneficial for searching the relationship between data because
they highlight the relationship between relevant data.

Graph databases are very useful when the database contains a complex relationship
and dynamic schema.

It is mostly used in supply chain management, identifying the source of IP

telephony.

Database Management System

o Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database.
For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is
used in different applications.
o DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,
storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
o It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it
also maintains data consistency.

DBMS allows users the following tasks:

o Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that
defines the organization of data in the database.
o Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual
data in the database.
o Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used
by applications for various purposes.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
o User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data
integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

Characteristics of DBMS

o It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the

information.
o It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
o DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
o It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
o It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
o It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
o It is used to provide security of data.
o It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of
the user.

Advantages of DBMS
o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all
the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of
the database system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup
of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical
user interfaces, application program interfaces

Disadvantages of DBMS
o Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and
large memory size to run DBMS software.
o Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
o Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
o Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most
of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is
damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost
forever.

Types of Databases
There are various types of databases used for storing different varieties of data:

1) Centralized Database

It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database system. It

comforts the users to access the stored data from different locations through several
applications. These applications contain the authentication process to let users
access data securely. An example of a Centralized database can be Central Library
that carries a central database of each library in a college/university.

Advantages of Centralized Database

o It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of data will not
affect the core data.
o Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.
o It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to establish data
standards.
o It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
Disadvantages of Centralized Database
o The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the response time for
fetching the data.
o It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.
o If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a huge loss.

2) Distributed Database

Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed

systems, data is distributed among different database
systems of an organization. These database systems are
connected via communication links. Such links help the
end-users to access the data easily. Examples of the
Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase,
Ignite, etc.
We can further divide a distributed database system
into:
o Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating
system and use the same application process and carry the same hardware devices.
o Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating
systems under different application procedures, and carries different hardware
devices.

Advantages of Distributed Database

o Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the system can be
expanded by including new computers and connecting them to the distributed
system.
o One server failure will not affect the entire data set.

3) Relational Database

This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of
rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational
database uses SQL for storing, manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F.
Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the database carries a key that
makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational databases are MySQL,
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
The word RDBMS is termed as 'Relational Database Management System.' It is
represented as a table that contains rows and column.

RDBMS is based on the Relational model; it was introduced by E. F. Codd.

A relational database contains the following components:

o Table
o Record/ Tuple
o Field/Column name /Attribute
o Instance
o Schema
o Keys

An RDBMS is a tabular DBMS that maintains the security, integrity, accuracy, and
consistency of the data.

Properties of Relational Database

There are following four commonly known properties of a relational model known as
ACID properties, where:

A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either with
success or with failure. It follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For example, a
transaction will either be committed or will abort.

C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its value before
and after the operation should be preserved. For example, the account balance
before and after the transaction should be correct, i.e., it should remain conserved.

I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at the same
time from the database. Thus, isolation between the data should remain isolated. For
example, when multiple transactions occur at the same time, one transaction effects
should not be visible to the other transactions in the database.

D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and commits
the data, data changes should remain permanent.

MICROSOFT ACCESS
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
Microsoft Access is a Database Management System offered by Microsoft. It uses the
Microsoft Jet Database Engine and comes as a part of the Microsoft Office suite of
application.

Microsoft Access offers the functionality of a database and the programming

capabilities to create easy to navigate screens (forms). It helps you analyze large
amounts of information, and manage data efficiently.
Datatypes: Datatypes are the properties of each field. Every field has one datatype
like text, number, date, etc.
Table
 A Table is an object which stores data in Row & Column format to store data.
 A Table is usually related to other tables in the database file.
 Each column must have Unique name
 We can also define Primary Key in a table.

Query
 Queries answer a question by selecting and sorting and filtering data based on search
criteria.
 Queries show a selection of data based on criteria (limitations) you provide.
 Queries can pull from one or more related Tables and other Queries.
 Types of Query can be SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2

Form
 A form is a database object that you can use to create a user interface for a database
application.
 Forms help you to display live data from the table. It mainly used to ease the process
of data entry or editing.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
Report
 A report is an object in desktop databases primarily used for formatting, calculating,
printing, and summarizing selected data.
 You can even customize the report’s look and feel.

