DATA COMMUNICATION

CONCEPTS
Dr. SHUCHITA UPADHYAYA BHASIN
Professor
Department of Computer Science & Applications
 CONTENTS

Telephone Networks - LOCAL LOOP

 MODEMS, MODULATION TECHNIQUES
BROADBAND AND ADSL
INTERNET OVER CABLE - Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Network
ADSL VERSUS CABLE
Fiber-to-the-Home Broadband;
THE MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM: GSM & CDMA
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 LOCAL LOOP
 In telephony, a local loop is the wired connection
from a telephone company's central office in a
locality to its customers' telephones at homes and
businesses.
 This connection is usually on a pair of copper wires
called twisted pair.
 The system was originally designed for voice
transmission only using analog transmission
technology on a single voice channel.
 A computer can also send the digital data over this
analog connection.
 For this the data is needed to be changed from
digital to analog form so that it can be transmitted
 With Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
over the same local loop.
or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the local loop
 Modem and codec are used to do this conversion of can carry digital signals directly and at a much
data. higher bandwidth than they do for voice only.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 MODEMS AND ADSL Modem connecting a computer with telephone line for
Internet access
• A modem, short for modulator-
demodulator, is an electronic device
that converts computer's digital
information into analog carrier signals
and vice versa.
• Modem enables a computer to
transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines.
• Computer information is stored Modulation techniques used for
digitally, whereas information Modem:
transmitted over telephone lines is  Amplitude shift keying (ASK).
transmitted in the form
of analog waves. A modem converts  Frequency shift keying (FSK).
between these two forms.  Phase shift keying (PSK).
• Thus, computers use modems to
communicate with each other over a
network.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING
• AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
In amplitude shift keying, the ASK encoding
amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied to create signal elements i.e.
the strength of the signal is varied to
represent binary 1 or 0.
Both frequency and phase remain
constant while the amplitude changes.
A popular ASK technique is called
Binary ASK (BASK) or on-off keying
(OOK). Binary ASK / On-off keying (OOK)
 In OOK one of the bit values is
represented by no voltage .
The advantage is a reduction in the
amount of energy required to transmit
information.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING contd.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)
• In frequency shift keying (FSK), the
frequency of the carrier signal is varied to
represent data i.e. binary 1 or 0.
• The frequency of the modulated signal is
constant for the duration of one signal
element, but changes for the next signal
element if the data element changes.
• Both peak amplitude and phase remain
constant for all signal elements.
• FSK avoids most of the noise problems of
ASK, because the receiving device is Binary FSK
looking for specific frequency changes
over a given number of periods, it can
ignore voltage spikes
• Binary FSK (or BFSK): consider two carrier
frequencies - use the first carrier if the
data element is 0; use the second if the
data element is 1.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 MODEM - DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING contd.

PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)

• In phase shift keying (PSK), the phase is
varied to represent binary 1 or 0 (signal
elements).
• Both peak amplitude and frequency
remain constant as the phase changes.
• For example, if we start with the phase of
0 degrees to represent binary 0, then we
can change the phase to 180 degrees to
send binary 1.
• In binary PSK (BPSK), two different phases
(0 and 180 degrees) are used in the
encoding
• The BPSK modulation is a very basic
technique used in various wireless
standards such as CDMA, WiMAX (16d,
16e), WLAN 11a, 11b, 11g, 11n, Satellite,
DVB, Cable modem etc.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 4-PSK
Phase Shift Keying contd.

