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CALCULUS 2 Formulas

1. This document covers integration techniques including definitions, standard integration formulas, integration by substitution, integration of trigonometric, exponential, and hyperbolic functions. 2. Methods for integrating powers of trigonometric functions, tangents, secants, cotangents, and cosecants are provided. Trigonometric substitutions and additional standard formulas are also listed. 3. Further methods include integrating quadratic expressions, integration by parts, and integration by partial fractions. Worked examples for each technique are likely provided in subsequent sections of the document.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
62 views5 pages

CALCULUS 2 Formulas

1. This document covers integration techniques including definitions, standard integration formulas, integration by substitution, integration of trigonometric, exponential, and hyperbolic functions. 2. Methods for integrating powers of trigonometric functions, tangents, secants, cotangents, and cosecants are provided. Trigonometric substitutions and additional standard formulas are also listed. 3. Further methods include integrating quadratic expressions, integration by parts, and integration by partial fractions. Worked examples for each technique are likely provided in subsequent sections of the document.

Uploaded by

Adi Nellasca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS 2

1.1 Definition: The function 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be the integral of


𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if the differential of 𝐹(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
In symbol, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Where ∫ − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.2 STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥

𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

Where u and v are differentiable functions of x.


a, n, and c are constants.

1.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION


This method involves a change of variable. The purpose of
substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form
for which a standard formula can be applied.

1.4 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS


T1: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶
T2: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T3: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢| + 𝐶
T4: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶
T5: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶
T6: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| + 𝐶
T7: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T8: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶
T9: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶
T10: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶
1.5 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
E1: ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
E2: ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 , 𝑎>0, 𝑎 ≠1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

1.6 INTEGRATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS


H1: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H2: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H3: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H4: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H5: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H6: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H7: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶
H8: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶

CHAPTER 2: METHODS OF INTEGRATION


2.1 POWERS OF SINES AND COSINES
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n is any number.
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
Case 2: When n is positive odd integer and m is any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
Case 3: When m and n are both even integers (or one is zero)
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 =
2 2

2.2 POWERS TANGENTS AND SECANTS


∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n any number.
Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
Case 2: When n is positive even integer and m any number.
Use: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
Case 3: When m is positive odd or even integer and n is zero.
Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
2.3 POWERS COTANGENTS AND COSECANTS
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
Case 2: When n is positive even integer and m any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥
Case 3: When m is positive odd or even integer and n is zero.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

2.4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS


TS1: When the integrand contains 𝑎2 − 𝑢2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
TS2: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 + 𝑎2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
TS3: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 − 𝑎2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

2.5 ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS


𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
SF1: ∫ 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑢 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎
SF2: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
SF3: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
𝑎 −𝑢 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
SF4: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢 +𝑎
𝑑𝑢
SF5: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢 −𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
SF6: ∫ 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎

𝑢 𝑎2 𝑢
SF7: ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎
𝑢 𝑎2
SF8: ∫ √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2 2
𝑢 𝑎2
SF9: ∫ √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2 2

2.6 INTEGRAND INVOLVING QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS


𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , ∫ , ∫ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓(𝑥) √𝑓(𝑥)
2.7 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
When the integrand contains a product of two kinds of
functions. E(2.8) ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

2.8 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS


Case 1: When the factor of the denominator contains.
Distinct Linear Factors.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ + ⋯+
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.

Case 2: When the factor of the denominator contains.


Repeated Linear Factors.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ (𝑥+𝑎)2 + ⋯ + (𝑥+𝑎)𝑛
𝑥+𝑎

Case 3: When the denominator contains.


Distinct (irreducible) Quadratic Factors.

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵 𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Case 4: When the denominator contains.


Repeated (irreducible) Quadratic Factors

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵 𝐶(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐷 𝐸(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐹


+ (𝑎𝑥 2 2 + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑥 2
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)𝑛

CHAPTER 3: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL


3.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
𝒃
E (3.1) ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = [𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.


3.2 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
𝑏 𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3.3 WALLIS’ FORMULA
𝜋⁄ (𝑚−1)(𝑚−3)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)∙(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)…(2𝑜𝑟 1)
E (3.2) ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
(𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+𝑛−2)(𝑚+𝑛−4)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠


𝜋
𝛼= 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
2

𝛼=1 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠

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