4) NoSQL Database

Non-SQL/Not Only SQL is a type of database that

is used for storing a wide range of data sets. It is
not a relational database as it stores data not only
in tabular form but in several different ways. It
came into existence when the demand for
building modern applications increased. Thus,
NoSQL presented a wide variety of database
technologies in response to the demands. We can
further divide a NoSQL database into the
following four types:
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
a. Key-value storage: It is the simplest type of database storage where it stores every
single item as a key (or attribute name) holding its value, together.

b. Document-oriented Database: A type of database used to store data as JSON-like

document. It helps developers in storing data by using the same document-model
format as used in the application code.

c. Graph Databases: It is used for storing vast amounts of data in a graph-like

structure. Most commonly, social networking websites use the graph database.

d. Wide-column stores: It is similar to the data represented in relational databases.

Here, data is stored in large columns together, instead of storing in rows.

Some examples of NoSQL database system with their category are:

o MongoDB, CouchDB, Cloudant (Document-based)

o Memcached, Redis, Coherence (key-value store)
o HBase, Big Table, Accumulo (Tabular)

Advantage of NoSQL

 High Scalability
NoSQL can handle an extensive amount of data because of scalability. If the data
grows, NoSQL database scale it to handle that data in an efficient manner.

 High Availability

NoSQL supports auto replication. Auto replication makes it highly available because,
in case of any failure, data replicates itself to the previous consistent state.

Advantages of NoSQL Database

o It enables good productivity in the application development as it is not required to
store data in a structured format.
o It is a better option for managing and handling large data sets.
o It provides high scalability.
o Users can quickly access data from the database through key-value.

Disadvantage of NoSQL
 Open source
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
NoSQL is an open-source database, so there is no reliable standard for NoSQL yet.
 Management challenge
Data management in NoSQL is much more complicated than relational databases. It
is very challenging to install and even more hectic to manage daily.
 GUI is not available
GUI tools for NoSQL database are not easily available in the market.
 Backup
Backup is a great weak point for NoSQL databases. Some databases, like MongoDB,
have no powerful approaches for data backup.

5) Cloud Database

A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and executes over
the cloud computing platform. It provides users with various cloud computing
services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing the database. There are numerous cloud
platforms, but the best options are:

o Amazon Web Services (AWS)

o Microsoft Azure
o Kamatera
o PhonixNAP
o ScienceSoft
o Snowflake Computing
o Oracle Database Cloud Services
o Microsoft SQL server
o Google Cloud SQL, etc.

Advantages of cloud database

 Lower costs
Generally, company provider does not have to invest in databases. It can maintain
and support one or more data centers.

 Automated
Cloud databases are enriched with a variety of automated processes such as
recovery, failover, and auto-scaling.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
 Increased accessibility
You can access your cloud-based database from any location, anytime. All you need
is just an internet connection.

6) Object-oriented Databases
The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach for storing
data in the database system. The data is represented and stored as objects which are
similar to the objects used in the object-oriented programming language. Object-
oriented databases hold the rules of object-oriented programming.
The object-oriented database model contains the following properties.

Object-oriented programming properties

o Objects
o Classes
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Encapsulation

Relational database properties

o Atomicity
o Consistency
o Integrity
o Durability
o Concurrency
o Query processing

7) Hierarchical Databases

It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children relationship
nodes. Here, it organizes data in a tree-like structure.
Below diagram represents Hierarchical Data Model. Small circle represents objects.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2

Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each child record
in the tree will contain only one parent. On the other hand, each parent record can
have multiple child records.

8) Network Databases
It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the
representation of data is in the form of nodes connected via links between them.
Unlike the hierarchical database, it allows each record to have multiple children and
parent nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

In this model, files are related as owners and members, like to the common network
model.

Network data model identified the following components:

o Network schema (Database organization)
o Sub-schema (views of database per user)
o Data management language (procedural)

This model also had some limitations like system complexity and difficult to design
and maintain.

9) Personal Database
Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal Database. This
database is basically designed for a single user.

Advantage of Personal Database

o It is simple and easy to handle.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2
o It occupies less storage space as it is small in size.

10) Operational Database

The type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is
basically designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in several
businesses. For example, An organization uses operational databases for managing
per day transactions.

11) Enterprise Database

Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a massive amount
of data. It helps organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a
database allows simultaneous access to users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database:

o Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.
o It allows executing parallel queries on the system.
Computer Application Packages Computer Science ND2

REFERENCE
“Meaning of Data” https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-tutorial
“Meaning of Database” https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-database
“Evolution of DataBase” https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-database
“Characteristics of Database Management System” https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-
tutorial
“Types of Database” https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-databases
“Components of Microsoft Access” https://www.guru99.com/ms-access-tutorial.html