• PSK is not susceptible to the noise

degradation that affects ASK, nor to
the bandwidth limitations of FSK.
• This means that smaller variations in
the signal can be detected reliably
by the receiver.
• Therefore, instead of utilizing only 4-PSK characteristics 8 – PSK characteristics
two variations of a signal, each
representing one bit, we can use
four variations and let each phase
shift represent two bits
• We can extend this to 8-PSK.
Instead of 90 degrees, we now vary
the signal by shifts of 45 degrees.
With 8 different phases, each shift
can represent three bits.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM) 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellation pattern

• PSK is limited by the ability of the

equipment to distinguish small
differences in phase. This factor limits
its potential bit rate.
• Combination of ASK and PSK gives us a
good solution, as we can have x
variations in phase and y variation in
amplitude, giving us x times y possible
variations and the corresponding Time domain for an 8-QAM signal
number of bits per variation.
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM) does just that.
• Possible variations of QAM are
numerous.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 Functions of a Modem
• Modulating signals: Create an easily transmitted and decoded signal that allows
digital data to be sent from place to place without the loss of information.
• Data compression: Data compression reduce the size of the signal needed to
send the required data.
• Error correction: When information is transmitted between modems, it can
sometimes be damaged -- meaning that parts of the data are altered or lost. To
get around this, modems use error correction.
• Flow control: Individual modems send information at different speeds. It's
necessary for faster modems to slow down so that slower modems can catch up
• Voice/data: In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode,
the modem acts like a regular telephone.
• Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables your computer to receive calls in
your absence.
• Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than
conventional ROM, which means that the communication protocols can be easily
updated if necessary.
• Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modem, which means that they
can send and receive faxes.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 Modem Classification
Internal vs. External modems Broadband: Cable and ADSL modems
• External modems: not inside the system unit. ADSL and cable modems are used to provide
broadband Internet, which allows more data to be
Connected to the telephone line and the computer transmitted and thus makes using the Internet
by means of two separate cables. faster.
• Internal modems: Internal modems are in the form • Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
of circuit boards, fitted in expansion slots of the modems use telephone lines to send and receive
data but make use of a different frequency band
computer’s motherboard circuit board. than modems using the voiceband range of
Internal modems can be dial-up or wireless (Wi-Fi). Dial- frequencies.
ups use the telephone network to send and receive • Cable modems use the same radio frequency
signals. Wi-Fi modems don't need to be connected to the range as cable television. Cable modems have
telephone network the advantage of using the existing cable
Null Modems television infrastructure, allowing cable TV
companies to provide Internet services.
• attaching a specially wired cable between the serial Wireless Modems: Wireless modems transmit
ports of two personal computers. The same the data signals through the air instead of by
software used with modems could be used with using a cable. This type of modem is designed to
the null modem connection. work with cellular technology, and wireless local
Mobile broadband: Modems which use a mobile area networks.
telephone system (GPRS, UMTS, HSPA, EVDO, WiMax,
etc.), are known as mobile broadband modems
(sometimes also called wireless modems).
A USB modem used for mobile broadband Internet is also
sometimes referred to as a dongle.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 ADSL - Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) ADSL connections
Asymmetric digital subscriber
line (ADSL) is a type of digital
subscriber line (DSL) broadband
communication technology used for
connecting to the Internet;
ADSL is a technology for
transmitting digital information at a
high bandwidth on existing phone lines
to homes and businesses.
Unlike regular dialup phone service,  A special filter, called a microfilter or DSL filter, is
ADSL provides continuously-available, installed on a subscriber's telephone line to allow both
"always on" connection. ADSL and regular voice (telephone) services to be used
ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most at the same time.
of the channel to transmit downstream  ADSL requires a special ADSL modem and subscribers
to the user and only a small part to must be in close geographical locations to the provider's
receive information from the user. central office (telephone exchange) to receive ADSL
 ADSL simultaneously accommodates service.
analog (voice) information on the same  ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when
line. receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and
from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as
the upstream rate).
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 ADSL contd. Different frequencies for voice and data

• ADSL works by using the frequency

spectrum above the band used by
voice telephone calls.
• With a DSL filter, often called splitter, the
frequency bands are isolated, permitting a
single telephone line to be used for both
ADSL service and telephone calls at the
same time
• FDD uses two separate frequency bands,
referred to as the upstream and
downstream bands.
• The upstream band is used for
communication from the end user to the
telephone central office.
• The downstream band is used for
communicating from the central office to
the end user
.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
INTERNET OVER CABLE : HYBRID FIBER COAXIAL NETWORK

