Bio 110 - Exam 1 Study Guide

BIOL 110: Exam 1 Study Guide
Exam 1 Coverage
 All notes from class
 Introductory lecture, Mechanisms of Evolution and Phylogeny, Speciation
 The Phylogeny activity with Axel Rose
 The video on birds and allopatric speciation
 The video on plants and polyploidy
Recommendations for preparing

 Don’t wait until the last minute to study
 Read the book as a complement to the lecture notes.
 Know your notes cold. This includes important diagrams – you may be asked to identify
structures on diagrams.”
 Study your vocabulary.
 Visit the tutoring center.
 Do the graded review questions, and complete the practice questions listed below.
 Review your review question assignments on Canvas
 See me with questions during office hours.
 Come to our study session (please see announcement for day and time). Don’t stay up all night
studying before the exam.
 Don’t wake up right before the test begins.
 Read the questions: if the questions says to list, then list. If the question wants a comparison, or
asks you to explain or define a concept, use complete sentences. Explain yourself in detail – tell
me how things work - show me what you know.
 Work efficiently: you have 75 minutes to complete the full exam (30 minutes to complete the
mini-exam). If you come in late, you still need to submit your exam with the rest of the class. No
extra time is given unless you have accommodations, and I must receive official notice from
April Fry in order to provide you with accommodations at the Testing Center.
Types of questions
 A mix of multiple-choice, true-false, short answer/essay, and diagram questions.
Some review questions:

1. What was Aristotle’s contribution to the development of evolutionary theory? What did
Albertus Magnus do to Aristotle’s contribution?
2. What is creationism? What 3 fields of study produced novel hypotheses challenging the
concept of creation?
3. Who was the first to say that life on earth could be descended from a common ancestor?
Explain how this idea conflicts with the concept of creationism.
4. Know the story of the H.M.S. Beagle trip. How did the trip influence Darwin’s development
of the theory of natural selection? Name one example.
5. How did Darwin (via natural selection) and Lamarck (via the acquisition of acquired
characters) explain the origin of the giraffe’s long neck differently?
6. Name 2 of Darwin’s biggest influences. Why did he wait so long to publish the origin of
species, and what was the big hurry when it was finally published?
7. Who was Gregor Mendel and why was his work so important to the development of
evolutionary theory? What missing information did it provide?
8. Who were Watson and Crick and what did they discover?
9. Who were Stephen Gould and Niles Eldridge? What was their contribution to the development
of evolutionary theory?
10. What is orthogenesis? Explain why this is not an accurate depiction of the evolutionary
process.
11. What is evolution? What is natural selection? What is the difference between them? Why is
evolution considered to be a scientific theory?
12. What are some common misperceptions about evolution and how can each of them be
corrected? Why is “creationism” not taught as an alternative to evolution in biology courses?
13. Explain the following statement: “Populations evolve, not individuals.”
14.What is sexual selection? For example, why would male peacocks have huge tails even
though it makes them easier to kill by predators?
15. What are five agents of evolutionary change? In other words, what conditions could disrupt a
population of organism in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium? What are some examples of these
disruptions?
16. What are three types of natural selection and examples of each? Know them graphically.
17. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? What 5 conditions are required to maintain
equilibrium? If equilibrium is reached, what happens to the frequency of alleles in a population?
Be able to calculate the frequency of alleles from a diagram showing genotypes of individuals in
a population (what we calculated in our Face-to-Face meeting).
18. What are genomes and what information about evolution can we learn from studying them?
What are the 2 types of nucleotide substitutions? Be able to recognize them on a diagram.
19. Define the terms “Systematics,” “Phylogeny,” “Phylogenetic tree,” “Taxon,” “Clade,”
“Homologous,” “Synapomorphy,” “Ancestral and Derived traits,” “Convergent Evolution,”
“Homoplasies,” and “Evolutionary reversal.”
20. What is the difference between homologous characters and homoplastic ones (homoplasies)?
Be able to recognize them diagrammatically. Why is it important to consider only homologous
characters in building phylogenetic trees?
21. Be able to identify different parts of a phylogeny on a diagram (root, node, new trait) and be
able to identify clades. Be able to determine which clades are older vs. newer, and which groups
are most closely related on a diagram.
22. Be able to choose a correct cladogram when given a table of taxa and synapomorphies.
23. Be able to interpret the SIV and HIV phylogeny.

24. Who was Carrolus Linnaeus and what were his contributions to science?
25. Define paraphyletic, polyphyletic and monophyletic groups, and recognize them on a
phylogeny.
End of material for Mini-exam
26. What is the Morphological SC? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
27. What is the Biological Species Concept and who came up with it?
28. What is a hybrid, and what is a hybridization zone?
29. What is an asexual species, allopatric population, allochronic population and subspecies?
30. What is the Evolutionary SC? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
31. What is cladogenesis, and how does it work?
32. What is allopatric speciation? Watch the 8 minute bird video on Allopatric speciation.
33. What is sympatric speciation? List an example of this.
34. What is polyploidy? How is it related to sympatric speciation?
35. How does polyploidy develop in plants? Watch the plant video starting at 1:04.
36. What main mechanisms (2) reinforce reproductive isolation?
37. In what ways do prezygotic barriers operate?
38. In what ways do postzygotic barriers operate?
39. Know the story about the reproductive isolation of Leopard frogs.
40. What is a ring species and why are they important to the study of speciation? Be able to
interpret a ring species diagram (Green warbler case study).
41. What are the 5 major steps of Evolution as presented in the beginning slide of the
Mechanisms of Evolution Lecture?
Once you have answered all 41 questions, you should be in good shape for Exam 1.
*These questions are not an assignment you will turn in. They are only intended as a study
tool. We will go over the questions during Study Sessions.

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Recommendations for preparing

Some review questions:

23. Be able to interpret the SIV and HIV phylogeny.

End of material for Mini-exam

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