A system with fiber for long distance

and coaxial cable to the houses is
called Hybrid Fiber Coax (H.F.C)
System.
The Electro-optical converters are
known as fiber nodes. The fiber node
can feed multiple coaxial cables due
to the high bandwidth of fiber.
A single cable can be shared by  While programs are broadcast it does not
many houses while in the telephone really make any difference whether there
system, every house has its own local are 10 viewers or 10000, but if the same
loop. cable is used to provide the internet
access, it makes a lot of difference

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 INTERNET OVER CABLE contd. Bandwidth allocation for Cable TV network
Spectrum Allocation
It is not practically possible to
strictly use the cable network only
for the purpose of providing Internet
connection. So there has to be a way
of providing internet and cable TV
through same cable.  The upstream channels are
Normally cable channel occupy the introduced in the 5-42 MHz band
54-550 MHz region in which there is and frequencies at the high end for
FM radio from 88-108 MHz.
downstream.
Some of the modern cable operates  Total effective downstream
above 550 MHz, often to 750 MHz
which is used as downstream data. bandwidth is 891 Mbps.
 Total effective upstream bandwidth
is 54 Mbps.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 CABLE MODEM
• A cable modem is a device that enables you to hook up your
PC to a local cable TV line and receive data at about 1.5 Mbps.
• This data rate far exceeds that of the prevalent 28.8 and 56
Kbps telephone modems and upto 128 Kbps of Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) and is about the data rate
available to subscribers of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
telephone service.
• A cable modem can be added to or integrated with a set-top
box that provides your TV set with channels for Internet
access.
• A cable modem has two connections: one to the cable wall
outlet and the other to a PC .
• The cable modem attaches to a standard 10BASE-T Ethernet
card in the computer.
• All cable modems can receive from and send signals only to
the CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) at the local
cable TV company office, but not to other cable modems on
the line.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 ADSL VERSUS CABLE
CABLE ADSL
Uses coaxial cable Uses normal twisted pair
Cable subscribers share the line connecting them to ADSL subscribers share the line connecting them from
neighborhood servers the regional telephone office to the main telephone
office.
If more customers will subscribe for Cable connection ADSL users are hardly affected by the number of
the performance will drop. existing users, since each has a dedicated connection

Any cable user can easily read the packets going down ADSL offers more security then the cable
the cable if its cable provider is not encrypting the
traffic in both directions.
In the case of cable if one amplifier fails all downstream ADSL is more reliable than the cable
users are cut off instantly.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 FIBER TO THE HOME (FTTH)

OLT – Optical line Terminator

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

Internet Access : Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH)
A fiber optic access network delivers multiple types of services to subscribers' homes:
triple play services (voice, video, and data).

VoIP, lifeline POTS, RF video, MPEG video, IPTV, HDTV, video-on-demand, pay-per-view,
high speed Internet, and numerous other services

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

THE MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
DIGITAL CELLULAR RADIO

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 CELLULAR SYSTEM

Mobile switching
center (MSC)
BS MS

Cell
Public switched
telephone network
(PSTN)

Stationary
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
phone
Components of cellular network architecture

correspondent
wired public
telephone
network

MSC MSC

MSC
MSC
MSC

different cellular networks,

operated by different providers

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

GSM- Global System For Mobile Communication
• GSM system has up to a maximum of 124 full-
duplex channels per cell.
• Each channel consists of a downlink frequency
(from the base station to the mobile stations)
and an uplink frequency (from the mobile
stations to the base station). Each frequency
band is 200 kHz wide
• Each of the 124 frequency channels supports
eight separate connections using time division
multiplexing.
• Each currently active station is assigned one
time slot on one channel.
• Theoretically, 992 channels can be supported
in each cell, but many of them are not
available, to avoid frequency conflicts with
neighboring cells.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 TDM frame of GSM
• If the mobile station
assigned to 890.4/935.4
MHz and slot 2 wanted
to transmit to the base
station, it would use the
lower four shaded slots
(and the ones following
them in time), putting
some data in each slot
until all the data had
been sent.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 GSM Hierarchy of Frames
• Each TDM slot has a specific structure, and groups of
TDM slots form multiframes, also with a specific
structure.
• Each TDM slot consists of a 148-bit data frame.
• Each data frame starts and ends with three 0 bits, for
frame delineation purposes.
• It also contains two 57-bit Information fields, each one
having a control bit that indicates whether the
following Information field is for voice or data.
• Between the Information fields is a 26-bit Sync
(training) field that is used by the receiver to
synchronize to the sender's frame boundaries.
• Eight data frames make up a TDM frame, and 26 TDM
frames make up a 120-msec multiframe. Of the 26
TDM frames in a multiframe, slot 12 is used for control
and slot 25 is reserved for future use, so only 24 are
available for user traffic.
• However, in addition to the 26-slot multiframe, a 51-
slot multiframe is also used. Some of these slots are
used to hold control channels used to manage the
system.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 GSM Control Channels
• The broadcast control channel is a continuous stream of output from the base
station containing its identity and the channel status. All mobile stations
monitor its signal strength to see when they have moved into a new cell.
• The dedicated control channel is used for location updating, registration, and
call setup. In particular, each base station maintains a database of mobile
stations currently under its jurisdiction. Information needed to maintain this
database is sent on the dedicated control channel.
• Common Control channel:split up into three logical subchannels.
Paging channel, which the base station uses to announce incoming calls. Each mobile
station monitors it continuously to watch for calls it should answer.
Random access channel, allow a mobile station to request a slot on the dedicated
control channel. Using this slot, the station can set up a call.
The assigned slot is announced on the third subchannel, the access grant channel.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 CDMA m
• Each station is allowed to transmit
using the entire frequency
S T  1
m ST  0
i 1
i i

spectrum.
• Multiple simultaneous m m m

transmissions are separated using S  S 

1
m  SiSi  m
1
Si
2
 m
1
( 1) 2
1
coding theory. i 1 i 1 i 1

• In CDMA, each bit time is

subdivided into m short intervals
called chips.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

S . B = (-1 + 1 -3 -1) / 4 = -1 (indicates that station B has transmitted a 0)
S . D = (-1 +1 +3 +1) / 4 = +1 (indicates that station D has transmitted a 1)
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 2.5G
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), which is just
GSM with more bits per baud .
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) : an overlay packet
network on top of D-AMPS or GSM. Allows mobile stations to
send and receive IP packets (packets of Internet data) in a cell
running a voice system.

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

 Third generation (3G)
Introduced in 2000
Data transmission speeds increased from 144Kbps
to 2Mbps
High quality voice transmission.
Messaging.
Multimedia (playing music, viewing video, films,
television etc.).
High speed Internet access (Web surfing, Including
pages with audio and video).
This generation uses W-CDMA which runs at 5 MHz
instead of the 1.25 MHz of CDMA.
By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin
 4G
Anytime, Anywhere
• Started in late 2000
• High speed mobile broadband Internet access, for example to
laptops with wireless modems, to smart phones, and to other mobile
devices.
• Data rates of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
• Global mobility support - Ability to move around with the same IP
address
• End-to-end Quality- of- Service
• High Security
• Potential and current applications include mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing, 3D television,Byand cloud
Dr. Shuchita Upadhyayacomputing.
Bhasin
 5G
• Late 2010
• The key use of 5G will be in Internet of Things (IoT).
• Internet of Things or IoT is the communication between a large
number of devices (machines or appliances)
• Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet
• Highly supportable to WWWW(Wireless World Wide Web)

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin

Potential Uses of 5G

By Dr. Shuchita Upadhyaya Bhasin